极大螺旋藻胞内多糖分离纯化及其结构的初步分析

本文以原产于非洲乍得湖的极大螺旋藻 (Spirulinamaxima)为材料 ,热水提取胞内粗多糖 ,丙酮、乙醚脱水脱色 ,再经改良的Sevag等方法脱蛋白 ,获得胞内多糖半精品 (Intracellularpolysaccharide ,IPSⅠ ) ,经DE 5 2、SephadexG 10 0层析柱纯化 ,得到两种单一组分的多糖精品 :IPSⅡA和IPSⅡB。利用HPLC、IR等方法测定其初步结构。结果显示 :IPSⅡA的平均分子量为 2 38,0 0 0Dt,主要单糖组成为L 岩藻糖、L 鼠李糖、D 木糖、D 半乳糖 (摩尔比为 6 .0 9∶3.38∶0 .6 6∶0 .0 72 ) ,硫酸根含量为 2 6 .3± 3.7μg/mg ,糖醛酸含量约为 13.37± 0 .4 5 μg/mg ;IPSⅡB的平均分子量为 34,90 0Dt ,主要单糖组成包括D 木糖、L 鼠李糖、D 果糖、D 葡萄糖、L 岩藻糖、D 甘露糖 (摩尔比为 6 .6 6∶4 .6 3∶0 .2 8∶0 .12∶0 .0 87∶0 .0 2 2 ) ,糖苷键构型以α型为主 ,硫酸根含量为2 1.5± 1.2 μg/mg。     

金针菇(Flammulina Velutipes(Curt.ex Fr.)Sing.)子实体多糖PA_(5)DE的提取及性质研究

 从金针菇Flammulina velutipes(Curt.ex Fr.)Sing.子实体中提取水溶性多糖,经乙醇分级,DEAE-Sephadex A-25纯化,得PA_5DE。以聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和凝胶柱Sepharose 4B层析证明是化学均一性多糖,分子量是47.1万。用GLC、I.R、~13C-N.M.R.分析表明含有D-葡萄糖、D-甘露糖、D-岩藻糖。PA_5DE分子可能具有分支结构,含β-型糖苷键,存在β(1→3)和β(1→6)型糖苷键连接,并有抑制肿瘤S-180的活性。     

皱皮木瓜多糖的分离、纯化及抗氧化活性研究

为了研究木瓜多糖的提取、分离、纯化与抗氧化活性,采用水提醇沉法提取皱皮木瓜中的多糖,得多糖Ⅰ;利用Sevag法除去多糖中的蛋白质后得多糖Ⅱ;以30%H_2O_2脱除色素后再次醇沉得到精制多糖Ⅲ;透析除去小分子后利用AB-8大孔树脂进行分离以水、30%、50%、70%和95%乙醇洗脱,其中水洗脱部分多糖为Ⅳ。用苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖含量。多糖Ⅰ得率为9.83%,多糖含量(纯度,下同)为64.45%;脱蛋白后多糖Ⅱ中多糖含量为78.23%;经脱色后多糖Ⅲ含量达88.39%;大孔树脂水洗脱部分多糖Ⅳ含量为89.74%。以DPPH(2,2-二苯基-1-苦肼基)清除率和Fe~(3+)还原力方法测定木瓜多糖的抗氧化活性,木瓜多糖均体现出一定的抗氧化作用,呈浓度依赖性增强,其中多糖Ⅰ、Ⅱ表现出更好的作用。     

红毛五加多糖的基本性质研究

本文从红毛五加中分离得到了三种多糖,并对它们的基本性质进行了研究。红毛五加经热水浸提,用Sevag法脱蛋白,经DEAE-cellulcse 32离子交换层析和Sephacryl S-200HR凝胶层析纯化得到三个主要多糖组分：AHP-Ⅰ,AHP-Ⅱ和AHP-Ⅲ。HPLC测定AHP-Ⅰ、AHP-Ⅱ和AHP-Ⅲ的表观分子质量分别为7．0kD、59．5kD和12．9kD。红外光谱分析三种多糖具有多糖类物质的一般特征。经纸层析和GC结果综合分析得知,AHP-Ⅰ含有阿拉伯糖、岩藻糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖,其摩尔比为1．00：1．40：0．64：3．13：2．09;AHP-Ⅱ含有鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖,其摩尔比为0．36：1．00：0．15：0．20：1．10;AHP-Ⅲ含有鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、岩藻糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖,其摩尔比为1．22：1．00：0．40：0．28：0．26：1．03。咔唑-硫酸法测得AHP-Ⅱ、AHP-Ⅲ的糖醛酸含量分别为6．7％和6．0％;AHP-Ⅰ不含糖醛酸。体内试验表明,红毛五加粗多糖对小鼠S180肉瘤有明显抑制作用。     

土曲霉金色变种AT8951菊粉酶的纯化和性质的研究

土典霉金色变种AT8951菊粉酶粗酶液经硫酸铵分段沉淀、DEAE Cellulose DE32离子交换、超滤、Sephadex G-150凝胶过滤和FPLC,获得两个菊粉酶组分EⅠ和EⅡ,经分析型FPLG和PAGE鉴定为单一纯和分析纯。EⅠ分子量为66KD,最适作用温度和pH分别55℃和5.8;EⅡ分子量为56KD,最适作用温度为57℃,最适pH为6.0。EⅠ和EⅡ皆为糖蛋白,多糖含量分别为24.7％和22％,都属于内切酶。本文还对EⅠ和EⅡ的Km值和I/s值,温度、pH、离子对酶活作用的影响等进行了研究。     

宁夏中宁地区灵武长枣果实多糖的单糖成分GC-MS分析

研究宁夏中宁地区灵武长枣果实多糖的单糖成分,为不同地区灵武长枣的开发利用提供试验依据。以不同发育时期中宁产灵武长枣果实为试验材料,采用热水浸提法和气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)等,探讨不同发育时期果实多糖含量变化规律及其单糖组成成分。结果表明,不同发育时期中宁产灵武长枣果实粗多糖得率分别为:膨大前期0.43%、快速膨大期0.527%、着色期0.80%和完熟期0.618%;果实粗多糖经DEAE-52均得到Ju-0、Ju-1、Ju-2、Ju-3 4个多糖级分,其中Ju-2含量为最高,表明果实多糖的主要形式为酸性多糖;不同发育时期果实各精制多糖总共含有阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖、核糖、岩藻糖、木糖、甘露糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸10种单糖,不含果糖,以阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、核糖、鼠李糖、糖醛酸含量较高,岩藻糖、葡萄糖含量次之,木糖、甘露糖含量较低,但其含量各组分有差异。精制多糖含量随着果实的发育进程总体呈现上升趋势;不同发育时期中宁产灵武长枣果实各精制多糖中单糖组成及含量各不相同。     

极大螺旋藻多糖IPⅡA、IPⅡB的理化特性及抗肿瘤活性研究

极大螺旋藻（Ｓｐｉｒｕｌｉｎａｍａｘｉｍａ）经碱性热水抽提,酶解和Ｓｅｖａｇ法结合脱蛋白,醇沉淀得胞内多糖ＩＰⅠ．ＩＰⅠ经ＤＥ－５２和ＤＥＡＥ－ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＡ－２５柱层析得到组分多糖ＩＰⅡＡ和ＩＰⅡＢ,糖含量分别为７４．９％和６８．４％,ＩＰⅡＡ分子量为１．３×１０６,ＩＰⅡＢ分子量为５．０×１０５．以完全酸水解、薄层层析、气相层析、红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱对二者进行化学结构分析,证明均为酸性杂多糖;ＩＰⅡＡ糖苷键为α型,ＩＰⅡＢ中同时存在α和β型糖苷键．离体条件下,ＩＰⅠ与血癌细胞ＨＬ６０和Ｕ９３７分别共同培养,半固体琼脂培养法检测,结果表明,ＩＰⅠ对二者的作用具有选择性,同时ＩＰⅠ的促进和抑制作用均表现出一般药物所具有的剂量效应．     

猴头多糖分离纯化的初步研究

目的：确定适合于猴头多糖分离纯化的方法。方法：以液体发酵生产的猴头菌丝为材料,提取猴头菌丝多糖进行分离纯化,以得到多糖纯品。结果：猴头菌丝粗多糖采用Sevag法除蛋白的次数应该控制在5-8次,而且Sevag法除蛋白所得的HMP,经DEAE-纤维素柱层析初步纯化,多糖主要分布在蒸馏水洗脱部分,命名为HMPⅠ,其含量为67.5%;HMPⅠ经Sephadex G-100凝胶柱层析纯化,得到两个组分：HMPⅠa、HMPⅠb;HMPⅠa为多糖主要组分,含量为71.8%;HMPⅠa经纯度鉴定为多糖纯品。结论：DEAE-纤维素柱层析结合Sephadex G-100凝胶柱层析的纯化方法,可以获得猴头多糖纯品。     

九里香多糖和蛋白多糖的分离、纯化和分析

九里香(Murraya Paniculata L.Jack)皮部经热水提取、乙醇沉淀、SephadexG—100柱层析分离、磷酸氢钙吸附、酸溶,再通过Sephadex G-200柱层析纯化,得到灰白色粉末状九里香蛋白多糖。总糖含量为52.1％(其中葡萄糖醛酸含量为10.9％),蛋白质含量为20.0％。九里香蛋白多糖去蛋白后,即得九里香多糖,总糖含量为88.2％(其中葡萄糖醛酸含量为20.0％),经纸层析和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶园盘电泳鉴定为单一斑点和单一区带。平均分子量约为1.7×10~(-5)。组成单糖的摩尔比为葡萄糖:露甘糖:木糖:阿拉伯糖:岩藻糖:葡萄糖醛酸=1.0:0.40:0.16:0.17:0.20:0.48.     

不同溶剂分级提取的茶多糖的组成及降血糖活性

比较绿茶中不同溶剂分级提取的茶多糖的得率、含量、单糖组成及降血糖活性的差异,以从茶叶中分离出高活性的茶多糖.粗老绿茶采用去离子水低温提取茶叶中的水溶性多糖TPSⅠ,水不溶性多糖先用草酸铵提取其果胶类多糖TPSⅡ,再用碱提取,所得到碱提取液回调至pH中性后可溶解部分为碱溶性多糖TPSⅢ,并分析其得率、含量、采用气相色谱和离子色谱分析了其单糖组成,通过四氧嘧啶腹腔注射造成高血糖模型,连续灌胃茶多糖12 d,对比研究两种茶多糖的降血糖活性.并比较复合纤维素酶提取与去离子水提取在得率、含量、单糖组成及其降血糖活性的差异.TPSⅠ单糖组成以鼠李糖、半乳糖和半乳糖醛酸为主;TPSⅡ以半乳糖和半乳糖醛酸为主;TPSⅢ以阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖为主.降血糖活性顺序为:TPSⅠ＞TPSⅢ＞TPSⅡ,但TPSⅠ得率最低.复合纤维素酶提取的多糖得率、糖醛酸提取率比热水提取的多糖高1.53倍和1.42倍.酶提茶多糖较水提茶多糖降血糖效果更明显些.表明茶叶中水溶性多糖降血糖活性最好,复合纤维素酶提取可以提高其得率,增强其活性.     

Constraints on energy intake in fish: the link between diet composition, energy metabolism, and energy intake in rainbow trout

The hypothesis was tested that fish fed to satiation with iso-energetic diets differing in macronutrient composition will have different digestible energy intakes (DEI) but similar total heat production. Four iso-energetic diets (2 × 2 factorial design) were formulated having a contrast in i) the ratio of protein to energy (P/E): high (H(P/E)) vs. low (L(P/E)) and ii) the type of non-protein energy (NPE) source: fat vs. carbohydrate which were iso-energetically exchanged. Triplicate groups (35 fish/tank) of rainbow trout were hand-fed each diet twice daily to satiation for 6 weeks under non-limiting water oxygen conditions. Feed intake (FI), DEI (kJ kg(-0.8) d(-1)) and growth (g kg(-0.8) d(-1)) of trout were affected by the interaction between P/E ratio and NPE source of the diet (P<0.05). Regardless of dietary P/E ratio, the inclusion of carbohydrate compared to fat as main NPE source reduced DEI and growth of trout by ~20%. The diet-induced differences in FI and DEI show that trout did not compensate for the dietary differences in digestible energy or digestible protein contents. Further, changes in body fat store and plasma glucose did not seem to exert a homeostatic feedback control on DEI. Independent of the diet composition, heat production of trout did not differ (P>0.05). Our data suggest that the control of DEI in trout might be a function of heat production, which in turn might reflect a physiological limit related with oxidative metabolism.     

An Assessment of Diversity,Inclusion, and Health Equity Training in Endocrinology Fellowship Programs in the United States

ContextThe Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education has instituted common program requirements related to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) for postgraduate trainees in the United States; however, the extent to which DEI training is being incorporated across endocrinology fellowship programs is unknown.ObjectivesTo describe the sociodemographic representation and DEI training experiences within endocrinology fellowship programs.Design, setting, and participantsNational cross-sectional survey study of fellows and fellowship program leaders in the United States whose fellowships were members of the Association of Program Directors in Endocrinology and Metabolism.Main outcome measures(1) Demographics of fellows and program leaders and (2) programs’ experience, confidence, and interest in formal DEI training.ResultsA total of 108 and 106 fellow and faculty responded to the survey, respectively. The majority of fellows and faculty are female. Less than 3% of fellows and 3.7% of faculty identify as Black. More than 90% of fellows/faculty are heterosexual and no respondents identified as transgender/nonbinary; however, 5% and 2% of all respondents preferred not to disclose their sexual orientation and gender identity, respectively. While 85% of faculty received institutional diversity and inclusion training, 67.6% of fellows did. Fellows are more likely to have received training in health equity than program leaders. Both fellows and program leaders express a high interest in health equity curriculum.ConclusionsWithin the diversity of endocrinology training programs, Black physicians are underrepresented in medicine, which persists in endocrinology fellowships. Fellowship programs express enthusiasm for national diversity and health equity curricula, with the majority of programs reporting institutional DEI training.     

Antithrombin activity of fucoidan. The interaction of fucoidan with heparin cofactor II, antithrombin III, and thrombin

Fucoidan, poly(L-fucopyranose) linked primarily alpha 1----2 with either a C3- or a C4-sulfate, is an effective anticoagulant in vitro and in vivo (Springer, G. F., Wurzel, H. A., McNeal, G. M., Jr., Ansell, N. J., and Doughty, M. F. (1957) Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 94, 404-409). We have determined the antithrombin effects of fucoidan on the glycosaminoglycan-binding plasma proteinase inhibitors antithrombin III and heparin cofactor II. Fucoidan enhances the heparin cofactor II-thrombin reaction more than 3500-fold. The apparent second-order rate constant of thrombin inhibition by heparin cofactor II increases from 4 x 10(4) (in the absence of fucoidan) to 1.5 x 10(8) M-1 min-1 as the fucoidan concentration increases from 0.1 to 10 micrograms/ml and then decreases as fucoidan is increased above 10 micrograms/ml. The fucoidan reaction with heparin cofactor II-thrombin is kinetically equivalent to a "template model." Apparent fucoidan-heparin cofactor II and fucoidan-thrombin dissociation constants are 370 and 1 nM, respectively. The enhancement of thrombin inhibition by fucoidan, like heparin and dermatan sulfate, is eliminated by selective chemical modification of lysyl residues either of heparin cofactor II or of thrombin. The fucoidan-antithrombin III reactions with thrombin and factor Xa are accelerated maximally 285- and 35-fold at fucoidan concentrations of 30 and 500 micrograms/ml, respectively. Using human plasma and 125I-labeled thrombin in an ex vivo system, the heparin cofactor II-thrombin complex is formed preferentially over the antithrombin III-thrombin complex in the presence of 10 micrograms/ml fucoidan. Our results indicate that heparin cofactor II is activated by fucoidan in vitro and in an ex vivo plasma system and suggest that the major antithrombin activity of fucoidan in vivo is mediated by heparin cofactor II and not by antithrombin III.     

Synthesized phosphorylated and aminated derivatives of fucoidan and their potential antioxidant activity in vitro

Three sulfated polysaccharide derivatives (phosphorylated and aminated fucoidan) were synthesized, and their potential antioxidant activities were investigated employing various established in vitro systems. Two methods were used in phosphorylation fucoidan: polyphosphoric acid and POCl₃ method. Aminated fucoidan was prepared using the epichlorohydrin and ammonia water. All fucoidan derivatives possessed considerable antioxidant activity, and exhibited stronger antioxidant ability than fucoidan in certain tests. The phosphorylated fucoidan showed stronger hydroxyl radical and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and reducing power. The mechanism on influence the antioxidant activity of samples of phosphate and amino group was indicated.     

Monthly changes in the content and monosaccharide composition of fucoidan from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Undaria pinnatifida</Emphasis> (Laminariales,Phaeophyta)

Crude fucoidan was extracted from the brown alga Undaria pinnatifida collected monthly from April to last July in Peter the Great Bay (Japan Sea, Russia). The amount of crude fucoidan rose markedly from April to June–July (from 3.2 to 16.0% dry weight) as the plant matures. An analysis of the monosaccharide composition of the fucoidan extracted showed that the alga synthesized polysaccharides with various structures which were dependent on the algae age. In juvenile plants collected in April–May, this was represented by sulfated manno-galactofucan containing up to 19–28 mol% of mannose and about 20 mol% of galactose, whereas in matured plants collected in June–July, the polysaccharide was represented by a sulfated galactofucan containing more than 38 mol% galactose. It is postulated that the production of sori causes a subsequent effect on fucoidan synthesis and leads to an enhanced of crude fucoidan content and an increased molar concentration of galactose. Crude fucoidan content in sporophylls increased 5 times, and galactose content in this polysaccharide rose s1.6 times with sori formation. The structural characteristics of the fucoidan extracted from sporophylls of Undaria collected in July were also studied. The fractionation of crude fucoidan on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 gave two fractions, F1 and F2 in equal quantities. F1 was characterized as manno-galactofucan sulfate and F2 was galactofucan sulfate. The molecular weights of both fractions were in a range of 30–80 kDa. Analysis of fucoidan structure using ESI-FTICR mass spectrometry showed the presence of mixed oligosaccharides consisting of fucose and galactose. Presumably, the polysaccharide molecules contain blocks built up of successively linked residues of fucose and galactose. These blocks are built from two to five or more residues of monosaccharides. According to IR-spectroscopy data, the main portion of sulfates is located at C2; in addition, sulfate esters are also present at C4 on the fucose and C3 and C6 of the galactose units.     

Anti-proliferative activity of oversulfated fucoidan from commercially cultured Cladosiphon okamuranus TOKIDA in U937 cells

Fucoidan from Cladosiphon okamuranus and its sulfate derivatives were prepared. Sulfate contents of native and oversulfated fucoidan were estimated to be 13.5% and 32.8%, respectively. The results of (1)H NMR suggest that 2,4-di-O-sulfo-, 2-mono-O-sulfo- and 4-mono-O-sulfo-l-fucopyranose were involved in oversulfated fucoidan and 4-mono-O-sulfo-l-fucopyranose was involved in native fucoidan. The oversulfated fucoidan reduced the proliferation of U937 cells in a dose-dependent manner, but the activity of native fucoidan was weak. The sulfate content and substituting position of sulfate group might be important factors of anti-proliferative activity in U937 cells. To examine whether the anti-proliferative activity of oversulfated fucoidan was caused by induction of apoptosis, apoptosis assay, caspase-3 activity assay and Western blotting analysis were performed. These results indicated that the oversulfated fucoidan induced apoptosis via caspase-3 and -7 activation-dependent pathway.     

Detection of seasonal variability in microclimatic borders and ecotones between forest and savanna

Along eight forest-savanna transects, the borders, the width of associated ecotones, and the depth-of-edge influence (DEI) towards the forest interior were determined on the basis of microclimatic parameters. The analysis focused on the seasonal variability of microclimate at the forest-savanna ecotone that has so far rarely been investigated. The study was located in an intact mosaic of semi-deciduous forests and savanna in the Comoé National Park (north-eastern Ivory Coast). The microclimatic parameters air temperature, air humidity, and vapor pressure deficit were measured from the dry season (February) until the rainy season (September) during five measurement periods (MP). Borders and ecotones including their confidence intervals were determined by a border-and-ecotone detection analysis, which is based on non-linear regression analysis. The ecotone limits were interpreted as DEI towards the two habitats. During the dry season, the microclimatic border between forest and savanna was located further towards the forest interior than during the rainy season. This may be caused by different foliation patterns of tree species at the forest interior and the forest boundary, with the latter being completely defoliated during the dry season. In addition, the variability of microclimatic parameters was higher and differences between forest and savanna were less pronounced during the dry season. The minimum DEI towards the forest interior was 27.4±15.5 m for air humidity in the rainy season (MP-5). The maximum DEI of 137.3 ±138.3 m occurred for air temperature in the dry season (MP-1). The average DEI for all microclimate parameters and MPs was 50.5 m. These DEI values are similar to observations from temperate and tropical forest boundaries in the literature. As microclimate borders proved to shift over the seasons, detailed knowledge of species’ responses to this variability appears to be essential for predicting concomitant dynamics of forest core areas.