Chemical Composition and Insecticidal Activity of Crithmum Maritimum L. Essential Oil against Stored‐Product Beetle Tribolium Castaneum

Several plant essential oils have been used against diverse insect pests since, unlike conventional pesticides, they pose almost no risk to humans and the environment. For this reason, the essential oil (EO) isolated from the fresh leaves of Crithmum maritimum L. and its fractions (F₁–F₅) obtained by chromatographic simplification were investigated for their chemical profile, as well as for their toxicity and repellency effects against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst ) adults. The analysis by GC/MS allowed the identification of 92.8–99.1 % of the compositions of the total oil (EO) and of its fractions (F₁–F₅). The EO and its fractions F₃–F₅ were characterized by the presence of a high amount of phenylpropanoids (94.4, 94.8, 93.6, and 88.7 %, respectively): in all the samples, dill apiole was the most abundant component (EO: 94.1 %, F₃: 94.6 %, F₄: 93.4 %, and F₅: 83.3 %). In addition, the repellency assay results showed that the volatile fraction F₅ and the complete EO exhibited a higher repellency towards T. castaneum (97 % and 93 %, respectively) after 2 h of exposure at the dose of 0.04 μL/cm². The median lethal dose of the topical application of the EO was 9 %. Furthermore, the fraction F₁ possessed interesting contact toxicity against T. castaneum (80 % of mortality) at the concentration of 10 %. These results suggested that the essential oil of C. maritimum leaves might be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides in order to prevent insects from damaging the stored products.     

温度对赤拟谷盗爬行和起飞活动的影响

在不同温度下研究了赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum(Herbst)在固体物面、设定粮面、温度均匀的粮(小麦)柱和具有温度梯度粮柱内爬行扩散速度、起飞温度等.主要结果为:赤拟谷盗在17℃开始有爬行为,25℃开始有飞行行为,在15～25℃时水平爬行速度和15 ～ 20℃时竖直运动速度与温度呈显著正相关,在无障...     

Chemical,Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Essential Oils and an Anatomical Study of the Aerial Parts from Baccharis Species (Asteraceae)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils as well as the anatomy of the aerial parts from Baccharis aracatubaensis, Baccharis burchellii, and Baccharis organensis owing to the therapeutic potential of Baccharis. The volatile constituents were analyzed using GC/MS, the antioxidant activity was evaluated by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC_FL) and DPPH assays, and the antimicrobial activity by a microdilution technique. Of the 56 compounds identified, only seven (β‐caryophyllene, γ‐muurolene, bicyclogermacrene, β‐germacrene, spathulenol, τ‐muurolol, and α‐cadinol) were common in the three specimens studied. Of these, γ‐muurolene was found abundantly in B. aracatubaensis, while bicyclogermacrene was abundant in B. burchellii and B. organensis. The essential oils exhibited antioxidant activity in the ORAC_FL (>500.0 μmol TE g^?1) and DPPH assays. However, they did not exhibit any antimicrobial activity. Secretory ducts and flagelliform glandular trichomes were observed in the anatomical study of all the Baccharis species studied.     

栽培地区、采收季节和株龄对迷迭香精油成分和抑菌活性的影响

采用气相色谱-质谱联用的方法,研究了不同提取部位、栽培地区、采收季节和株龄对迷迭香精油提取率、成分和抑菌活性的影响。结果表明,在贵州栽培的迷迭香叶子中精油的主要成分为α-蒎烯（31.88%–39.09%）、1,8-桉叶素（8.82%–10.97%）和樟脑（7.63%–11.59%）;茎中精油的主要成分为龙脑（26.62%–39.05%）、樟脑（11.41%–15.27%）和α-蒎烯（7.23%–17.80%）;茎中精油的抑菌活性强于叶中精油。北京地区栽培的迷迭香,其叶子中精油的主要成分为樟脑（27.92%）和L-β-蒎烯（25.28%）,抑菌活性强;茎中精油和贵州栽培的成分和活性均相似。对于采收季节,夏季采收的迷迭香精油提取率高,抑菌活性强。而株龄对精油的成分和抑菌活性影响不大。该研究为我国引种迷迭香的合理配置栽培、采收、生产条件和高效开发利用其抑菌活性提供了科学的依据。     

Fumigant toxicity of Laurus nobilis and Myrtus communis essential oils on larvae and adults of the Red flour beetle,Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Col.: Tenebrionidae)

Considering the invasion to food commodities by insects and harmful effect of chemical pesticides, essential oils are among the best known substances tested against stored product pests. These compounds may act as fumigants, contact insecticides, repellents or anti-feedants. In present study, fumigant toxicity of essential oils from Laurus nobilis L. and Myrtus communis L. was assessed on larvae and adults of Tribolium castaneum Herbst at 27?±?2?°C, 60?±?5% RH in darkness. Each essential oil was tested in five concentrations with three replicates. The LC₅₀ values of L. nobilis and M. communis against adults of beetle were calculated 243.78 and 56.11?μl/l and LC₉₅ values for them were 685.85 and 144.01?μl/l, respectively. For the larvae of T. castaneum, the LC₅₀ values for L. nobilis and M. communis were 211.64 and 69.63 and LC₉₅ values were 656.84 and 183.65?μl/l, respectively. Results showed that these essential oils may have potential as botanical control agents against larvae and adults of T. castaneum.     

营养质量对雄性赤拟谷盗生长发育、抗饥饿和资源再获取能力的影响

昆虫的生长发育、抗饥饿和资源再获取能力对其生存、生殖和性选择非常重要。本文研究了营养质量对赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum(Herbst)生长发育、抗饥饿和资源再获取能力的影响。结果表明,三个营养处理下雄性赤拟谷盗的生长发育性状（幼虫重、发育历期、蛹重和成虫重）均存在显著性差异,在高营养质量下生长的雄性赤拟谷盗发育更快,体重更大,且各生长发育性状间存在显著性相关。营养质量对雄性赤拟谷盗成虫的抗饥饿能力没有显著影响,但对其资源再获取能力有显著影响,表现为在高营养质量下生长的雄性赤拟谷盗成虫比在低营养质量下生长的具有更高的资源再获取能力。雄性赤拟谷盗抗饥饿能力和资源再获取能力之间存在显著性相关,但是雄性赤拟谷盗抗饥饿能力和资源再获取能力除了与发育历期存在显著性相关外,与其它生长发育性状不存在显著性相关。本文还对这些实验结果的性选择意义进行了讨论。     

Repellent,Insecticidal and Antimicrobial Activities of Leaf Essential Oils from Three Eucalyptus Species

Developing effective and eco‐friendly antimicrobials and pesticides has become a highly important issue. The repellent, insecticidal and antimicrobial activity of essential oils (EOs) isolated by hydrodistillation from dried leaves of the three Eucalyptus species (E. cloeziana, E. umbellata and E. benthamii) were investigated. During GC/MS analysis, α‐pinene (47.36 %), 1,8‐cineol (38.53 %) and α‐pinene (35.31 %) were identified as major components of E. cloeziana, E. umbellata and E. benthamii, respectively. The EOs from E. cloeziana exhibited the longest effective protection time (465 min, at 50.0 % w/w) for humans among the EOs studied. The effective protection time was 30 min and 300 min at concentrations of 12.5 % (w/w) and 25.0 % (w/w), respectively. Fumigating insecticidal activity of EOs from three Eucalyptus species was tested by airtight fumigation in conical flask, which indicated that essential oils had a highly and rapidly insecticidal activity on Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. The antimicrobial activity of EOs was evaluated by using disc diffusion and agar dilution methods. There was no significant difference in the antibacterial activity of EOs from E. cloeziana and E. umbellate and they had the same MICs (20 mL/L) on Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. E. benthamii had the worst microbial inhibitory effect among the three Eucalyptus essential oils and the MIC value for the test species is 40 mL/L except for Rhodotorula Harrison (10 mL/L).     

Chemical Composition,Antimicrobial, Nitric Oxide Inhibition and Cytotoxic Activity of Essential Oils from Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. Leaves and Stems from Vietnam

This study was aimed to investigate the chemical composition and biological activities of leaf and stem essential oils of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. from Vietnam. Their chemical composition was analyzed by GC/MS. Antimicrobial activities were evaluated by microdilution broth assay. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by the ability to inhibit nitric oxide production in macrophage cells. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated using the sulforhodamine B assay on three human cancer cell lines. Forty-four compounds were identified in the leaf oil, among which dehydroaromadendrane (23.4 %), (E)-carpacin (17.6 %), 2-tridecanone (12.2 %), and 9-methyl-2-decanone (11.8 %) were the most abundant. The stem oil contained fifty-five identified constituents, mainly γ-gurjunene (51.1 %) and butyl acetate (11.8 %). Both oils exhibited inhibitory effects on three bacterial strains, namely S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and a fungal strain C. albican, while showed insignificant effects on B. subtilis, L. fermentum, and S. enterica. Both oils showed weak NO production inhibition in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, but exhibited potent cytotoxic activity against all three tested cell lines SK-LU-1, MCF-7, and HepG2 with the IC₅₀ values ranging from 16.03±0.77 to 35.60±1.62 μg/mL. This is the first report on the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of essential oils from the leaves and stems of Z. acanthopodium.     

Chemical Composition and Insecticidal Activity against Tribolium Castaneum of Thapsia garganica L. Seed Essential Oil

Due to the several side effects of synthetic pesticides, including environmental pollution, threats to human health, and the development of pest resistance to insecticides, the use of alternative healthy, available and efficient agents in pest management strategies is necessary. Recently, the use of essential oil obtained from aromatic plants has shown significant potential for insect pest management. For this reason, the essential oil isolated from seeds of Thapsia garganica L. was investigated for the first time for its chemical profile, and its toxicity and repellency effects against Tribolium castaneum adults. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the chemical composition by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) revealed the presence of 18 organic volatiles representing 96.8 % of the total constituents. The main compounds were 1,4-dimethylazulene (51.3 %) followed by methyl palmitate (8.2 %), methyl linoleate (6.2 %) and costol (5.1 %). Concerning the repellent effect, results revealed that SEO (Seed Essential Oil) was very repellent towards T. castaneum adults, with 100 % repellency after 2 h of exposure. Furthermore, the essential oil exhibited remarkable contact toxicity against T. castaneum (93.3 % of mortality) at the concentration of 10 % (v/v). The median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of the topical application of the seed essential oil was 4.4 %. These encouraging outcomes suggested that the essential oil from T. garganica seeds could be considered a potent natural alternative to residual persistent and toxic insecticides.     

Use of Tanacetum tomentosum and Ta. dolichophyllum essential oils as botanical repellents and insecticidal agents against storage pest Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

In this study, repellent and fumigant activities of Tanacetum tomentosum and Ta. dolichophyllum essential oils were investigated against Tribolium castaneum. Results showed that both oils had effective fumigant and repellent activities. Tanacetum tomentosum oil emerged as more potent than Ta. dolichophyllum oil with LC₅₀ values of 6.85 and 4.32 μL/0.25 L air after 24 and 48 h of exposure, respectively. Ta. tomentosum oil also showed more repellent activity than Ta. dolichophyllum oil by exhibiting repellent activity in the range of 38.70–82.35%. Chemical analysis of both oils revealed that β‐bisabolene (50.0%) was the major component of Ta. tomentosum oil and that β‐eudesmol (31.4%) and α‐bisabolol (10.7%) were the major components of Ta. dolichophyllum oil. Doses of 40 and 80 μL/0.5 L air of both oils significantly protected 500 g of wheat grains for up to 6 months from insect infestation, without causing any side effects in the germination rates; the order of germination rates was Ta. tomentosum (89.45%) > Ta. dolichophyllum (86.78%). Thus, this study suggests that essential oils from Ta. tomentosum and Ta. dolichophyllum can be used as potential alternative botanical fumigants for controlling Tr. castaneum.     

Essential Oil of Deverra tortuosa Aerial Parts: Detailed Chemical Profile,Allelopathic, Antimicrobial,and Antioxidant Activities

Essential oils (EOs) are a promising group of natural products of the aromatic plants due to their various biological effects such as allelopathic, antioxidant, antimicrobial activities. The present study aimed to construct the detailed chemical profile of the EO derived from Deverra tortuosa aerial parts along with assessing its allelopathic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant potentialities. The EO was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The allelopathic activity of the EO was assessed against the germination and seedling growth of the weed Chenopodium murale. Also, the EO was tested against five microbes. The antioxidant activity was determined using the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). The GC/MS analysis of EO revealed the presence of 86 compounds with a preponderance of oxygenated sesquiterpenes and monoterpene hydrocarbons. Widdrol, β-phellandrene, piperitol, cubedol, α-terpinene, (E)-10-heptadecen-8-ynoic acid methyl ester, citronellyl tiglate, and m-cymene were the major compounds. A comparative profile was established between the EOs constituents of our study with the documented EOs of D. tortuosa and the other Deverra species around the world via agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) and principal components analysis (PCA). The EO showed a substantial allelopathic activity against C. murale, as well as it showed considerable antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Thereby, the EO of D. tortuosa could be considered as a promising environmental-friendly bioherbicide against weeds. Also, it could be integrated into food preservation due to its potent antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. However, further study is recommended for more characterization of the major compounds and evaluation of their activities, either singular or synergistic, and assess their efficiency and biosafety.     

番茄、芦苇、水杉、皂荚粗提液与辛硫磷、氯氰菊酯混用对赤拟谷盗杀灭作用的初步试验

赤拟谷盗是一种重要的世界性储粮害虫,防治困难.本文采用浸渍法测定了番茄茎叶、芦苇全株、水杉叶、皂荚果实等4种植物材料水提液与两种杀虫剂混用对赤拟谷盗的毒力效应.结果 表明,各提取液与40%辛硫磷乳油1000倍液、5%氯氰菊酯乳油500倍液以不同比例混配时,均表现出不同程度的增效作用.药液与植物提取液以4:1、1:1体积...     

Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Different Parts of Litsea cubeba

The composition of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of different parts of Litsea cubeba, including roots, stems, leaves, alabastra (flower buds), flowers, and fruits, were investigated by GC (RI) and GC/MS. The antimicrobial activity of the oils was assessed with disc diffusion and microbroth dilution assays. The results showed large variations in the composition among the different oils. The major components in the oils from roots and fruits, from stems, leaves, and alabastra, and from flowers were citral B (neral), β‐phellandrene, and β‐terpinene, respectively. The inhibition zone (DD) and MIC values for the bacterial strains tested, which were all sensitive to the essential oil of L. cubeba, were in the range of 10.1–35.0 mm and 100–1000 μg/ml, respectively. Hence, the oils of the various parts showed moderate activity against the tested bacteria. This investigation showed that the antibacterial activity of L. cubeba was attributed to the essential oils, thus they can be a potential medicinal resource.     

Toxic and repellent properties of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Richard on Tribolium castaneum Herbst infesting stored millets,Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.

The toxicity and repellency of Xylopia aethiopica seed extract was investigated in the laboratory against Tribolium castaneum Herbst. Concentration and days after treatment (DAT) caused a significant increase in T. castaneum adult mortality with an interaction effect of both on mortality when filter paper was impregnated with X. aethiopica extract. At 0.2 ml/60 cm² extract, significant mortality was observed at three–seven DAT when compared with one DAT. At 0.4 ml/60cm², 100% mortality was recorded at the lowest exposure period of one DAT. When 0.2 ml extract was applied to 5 g millet seeds, mortality at five–seven DAT was significantly higher than mortality observed in the control. Although repellency was dose-dependent, the percentage of T. castaneum that were repelled from treated filter paper was not significant. At 0.4 ml/60 cm², Class II repellency (26.7%) was observed. The results suggest that X. aethiopica can only effectively control T. castaneum populations that have infested millet but do not prevent cross-infestation via repellency.     

Chemical Composition and in Vitro Antioxidant,Anti-Alzheimer,Anti-Diabetic,Anti-Tyrosinase,and Antimicrobial Properties of Essential Oils and Extracts Derived from Various Parts of the Algerian Calendula Suffruticosa Vahlsubsp. boissieri Lanza

Calendula suffruticosa Vahl subsp. boissieri Lanza is well-known for its medicinal properties in northeastern Algeria. As far as literature has been able to prove, no study has attempted to make a phytochemical or biological activity evaluation (antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors and antimicrobial potential). This work intends to evaluate, for the first time, the chemical constituents and study the previously mentioned biological activities of C. suffruticosa boissieri essential oil and different sections (flowers, leaves, roots) as well as the effect of changing the solvent (ethanol 70 %) and (methanol 70 %) on these activities. The essential oil of aerial parts of this plant was investigated using GC/MS, and 45 compounds were discovered, accounting for 98.01 % of the essential oil, including 23 monoterpenes, 6 sesquiterpenes, 12 diterpenes, 1 coumarin, 3 alkanes, methyl-cyclohexane (23.73 %), limonene (25.02 %), and o-cymene (13.20 %). Five methods were used to study the antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH, CUPRAC, reducing power, and β-carotene bleaching assay), where the results were impressive, especially for the essential oil. In addition, the hydroethanolic solvent (70 %) was found to be the most effective solvent for extraction in general compared to the hydromethanolic solvent (70 %). The extracts and essential oils of C. suffruticosa boissieri also showed a strong inhibiting ability against cholinesterase, tyrosinase, anti-α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and antimicrobials, a very valuable antioxidant, which is a real discovery. Based on these results, it can be said that this plant has important biological activities, so it can be used in the phytotherapy, food, or pharmaceutical sectors.     

拟心叶党参挥发油成分的GC-MS分析及其抗菌活性(英文)

运用气-质联用技术对云南产桔梗科植物拟心叶党参(Codonopsis cordifolioidea)的鲜根和干根的挥发油成分进行了比较研究,鉴定了其中六十三个成分,并探讨了其具有浓郁臭味的分子基础。采用八种菌株对其挥发油成分进行了抗菌活性测试,结果表明仅金黄色葡萄球菌、伤寒沙门菌和痢疾杆菌为敏感菌株。     

Chemical Characterization and Insecticidal Properties of Essential Oils from Different Wild Populations of Mentha suaveolens subsp. timija (Briq.) Harley from Morocco

The present study is the first investigation of the volatile‐oil variability and insecticidal properties of the endemic Moroccan mint Mentha suaveolens subsp. timija (mint timija). The yield of essential oils (EOs) obtained from different wild mint timija populations ranged from 0.20±0.02 to 1.17±0.25% (v/w). GC/MS Analysis revealed the presence of 44 oil constituents, comprising 97.3–99.9% of the total oil compositions. The main constituents were found to be menthone (1.2–62.6%), pulegone (0.8–26.6%), cis‐piperitone epoxide (2.9–25.5%), piperitone (0.3–35.5%), trans‐piperitone epoxide (8.1–15.7%), piperitenone (0.2–9.6%), piperitenone oxide (0.5–28.6%), (E)‐caryophyllene (1.5–11.0%), germacrene D (1.0–15.7%), isomenthone (0.3–7.7%), and borneol (0.2–7.3%). Hierarchical‐cluster analysis allowed the classification of the EOs of the different mint timija populations into four main groups according to the contents of their major components. This variability within the species showed to be linked to the altitude variation of the mint timija growing sites. The results of the insecticidal tests showed that all samples exhibited interesting activity against adults of Tribolium castaneum, but with different degrees. The highest toxicity was observed for the EOs belonging to Group IV, which were rich in menthone and pulegone, with LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values of 19.0–23.4 and 54.9–58.0 μl/l air in the fumigation assay and LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values of 0.17–0.18 and 0.40–0.52 μl/cm² in the contact assay.     

Composition,Chemical Variability and Biological Activity of Cymbopogon schoenanthus Essential Oil from Central Algeria

Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng . (Poaceae) is an aromatic plant whose aerial parts and rhizome produced an essential oil with pleasant odor. A chemical variability has been observed depending of the countries where the plant grows wild, including Algeria. The chemical compositions of 24 oil samples isolated from plants harvested in Central Algeria have been investigated, to evidence homogeneity or chemical variability within a given area of harvest. Twenty of these were dominated by cis‐ and trans‐p‐menth‐2‐en‐1‐ols (22.6 %±3.6 and 14.3 %±1.7, resp.) beside four atypical compositions. Otherwise, aerial parts and rhizomes produced similar essential oils. Lastly, a fair antimicrobial activity was measured against Staphylococcus aureus strain, while the antioxidant potential was low.     

Macromolecular and enzymatic abnormalities induced by a synthetic pyrethroid,Ripcord (Cypermethrin), in adult beetles of a stored grain pest,Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

The effects of a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, cypermethrin, administered as a formulation Ripcord 25EC (emulsified concentrate), to adult beetles of a stored grain pest, Tribolium castaneum, have been studied, with an objective to ascertain its toxicity on enzymes such as carbohydrases, phosphatases, dehydrogenases, aminotransferases, and concentration of various biochemical components such as monosaccharides, glycogen, cholesterol, nucleic acids, urea, total lipids, and total proteins. Almost all the enzymes and biochemical components were sensitive to sublethal doses of Ripcord 25 EC and these effects were found to be dependent on the duration of treatment. All carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes (amylase, invertase, lactase, maltase, lactate dehydrogenase) were elevated, except for trehalase, which was also elevated up to day 3 but returned to normal levels subsequently. Phosphatases (alkaline as well as acidic) were increased first and decreased thereafter, while isocitrate dehydrogenase decreased throughout the experimental period. Transaminases (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase) showed a decreasing trend. Of the other biochemical components tested, glucose content decreased during the first 3 days but increased subsequently. Fructose content showed an increase, while the glycogen content decreased throughout the study. Total lipid content was not disturbed up to day 3 but increased thereafter. Cholesterol content was depleted by day 7. Total proteins started decreasing from day 3 onwards, while soluble proteins were not affected. DNA, RNA, and urea contents exhibited elevated levels, while uric acid showed a decreasing trend. Sublethal doses of Ripcord, therefore, resulted in extensive enzyme induction, and utilization of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, in the given order, perhaps to produce extra energy to combat insecticidal stress. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 39:144–154, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.