Studies on Neotriptetraolide Isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f.

A new diterpenoid bisepoxide, neotriptetraolide, was isolated from the leaves and root of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. Neotriptetraolide was crystallized from CH3OH as colorless needle-like crystal, with amp of 237～238 ℃. Its molecular formula was C20H2608. Its structure was elucidated by means of spectral analysis (UV, IR, MS, 1H-NMR, 13C- NMR, 2D-COSY, 2D-NOESY, 13C-NOE, and selective long-range DEPT spectroscopy) and the computation of molecular mechanics and molecular graph.     

雷公藤内生真菌的分离鉴定及活性研究

【背景】雷公藤是一种传统中药,具有多种药理活性和较高的应用价值。但由于产量少、提取过程复杂而限制了其在临床上的应用。植物内生真菌的次级代谢产物能够产生相似的药理活性,有望解决植物资源匮乏的难题,成为新药筛选的潜在资源。【目的】从卫矛科植物雷公藤中分离内生真菌,对其产物的体外抗菌活性及抗肿瘤活性进行测定,并利用活性菌株对雷公藤粗提物进行转化,以达到增效减毒的作用。【方法】采用组织块法从雷公藤茎中分离内生真菌;打孔法测定发酵产物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希氏菌的抑菌活性;MTT(噻唑蓝)比色法测定发酵产物及转化产物的抗肿瘤活性;ITS(Internal transcribed spacer)序列测序分析确定活性菌株的种属。【结果】从雷公藤茎中分离得到43株内生真菌,其中5株对金黄色葡萄球菌有抑菌作用,LGT7几乎与1μg/mL青霉素钠的作用效果相当;6株对MCF-7、SKOV3细胞有抗肿瘤活性,LGT7、LGT41对肿瘤细胞生长抑制率达90%以上;4株对雷公藤粗提物具有转化活性。活性菌株分别被鉴定为拟茎点霉和腐皮壳属。【结论】雷公藤内生真菌具有抗菌抗肿瘤作用,并可以通过转化产生增效减毒作用。     

Molecular analyses of the Chinese herb Leigongteng (Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f.)

Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f., known as Leigongteng (Thunder God Vine) in traditional Chinese medicine, has attracted much attention for its applications in relieving autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, and for treating cancer. Molecular analyses of the ITS and 5S rDNA sequences indicate that T. hypoglaucum and T. doianum are not distinct from T. wilfordii, while T. regelii should be recognized as a separate species. The results also demonstrate potential value of rDNA sequence data in forensic detection of adulterants derived from Celastrusangulatus in commercial samples of Leigongteng.     

雷公藤植物内生Micromonospora sp. M66生产的一组吲哚生物碱

【目的】研究稀有放线菌——雷公藤内生小单孢菌(Micromonospora sp.M66)的次级代谢产物,为微生物药物或农用生物制剂开发提供结构多样的化合物资源。【方法】利用薄层层析、正(反)相硅胶柱层析、凝胶层析、液相色谱等技术对M66菌株中次级代谢产物进行分离纯化,利用波谱技术对化合物进行结构鉴定。【结果】最终分离纯化了7个单体化合物,结合质谱与核磁技术对这7个化合物进行了结构解析和鉴定,它们属于一组吲哚生物碱。化合物2是重要的植物生长调节剂,化合物3对淋巴细胞性白血病细胞P388、枯草芽孢杆菌和酿酒酵母的增殖有抑制作用,化合物6对金黄色葡萄球菌有很好的抑制作用。【结论】化合物3-7首次从小单胞菌中鉴定出来,表明该小单孢菌具有较强的利用吲哚或色氨酸合成次级代谢产物的能力和挖掘生物碱类药物的潜力。     

Studies on the Sesquiterpene Alkaloids of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.

This paper reports two sesquiterpene alkaloids isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. Their structures are assigned as Ⅰ and Ⅱ, respectively, by MS, UV, IR, 1HNMR and 13CNMR spectroscopic analysis. Alkaloid Ⅱ is a new alkaloid named wilfornine. These al- kaloids were shown to be immunosuppressives.     

HPLC在雷公藤上的应用研究进展

近年来高效液相色谱测定技术(HPLC)在雷公藤种源筛选,有效成分分析,制剂质量控制方面的应用,体现了该项技术的优越性,也表明雷公藤产业要发展,必须依靠先进、可靠的检测分析技术从源头到研发、生产再到临床应用等进行系统监测,以保障雷公藤的用药安全。     

抗褐变剂对雷公藤愈伤组织生长和次生代谢产物含量的影响

以雷公藤（Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f.）根愈伤组织为材料,以NT为基本培养基,添加不同浓度硫代硫酸钠、抗坏血酸、柠檬酸、硝酸银、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮以及活性炭,探讨抗褐变剂对雷公藤愈伤组织生长、抗褐化和雷公藤内酯醇及总生物碱含量的影响。结果表明：除较低浓度柠檬酸以外,其他抗褐变剂均不同程度抑制雷公藤愈伤组织的生长。培养基中添加不同浓度硫代硫酸钠、抗坏血酸、柠檬酸、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮以及活性炭,雷公藤愈伤组织褐化程度不但没有得到控制,反而使褐化加重。但所有处理中,愈伤组织中内酯醇含量明显升高,其中加入50mg/L柠檬酸处理的内酯醇含量为对照的2.4倍。培养基中加入10～50mg/L硝酸银不仅能抑制雷公藤愈伤组织褐变,内酯醇的含量也随着硝酸银浓度的增加而增加。供试抗褐变剂中除较低浓度硫代硫酸钠以外,其他处理对雷公藤总生物碱的合成起抑制作用。     

诱导子对雷公藤不定根生长和次生代谢产物含量的影响

为探讨真菌诱导子以及硝酸银等非生物诱导子对雷公藤不定根生长及次生代谢产物含量的影响。以雷公藤不定根为材料,通过向培养基中添加不同种类的真菌诱导子以及硝酸银等非生物诱导子,采用高效液相色谱检测不定根中雷公藤甲素和生物碱含量。结果表明:各种真菌诱导子不影响不定根的生长,但对次生代谢产物含量有显著影响,其中,苹果炭疽和柿子炭疽诱导子的加入不仅使不定根中雷公藤甲素的含量分别提高了2.24和1.93倍,生物碱的含量也各提高了2.02和2.07倍。苹果炭疽诱导子浓度为50μg/m L时比较适合雷公藤不定根生长及雷公藤甲素和生物碱的积累。硝酸银抑制不定根的生长和生物碱的积累,但促进雷公藤甲素的积累。硝酸银浓度为25μmol/L时雷公藤甲素含量为对照的1.71倍。茉莉酸甲酯浓度为50μmol/L时,不定根增长量为对照的1.04倍,雷公藤甲素和生物碱含量分别为对照的1.64倍和2.12倍。酵母提取物浓度为2 g/L时,雷公藤甲素含量为对照的1.48倍。表明培养基中添加硝酸银和酵母提取物对不定根中雷公藤甲素的合成具有明显的促进作用,苹果炭疽和茉莉酸甲酯的协同作用既能促进雷公藤甲素的合成又能促进雷公藤生物碱的合成。     

Aggregate cell suspension cultures of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. for triptolide, wilforgine, and wilforine production

The relationships between aggregate cell types, cell growth, and the triptolide, wilforgine, and wilforine content in aggregate cell suspension cultures of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. were examined. Aggregate cells larger than 2?mm grew quickly and constituted the majority of the white aggregates. The accumulation of triptolide was strongly correlated with the size of the aggregates and the length of the culture period. The aggregates 0.5?C2?mm in diameter accumulated higher triptolide content than those with other sizes throughout the culture. However, the size of the aggregate cells did not significantly affect on the wilforgine and wilforine content. Two other kinds of aggregate cells, the brown and green aggregate cells, also formed in the suspension cultures. The smallest aggregates (0.1?C0.5?mm) had a lower biomass and growth rate and had more chloroplasts and higher alkaloid content. The results of this study can be used to improve the selection process for the mass production of triptolide, wilforgine, and wilforine from cell suspension cultures.     

低磷胁迫对雷公藤幼苗叶片生理生化特性的影响

为研究雷公藤的耐磷胁迫性,对雷公藤（Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f.）一年生和三年生同一无性系扦插苗采用土培的方法进行了控制条件下的低磷胁迫实验,以KH2PO4为磷源,土壤中P2O5浓度为0、5、10、15、20、25（CK）mg/kg,低磷胁迫3个月和6个月后取叶片测定其丙二醛（MDA）、脯氨酸（Pro）含量以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和酸性磷酸酶（APA）活性的变化。实验结果表明：低磷胁迫下一年生和三年生雷公藤叶片SOD、APA活性升高,MDA、Pro含量增加,并呈现随低磷胁迫加重和胁迫时间延长而上升趋势,低磷胁迫下各处理的一年生和三年生雷公藤叶片CAT、POD活性普遍低于对照,并随着低磷胁迫程度的加重而呈下降趋势。低磷胁迫下雷公藤幼苗叶片的几种保护酶活性、MDA、Pro含量以及APA活性响应都较为灵敏,保护酶系统在15、20 mg/kg处理下能够起到较好保护作用,表明雷公藤能通过自身生理调节来适应中度和轻度缺磷环境;综合各项生理指标,三年生雷公藤相对于一年生雷公藤显示了较强的抗氧化能力和渗透调节能力,具有较强的耐低磷能力,对磷较为缺乏的林地下套种雷公藤的苗龄选择有参考价值。     

The Isolation and Structure of Three New Diterpenes from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook

This paper deals with the isolation of three new diterpenes: triptono-terpene, triptonoterpene methyl ether and triptolidenol from Tripterygium wilfordiiHook. F. Their structures are assigned as Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ, respectively by means of spectors-copic analyses (UV, IR, 1HNMR and MS), preparation of the derivative and chemicaltransformations.     

Determination of four pyridine alkaloids from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry

A novel liquid chromatography-atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-APCI/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of four sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids (wilfortrine, wilfordine, wilforgine and wilforine) in human plasma. The chromatographic separation was performed on a Shim-pack XR-ODS column using an ammonium acetate buffer solution-acetonitrile in a gradient program. The detection was achieved by an ion trap mass spectrometry in the positive selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The method utilized acetonitrile as protein precipitation solvent and followed by solid-phase extraction (SPE). Calibration curves were linear for the four alkaloids over the range of 0.5-100.0 μg/L with the limits of quantification of 0.5 μg/L, while the method exhibited the recovery of 86.5-98.6%, intra- and inter-day RSDs of less than 8.2% and 12.8%, respectively. Methodology was validated in line with the EU requirements (Commission Decision 2002/657/EC). Results of incurred samples demonstrated excellent reproducibility. To our knowledge, this is the first analytical method for simultaneous determination of the four sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids in plasma. The method was applicable to clinical pharmaceutical research of alkaloids in rheumatoid arthritis volunteer patients after oral administrations.     

Simultaneous determination of four sesquiterpene alkaloids in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography

Wilfortrine, wilfordine, wilforgine and wilforine are four major bioactive sesquiterpene alkaloids in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. The first analytical determination of the four major bioactive alkaloids is described. The four alkaloids are well-resolved within 15 min using the developed HPLC method. The identity of the analytes was confirmed by an HPLC-MS experiment, with all compounds being clearly assignable by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) positive mode analysis. The method was validated for limit of qualification, linearity and inter-day variation of precision and accuracy. Seven T. wilfordii samples (extracts and commercial product) were successfully analysed.     

Elicitation and in situ adsorption enhanced secondary metabolites production of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. adventitious root fragment liquid cultures in shake flask and a modified bubble column bioreactor

The experiments of elicitation and in situ adsorption were conducted in shake flasks and then tested in a modified bubble column bioreactor for enhancing the productions of three active metabolites in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f., triptolide, wilforgine and wilforine. Methyl jasmonate was screened out as the elicitor and the non-ionic polymeric ion-exchange resin of Amberlite^® XAD-7 was used for in situ product removal and protecting the alkaloids from degradation in the medium. In shake flask experiments, 3.55-fold, 49.11-fold, and 10.40-fold of triptolide, wilforgine, and wilforine, respectively, could be recovered from the medium and XAD-7 resin by elicitation and in situ product removal, compared with the control. The modified 10 L bubble column bioreactor had similar productions of the three active metabolites but needed a further optimization of parameters for better growth of adventitious roots.     

Interplay between keratinocytes and immune cells—Recent insights into psoriasis pathogenesis

Psoriasis is one of the most common human inflammatory skin diseases characterised by hyperproliferation and aberrant differentiation of keratinocytes. The trigger of the typical epidermal changes seen in psoriasis was considered to be a dysregulated immune response with Th-1/Tc1 cells playing a central role. Recent studies have provided new insights into psoriasis pathogenesis in defining intraepidermal α₁β₁+ T cells as key effectors driving keratinocyte changes. Critical roles for IFN-α secreted by plasmacytoid dendritic cells and the IL-23/Th-17 axis were postulated. Initially, these subsequent stages are at least partially driven by the endogenous antimicrobial peptide LL37 that converts inert self-DNA into a potent trigger of interferon production by binding and delivering the DNA into plasmacytoid dendritic cells to trigger toll-like receptor 9. As LL37 is expressed by keratinocytes upon various stimuli, keratinocytes might regain momentum as instigators of an aberrant immune response which then precedes the characteristic changes in the epidermis. Data from these new studies indicate a complex interplay between keratinocytes overexpressing antimicrobial peptides and immune cells driving epidermal hyperproliferation and aberrant keratinocyte differentiation in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.     

雷公藤总生物碱对粘虫生长发育及几种代谢酶系的影响

雷公藤生物碱是雷公藤Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f.中的主要杀虫活性物质。为进一步深入了解雷公藤总生物碱的杀虫作用,本研究采用小叶碟添加法测定了雷公藤总生物碱对粘虫Mythimna separate (Walker)5龄幼虫生长发育及几种代谢酶系的影响。结果表明：雷公藤总生物碱对粘虫5龄幼虫生长发育有明显抑制作用,表现为体重、体重增加量和相对生长率显著下降,幼虫龄期延长,幼虫存活率、化蛹率和成虫羽化率显著降低;可显著激活酯酶、羧酸酯酶; 明显抑制酸性磷酸酯酶和碱性磷酸酯酶的活性;对谷胱甘肽S-转移酶表现为先激活后抑制的趋势;细胞色素P450酶系的O-脱甲基酶在处理后3 h活性变化不明显,12和24 h后被激活,36 h后接近同期对照。     

雷公藤单体T10对Aβ1-42所致PC12细胞凋亡的抑制作用

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是发病率最高的中枢神经系统退变性疾病.目前AD的病因不清,亦无有效的防治手段,其重要的原因是尚无适宜的AD模型.因此,本实验首先建立了PC12细胞系β淀粉样蛋白(p-amyloid,Aβ)细胞损伤模型,在此基础上,探讨了中药免疫抑制剂雷公藤单体T10对细胞的保护作用及其机制.首先用不同浓度的Aβ(5×10、5×10-3、5×10-2、5×10、5、50 μmol/L)与PC12细胞共孵育48 h,用MTT法检测细胞存活率.选取Aβ致使细胞存活率降低的浓度(0.5、5、50 μmol/L)与PC12细胞共孵育48 h,通过流式细胞仪检测凋亡细胞百分比.用1×10-11mol/L的T10预孵育PC12细胞48 h后,加入50μmol/L Ap共孵育48 h,亦用流式细胞仪检测凋亡细胞百分比,激光共聚焦显微镜检测细胞内钙离子浓度变化.结果显示,Aβ的浓度存50μmol/L时可使细胞存活率降低至55.1%,凋亡细胞比例显著增加,而1×10-11mol/L的T10可明显降低50 μmol/L Aβ诱导的PC12细胞死亡.50 μmol/L Aβ可促进PC12细胞胞外钙离子内流,1×10-11mol/L的T10对Ap诱导的胞外钙离子内流有抑制作用.这些观察结果表明T10对Ap导致的PC12细胞损伤具有明显的保护作用,其机制可能与抑制Aβ诱导的胞内钙离子浓度升高和细胞凋亡有关.     

Involvement of steroids in anti-inflammatory effects of PK11195 in a murine model of pleurisy

BACKGROUND: Studies on peripheral benzodiazepine receptor function have yielded a diverse list of activities of which the anti-inflammatory effects need to be further examined. AIMS: To evaluate the role of steroids, nitric oxide and adenosine-deaminase in the anti-inflammatory effect of PK11195. METHODS: Pleurisy was induced by intrapleural injection of carrageenan in mice pre-treated or not with PK11195. Leukocytes, exudation, adenosine-deaminase (ADA) activity and nitric oxide (NO) level were measured. Steroid involvement was evaluated by pre-treatment with D,L-aminogluthetimide before PK11195. RESULTS: Leukocytes, exudation and NO levels were reduced by PK11195 in the early (4 h) phase. In the late (48 h) phase, PK11195 decreased leukocytes and ADA activity. D,L-aminogluthetimide reversed the effect of PK11195 on exudate (4 h), as well as total and differential leukocytes and NO levels (48 h). CONCLUSIONS: Steroids, NO and ADA are implicated in the anti-inflammatory action of PK11195.     

Therapeutic impact of the ethyl acetate extract of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F on nephritis in NZB/W F1 mice

This study was designed to examine the potential use of the ethyl acetate (EA) extract of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TwHF), a Chinese herbal medicine, in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. A total of 48 28-week-old female NZB/W F1 mice were randomly divided into three groups and orally administered vehicle or the EA extract of TwHF at 18.25 mg/kg (EAlow) or 36.5 mg/kg (EAhigh) for 14 weeks. Proteinuria and serum anti-double-stranded (ds)DNA antibody titers were assayed before and after treatment. At the end of treatment, all animals were sacrificed and pathological changes in the kidneys were examined by observers blinded to the treatment regimens. Immunohistological studies were carried out on kidneys and spleens. At 28 weeks of age, proteinuria (>30 mg/dl) and anti-dsDNA antibodies were found in all mice in the three groups. Fourteen, sixteen and fifteen mice in the vehicle, EAlow and EAhigh groups, respectively, completed at least four weeks of treatment. At the end of treatment, the mean proteinuria of the EAlow and EAhigh groups was significantly less than that of the vehicle group and no different from proteinuria at the onset of treatment. Histological evidence of glomerulonephritis, glomerular deposition of IgG and complement 3 and cellular infiltration in the interstitium and perivascular regions were significantly less severe in the EA extract treated mice than in vehicle treated mice. Treatment with the EA extract significantly inhibited the progression of kidney disease in NZB/W F1 mice, though had no significant effect on the levels of anti-dsDNA antibody.