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《古脊椎动物学报》2017,(3)
玛姆象属是长鼻类玛姆象科这一重要类群的最终成员。虽然这一属在上新世的欧亚大陆和更新世的北美大陆广泛分布,它早期的进化历史却鲜为人知。报道了中国北方上中新统发现的斜脊玛姆象(相似种)(Mammut cf.M.obliquelophus)的新材料,包括一个几乎完整的幼年头骨,这些材料显示了玛姆象科的许多原始特征,因此很好地解释了玛姆象属形态特征的形成过程。斜脊玛姆象(相似种)具有强烈向两侧扩展的枕部,在门齿窝的基部具有收缩,这些特征与莫罗托始轭齿象(Eozygodon morotoensis)和广河豕脊齿象(Choerolophodon guangheensis)均具有相似性,后两者分别为玛姆象科与豕脊齿象科的早期代表。因此,玛姆象科与豕脊齿象科(Choerolophodontidae)具有近的亲缘关系,二者同位于象形类(Elephantimorpha)系统发育中的基部。支序分析支持了这一结论。 相似文献
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《古脊椎动物学报》2020,(2)
中国北方中中新世的乳齿象类戈壁锯齿象(Serridentinus gobiensis OsbornGranger,1932)和同心中新乳齿象(MiomastodontongxinensisChen,1978)后来被改为戈壁轭齿象(Zygolophodongobiensis)。然而,由于它们的臼齿形态介于典型的丘型齿(嵌齿象类)和轭型齿(玛姆象类)之间,它们的系统演化位置一直存在争议。将戈壁锯齿象和同心中新乳齿象的颊齿和下颌与欧亚大陆及北美的类群进行了广泛比较,比较对象包括欧亚的苏黎士轭齿象(Z. turicensis)、亚似貘嵌齿象(Gomphotherium subtapiroideum)、塔氏嵌齿象(G. tassyi),及北美的麦氏中新乳齿象(Mio. merriami)和进步嵌齿象(G. productum)。结果表明,戈壁锯齿象和同心中新乳齿象与北美的麦氏中新乳齿象具有一些共同特征,包括臼齿比苏黎士轭齿象略显丘型化(例如,釉质层较厚,主齿柱新月嵴较粗,齿谷侧视釉质柱高度达到齿谷一半,以及副齿柱横向较窄以致于整体轮廓较窄),并且下门齿截面的背腹径大于内外径,使得下门齿截面呈竖立的椭圆形。而在苏黎士轭齿象和进步嵌齿象中,下门齿截面的背腹径小于内外径,使得下门齿截面呈平躺的椭圆形。因此,有必要恢复中新乳齿象属(MiomastodonOsborn, 1922),它包括那些曾被归为轭齿象属,但牙齿相对丘型化的那一类(即所谓"粗壮型苏黎士轭齿象类群"),并且下门齿截面呈竖立的椭圆形可以作为中新乳齿象属各种的共衍征。此外,亚似貘嵌齿象和塔氏嵌齿象的臼齿也呈现介于丘型齿和轭型齿的形态,但两者的下颌比中新乳齿象更伸长,下门齿截面呈梨形。中新乳齿象以及亚似貘嵌齿象和塔氏嵌齿象的存在模糊了嵌齿象科和玛姆象科的界线,表明嵌齿象科和玛姆象科的演化历史是深度相关的,并非截然分开。这一点已在胶原蛋白序列分析南方乳齿象(Notiomastodon)、玛姆象(Mammut)和现生象的工作中所揭示,需要进一步的研究。 相似文献
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《古脊椎动物学报》2021,(4)
乳齿象类是长鼻类演化的重要阶段,该阶段奠定了长鼻类各冠群演化的基本格局。乳齿象类的研究有400多年的历史,分类和命名经过多次修订改动,乳齿象类的演化脉络完全体现在乳齿象命名历史之中。从词源学角度考证乳齿象类各类群的命名来源,整理了175条乳齿象类的中文译名(绝大多数为有效分类名),包括12个属以上分类群,46个属,117个种,涵盖了乳齿象类几乎全部的种属。在此基础上梳理了乳齿象类的演化脉络,提出乳齿象类分类和命名中存在的一些问题。乳齿象类的头骨和下颌的演化在各支系中都是连续的,体现出了相近的平行演化趋势,而颊齿的形态特征虽然区别不明显,但在各支系中相对稳定。豕棱齿象科(Choerolophodontidae)是乳齿象类中最稳健的单系群,其中厚棱象(Synconolophus)可能是有效属名;玛姆象科中,中新乳齿象(Miomastodon)和上新乳齿象(Pliomastodon)可能都是有效的,但不一定是美洲乳齿象(Mammut americanum)的直接祖先;铲齿象科(Amebelodontidae)中达氏铲齿象(Platybelodon danovi)与格氏铲齿象(P. grangeri)、赵氏隐门齿象(Aphanobelodon zhaoi)的系统发育关系存在疑问,取决于P.danovi的下门齿断面究竟是否为齿柱状结构,而美洲的布氏柱门齿象(Konobelodonbritti)可能是卢氏匙门齿象(Torynobelodon loomisi)的同物异名,亚洲归入Konobelodon的种不一定是铲齿象类,可能应归为副四棱齿象(Paratetralophodon);嵌齿象科(Gomphotheriidae)中锯齿象属(Serridentinus)可能有效,它代表了嵌齿象类中一个偏轭型化的类群,向居维叶象亚科方向演化;居维叶象亚科(Cuvieroniinae)可能仅包括居维叶象(Cuvieronius)和喙嘴象(Rhynchotherium)属,而美洲其他的短颌嵌齿象类中,脊乳齿象(Stegomastodon)有可能从铲齿象科中的一支演化而来,南方乳齿象(Notiomastodon)则可能与中华乳齿象(Sinomastodon)相关;Sinomastodon可能起源于中国南方的竹棚上新乳齿象(Pliomastodon (?) zhupengensis),原来的属型种中间中华乳齿象(Sinomastodon intermedius)具有早出原同名,建议以它的早出异名仙台中华乳齿象(Sinomastodon sendaicus)取代S. intermedius。 相似文献
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中国的脊棱齿象属(Stegolophodon)化石 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4
剑齿象属 Stegodon 起源于脊棱齿象属 Stegolophodon,两者都是亚洲大陆晚新生代的特有动物,本文讨论两属中一些种的性质和分类位置问题,并记述了药铺脊棱齿象 Stegolophodon officinalis 的新材料. 相似文献
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描述了内蒙古二连盆地脑木根组上部(早始新世伯姆巴期)两种奇蹄类:脊齿貘类的二连明镇貘(新属新种)Minchenoletes erlianensisgen.et sp.nov.和蹄齿犀类的Pataecops parvus。二连明镇貘区别于其他脊齿貘类的特点是:个体小,颊齿齿冠低,齿脊相对不发育,牙齿较横宽(长宽比小),M3相对较长。两种化石分别将脊齿貘科和犀超科的化石记录提前到最早始新世。最新的地层资料表明,明镇貘仅发现于脑木根组上部,相当于伯姆巴期的地层中;施氏貘(Schlosseria)和脊齿貘(Lophialetes)则分别发现于阿山头组和伊尔丁曼哈组。因此,这些化石在生物地层对比和早期奇蹄类演化研究中具有重要价值。依据二连地区的新资料和中亚考察团的野外记录,我们认为蒙古的Pataecops parvus标本可能来自比Kholobolchi动物群大多数种类更低的层位,可能相当于伯姆巴期。 相似文献
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临夏盆地下中新统的甘池梁地点发现了一件残破下颌带有m2和m3齿列。在齿列前方,其水平支伸长,并且不向下转折或倾斜。下颌角位置较低。颊齿小,冠面结构特征原始。齿谷在前后方向宽度中等,副齿柱侧及主齿柱中心小尖不分裂,副齿柱中心小尖不发育。这些特征与哈萨克斯坦图尔盖地区早中新世的意外嵌齿象(Gomphotherium inopinatum)相同,应归为该种。这是该种在中国的首次报道,并且是中国发现的最原始的种。进一步讨论了中国的嵌齿象各种的系统关系。维曼嵌齿象(G.wimani)代表了一种在欧亚大陆东部发现的进步类型,可以与欧洲的施泰因海姆嵌齿象(G.steinheimense)相联系。间型嵌齿象(G.connexum)则似乎是属于真正的"狭齿嵌齿象类群",因为其与狭齿嵌齿象(G.angustidens)的颊齿具有相似性。亚似貘型嵌齿象(G.subtapiroideum)或许代表了一个与狭齿嵌齿象不同的分支,而陕西嵌齿象("G.shensiensis")则可能是其中的一种变异。 相似文献
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描述了陕西蓝田晚中新世灞河组的松鼠类和林跳鼠类。松鼠科化石包括3个种:骊山花鼠(新种)Eutamias lishanemis sp.nov.,细小岩松鼠(新种)Sciurotamias pusillus sp.nov.和松鼠属(未定种)Sciurus sp.;林跳鼠科有两个种:西安脊仓跳鼠(新种)Lophocricetus xianensis sp.nov.和脊仓跳鼠(未定种)Lophocricetus sp.。在牙齿的形态上,蓝田松鼠科的新种分别与现生花鼠(Eutamias sibiricus)和岩松鼠(Sciurotamias davidianus)很相似,但特征原始。其中Sciurotamias pusillus新种代表了该属最早的地史记录;Lophocricetus xianensis新种比内蒙古最晚中新世常见的葛氏脊仓跳鼠(Lophocricetus grabaui)原始得多,为中国现知较为原始的一种。这些新种的特征如下:骊山花鼠(Eutamias listmnensis):个体比现生花鼠(Eutamias sibiricus)稍大,前臼齿和第三臼齿的尺寸比现生种的相对大。P4具完整的前边脊,明显臼齿化;上臼齿的原尖较收缩,中附尖不发育;M3无后脊;下臼齿的下内尖几乎融汇于后边脊,下中尖很小。细小岩松鼠(Sciurotamias pusillus):岩松鼠属中个体较小的一种,齿尖和齿脊比Sciurota- mias wangi和S.leilaoensis的高且较强壮。P4似三角形,前附尖膨大;M1/2的原尖收缩,时见小的后小尖和中附尖;m1/2的下内尖界限模糊,唇侧谷窄浅;m3明显向后扩展。西安脊仓跳鼠(Lophocricetus xianensts):Lophocricetus属中个体较小的一种,M1和M2具小或脊状的原附尖,m1和m2的外附尖和齿带不甚发育。M1的中尖通常弱,中脊短,内脊连接前尖或原脊,后边脊连接后脊;M2常见双前边脊,中脊伸达齿缘;m1下外脊的后部低、弱甚至断开,下次尖与下内尖或下中尖与下内尖间的脊连接;m2的下原尖连接下后尖或前边脊。脊仓跳鼠是中亚和北亚特有的一属啮齿动物,被认为从异蹶鼠属(Heterosminthus)演化而来,近10余年来有较多的发现和研究。本文特别对其系统关系进行了探讨,对属种的区分作了进一步界定。哺乳动物的研究显示,陕西蓝田地区晚中新世早期的气候可能比现代还要干旱。灞河动物群中松鼠类和林跳鼠类的出现,还表明了在这个温带开阔的草原环境中,尚有一些灌丛和林地。 相似文献
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记述采自中国海南、贵州、广东的短象蜡蝉属Dictyopharina Melichar(半翅目,蜡蝉总科,象蜡蝉科,象蜡蝉亚科)1新种,即六突短象蜡蝉D.hexasaca sp.nov.。编制了短象蜡蝉属分种检索表,提供了新种的鉴别特征图。新种模式标本保存于贵州大学昆虫研究所。 相似文献
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最近在广西崇左泊岳山巨猿洞采集到大量步氏巨猿、猩猩、长臂猿等高等灵长类及伴生的属种丰富的哺乳动物化石。本文系统记述了该化石点小哺乳动物群中的优势群体——鼠科化石:似锡金小鼠(Mus cf.M.pahari)、似大林姬鼠(Apodemus cf.A.peninsulae)、细狨鼠(Hapalomys gracilis)、狭齿狨鼠(Hapalomys angustidens)、先社鼠(Niviventer preconfucianus)、安氏白腹鼠(Niviventer andersoni)、拟爱氏巨鼠(Leopoldamys edwardsioides)和似始家鼠(Rattus cf.R.pristinus)共6属8种,其中包括了5个绝灭种。研究表明,泊岳山巨猿洞鼠类主要属种的形态特征显然要比同地区的三合大洞显得原始,而较相似于重庆巫山龙骨坡的相关鼠类,因此推测其时代为早更新世早期,这与古地磁的测年结果(距今约180万年)相吻合。泊岳山巨猿洞的鼠类大部分均为东洋界成员以及树栖、半树栖及林地生活的种类,反映当时的自然景观为热带-亚热带的森林-林灌环境。泊岳山巨猿洞鼠科化石的研究丰富了我国南方早更新世巨猿-中华乳齿象动物群中小哺乳动物化石的记录,这对于探讨我国南方第四纪生物地层的划分将提供重要的信息。 相似文献
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Recent fieldwork at Woranso-Mille, Ethiopia led to the recovery of an abundant, diverse mammalian fauna that includes remains
of the early hominid Australopithecus afarensis. Proboscideans are among the taxa well sampled at the site, primarily by gnathodental specimens, dated to the mid-Pliocene
interval of 3.8–3.6 Ma. These fossils document traces of the last anancine gomphotheres (Anancus ultimus) in eastern Africa and several elephant taxa. Comparative study of the elephant fossils indicates the presence of cf. Mammuthus sp. “Hadar-type,” cf. Elephas ekorensis, E. recki brumpti, and cf. Loxodonta adaurora adaurora. Proboscidean evolution in the mid-Pliocene is interesting because during this time archaic elephants were completely replaced
by basal members of crown elephant lineages, taxonomic diversity was high (multiple elephant species, anancine gomphotheres,
stegodonts, and deinotheres), and elephants were undergoing substantial reorganization of the craniodental masticatory apparatus,
presumably in response to the spread of more open habitats and greater competition for grazing resources. The Woranso-Mille
sample is important because this interval is only represented elsewhere in eastern Africa by a small number of sites, and
because adaptive diversification among early crown elephants requires greater clarification. Morphometric contrasts among
the fossil dentition from Woranso-Mille presage the differential success of elephant lineages in eastern Africa during the
Pleistocene, providing hints about the beginnings of competitive displacement. Differences between E. recki brumpti from Woranso-Mille and the slightly younger Sidi Hakoma Member of the Hadar Formation reveal the beginnings of continuous,
directional morphometric change that characterized the lineage. Reconsideration of E. recki subspecies indicates that they are arbitrary lineage divisions tied to geochronological boundaries (with utility for biochronological
correlation at well sampled sites) rather than real phylogenetic entities, but does not reject monophyly or anagenetic evolution
of the lineage. 相似文献
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Here we report on two kinds of cercopithecid fossil monkeys (Cercopithecinae and Colobinae) from the early to middle Pleistocene sediments of the Chochen (=Tsochen) area (Tsailiao-chi or Shinhua Hill), southern Taiwan. The fossil specimens include the first fossil record of colobine monkeys from Taiwan, where only macaque monkeys now occur. All cercopithecine fossils were identified as Macaca cf. Macaca cyclopis, the extant Taiwan macaque, except for one extremely large isolated upper molar, which may belong to another macaque species. On the other hand, all colobine specimens fall within the size variation of extant and extinct Rhinopithecus, but its specific status cannot be determined because of the scantiness of the fossil material. In Taiwan, Rhinopithecus presumably became extinct in the late Pleistocene, probably owing to global cooling and vegetation change, whereas macaques, which are of almost the same body size as Rhinopithecus, survived as M. cyclopis to the present. The contrasting history of survival between the two kinds of monkeys may be due to ecological/behavioral differences between them or as a result of accidental events that occurred in the Pleistocene of Taiwan. 相似文献
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Albumin evolution and phylogenetic relationships among Greek rodents of the families Arvicolidae and Muridae 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
N. P. Nikoletopoulos B. P. Chondropoulos S. E. Fraguedakis-Tsolis 《Journal of Zoology》1992,228(3):445-453
The phylogenetic relationships of seven rodent species Microtus atticus, M. thomasi, M. epiroticus (family Arvicolidae) and Mus domesticus, Rattus norvegicus, Apodemus flavicollis and A. mystacinus (family Muridae) have been studied. In order to define these relationships we study the albumin evolution using the micro-complement fixation test (MC'F). No phylogenetic (immunological) distance between M. atticus and M. thomasi was found, a fact which confirms from the biochemical point of view the opinion that the former taxon is a synonym of the latter one. A molecular time scale relating MC'F immunological distances and geological time was established based on the assumption of a rate of 100 amino acid substitutions per–20 million years. The time of divergence between M. epiroticus and M. thomasi was estimated to be 0.5–0.6 million years ago (Pleistocene). Such a recent divergence corroborates the opinion based on morphological and protein electrophoretic criteria according to which Terricola (formerly Pitymys ) must be considered as a subgenus of the genus Microtus and not as a distinct genus Pitymys , as previously had been accepted. Apodemus flavicollis and A. mystacinus were separated about 0.65–0.8 million years ago (Pleistocene). The Rattus norvegicus lineage was separated–12.5 million years ago (end of Miocene), shortly before the Mus and Apodemus divergence. Our data indicate that the common ancestor of Arvicolidae and Muridae lived–25 million years ago (early Miocene). All these results are in agreement with paleontological and some recent DNA-DNA hybridization and electrophoretic data. 相似文献
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以往,在东亚大陆发现的更新世中期人类化石被分别归入直立人和古老型智人。这种分类的主要依据是化石形态特征以及年代。魏敦瑞对周口店第一地点人类化石研究描述的一些头骨、下颌骨和牙齿特征通常被作为判定直立人的标准。根据这些化石的年代分布,一般将30万年前的中更新世晚期作为划分直立人与古老型智人的大致年代界限。近20年来,在非洲、欧洲和东亚新发现了一些更新世中期人类化石,目前古人类学界对中国更新世中期人类化石特征及演化有了与以往不同的认识。最近对大荔、许家窑、盘县大洞、许昌、华龙洞等人类化石的研究显示,近30万年以来东亚大陆人类演化呈现复杂的多样性,将这一时期人类全部归入古老型智人难以准确反映更新世中期中国古人类演化模式及规律。本文结合近年中国更新世中期人类演化研究进展,选择部分具有演化及分类价值的形态特征,分析这些特征在更新世中期中国古人类化石的表现特点。在此基础上,对更新世中期中国古人类演化模式做了尝试性探讨。本研究发现,周口店、和县、沂源、南京等中更新世早期人类化石呈现有较多的区域性特征,形态特征表现相对稳定;而大荔、金牛山、许家窑、许昌、华龙洞、马坝、盘县大洞等中更新世晚期人类在化石形态特征表现复杂多样,变异范围大。此外,在这一时期人类化石上发现较多与生存活动、健康、环境适应有关的证据。根据这些发现,作者认为中国中更新世早期组人类演化以形态连续性为主;进入中更新世晚期,中国古人类演化区域性特征减弱,演化模式以多样性为主。一系列新的化石发现和研究证据提示中更新世晚期东亚大陆可能生存有不同的古人类成员。根据目前掌握的化石形态和年代证据,大约30万年前是中国更新世中期演化变化关键时间节点。 相似文献
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J van der Made 《Journal of human evolution》1999,37(3-4):389-413
The ungulates from unit 6 of Gran Dolina (TD6) in the Sierra de Atapuerca (northern Spain) are studied. They include Stephanorhinus etruscus, Equus cf. altidens, Sus scrofa, Dama nestii? vallonetensis, Cervus elaphus, Eucladoceros giulii, Cervidae indet. and Bovini cf. "Bison voigtstedtensis." The taxonomy and stratigraphical distribution of most of these taxa are not universally accepted. S. etruscus, D. n.? vallonetensis, E. giulii and "B. voigtstedtensis" are late Early and early Middle Pleistocene elements. S. scrofa and C. elaphus range from the late Early Pleistocene to Recent. The fauna indicates a late Early or earliest Middle Pleistocene age, which fits the latest Early Pleistocene age suggested by palaeomagnetism. The faunal assemblage does not indicate extreme climatic conditions. The virtual absence of "glacial" taxa from the Spanish Early and Middle Pleistocene suggests that glaciations did not have a great impact on the fauna, suggesting that climate was no impediment to a continuous human occupation of Spain from the late Early Pleistocene onwards. 相似文献