肺炎克雷伯菌生物膜对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞TLRs受体表达的影响

目的研究肺炎克雷伯菌生物膜对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞TEas受体表达的影响,探索机体抗生物膜（biofdm,BF）感染免疫的特点。方法将雄性昆明种小鼠40只随机分成2组,一组腹腔植入体外形成肺炎克雷伯菌生物膜的硅胶片,建立留置性医疗装置BF感染模型实验组,另一组植入与实验组同等量的浮游菌作为对照组。实时定量PCR分析2组巨噬细胞TLRsmRNA的表达水平,流式细胞仪检测分析蛋白的表达水平。结果实验生物膜组巨噬细胞TLR2、TLR4mRNA相对表达量是对照浮游菌组的0．23和0．24倍：实验组TLR2、TLR4蛋白表达率分别是（23．27±2．73）％和（15．83±2．04）％,明显低于对照组的（33．42±3．72）％、（21．75±1．25）％（P〈0．05）。结论与浮游菌相比,BF能下调小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞TLR2、TLR4表达,从而影响机体的免疫功能,这可能是BF相对浮游菌更容易逃脱机体免疫防御系统、引起慢性感染的机制之一。     

铜绿假单胞菌及L型诱导巨噬细胞凋亡的实验研究

目的研究铜绿假单胞菌（PA）及L型诱导巨噬细胞凋亡的能力,比较二者的差异。方法用生物素断端标记（TUNEL）法检测PA及L型感染巨噬细胞2、4、8、12、16和20h后各时间段的细胞凋亡率,Giemsa染色观察细胞凋亡情况,硝酸还原酶法检测培养液中一氧化氮（NO）的浓度变化。结果 PA及L型能诱导巨噬细胞发生凋亡,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;L型诱导细胞的凋亡率弱于原菌（P〈0.05）;PA及L型感染组培养液NO浓度较对照组明显升高（P〈0.05）。结论 PA及L型可诱导巨噬细胞发生凋亡,L型较其原型诱导细胞凋亡的能力弱,NO可能在巨噬细胞凋亡中发挥一定作用。PA及L型可通过诱导巨噬细胞凋亡,发挥致病作用。     

铜绿假单胞菌肺部感染小鼠模型中L-17A的表达研究

摘要：目的 了解铜绿假单胞菌肺部感染小鼠模型中L-17A（白介素-17）的表达,指导铜绿假单胞菌肺部感染治疗。方法 择取60只SPF级昆明白雌性小鼠为研究对象,应用随机平行对照法将其分成两组,对照组自小鼠气管内注入相同量的生理盐水,实验组自小鼠气管内注入铜绿假单胞菌悬液0.03 mL,造模后处死两组小鼠,将其肺部组织制制作病理切片,行HE染色,并应用免疫组化法检测肺组织IL-17A表达量变化情况。结果 于3 h、9 h和24 h后,实验组肺组织中IL-17A灰度（182.2±4.7,184.0±9.0,182.8±9.9）明显优于对照组（170.2±4.3,161.8±6.5,147.4±7.3）,且9 h、24 h后血清中IL-17A浓度（132.6±5.5,149.8±5.7）pg/mL显著高于对照组（124.2±2.8,123.2±7.9）pg/mL,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 IL-17A经由炎症细胞募集介入铜绿假单胞菌肺部感染炎症反应,并参与了病原菌清除过程,临床上应引起足够重视。     

铜绿假单胞菌生物膜悬液和藻酸盐对小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响

目的探讨铜绿假单胞菌（PA）生物膜和藻酸盐成分对小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响。方法用具有生物膜成分的PA悬液分别感染肺部巨噬细胞缺乏小鼠和正常小鼠,比较组织中的细菌数量。提取小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,藻酸盐作用后加入PA悬液,测定巨噬细胞对细菌的吞噬率。巨噬细胞经不同浓度的藻酸盐作用后,中性红法检测巨噬细胞吞噬能力。结果巨噬细胞缺乏组和对照组肺部组织的细菌数量分别为（4.16±3.36）×10^5/ml和（5.15±1.92）×10^5/ml,t=0.7211,P=0.483。生物膜细菌组的巨噬细胞吞噬率与对照组的吞噬率分别为（13.82±4.71）%和（42.73±11.00）%,Q=12.3231,P〈0.01。表明生物膜细菌组比对照组更能抵抗巨噬细胞的吞噬。加藻酸盐组的巨噬细胞吞噬率与对照组的吞噬率分别为（22.91±6.20）%和（42.73±11.00）%,Q=8.4465,P〈0.01。表明加藻酸盐组比对照组更能抵抗巨噬细胞的吞噬。当藻酸盐浓度为0、25、50、75、100、125、150μg/ml时,以吸光度A（540nm）值表示其巨噬细胞吞噬中性红的能力分别为：0.271±0.044、0.456±0.062、0.445±0.061、0.551±0.065、0.210±0.053、0.186±0.026、0.195±0.025。当藻酸盐≤75μg/ml时巨噬细胞吞噬中性红的能力增强,与0μg/ml组相比P〈0.05;当藻酸盐〉75μg/ml时巨噬细胞吞噬中性红的能力降低,与0μg/ml组相比P〈0.05。结论巨噬细胞有阻止PA入侵的作用。PA生物膜可以抑制巨噬细胞的吞噬。PA生物膜藻酸盐成分在〈75μg/ml时促进巨噬细胞的吞噬,而在较大剂量时抑制巨噬细胞的吞噬功能。     

铜绿假单胞菌外毒素A的生产,分离纯化和鉴定

通过对培养基组成、种子活化、接种量和培养条件进行优化,使铜绿假单胞菌外毒素Ａ（ＰＥ）产量达到每毫升５－１０μｇ和１９２小鼠ＬＤ５０,不低于国外报道水平。经二步纯化,ＰＥ蛋白回收率为３３．３３％（ＰＥ）和１６．６７％（ＬＤ５０）,提纯系数为４３８．５（ＰＥ）或２１８．５（ＬＤ５０）,ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ呈现一条带,相对分子质量为６６０００,琼脂糖扩散鉴定与兔抗ＰＥ产生一条沉淀线,小鼠半数致死量为０．１５     

噬菌体治疗对铜绿假单胞菌诱导的肺炎小鼠细菌负荷和炎症水平的影响

铜绿假单胞菌是医院获得性感染和肺部感染的主要致病菌之一,能够引发患者烧伤部位、呼吸道和泌尿道的慢性和急性感染,导致严重的发病率和死亡率。由于抗生素的滥用,铜绿假单胞菌已经对多种抗生素表现出耐药性,严重限制了可用于治疗感染患者的治疗方案。噬菌体依靠内寄生活的细菌进行生存和繁殖,其结构简单,分布广泛,被发现能够用于治疗人类细菌感染疾病,是治疗由铜绿假单胞菌引发的感染的可能方案之一。本研究构建了铜绿假单胞菌诱导的肺炎小鼠模型,对模型小鼠进行噬菌体和美罗培南的单独和联合给药处理,采用ELISA和Western blotting等方法检测了小鼠血清,支气管肺泡灌洗液和肺组织中的细菌负荷、常规生化指标和炎症因子水平。表明经铜绿假单胞菌感染后的小鼠,肺组织的细菌负荷显著增加,血清CRP和乳酸升高,TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和透明质酸水平也都显著上升。噬菌体和美罗培南的单独或联合处理能显著下调这些上升,其中噬菌体单独使用对乳酸的下调作用最为显著,而联合用药则对下调血清IL-1β水平具有协同优势。     

长江江豚感染铜绿假单胞菌肺炎的诊治

本文记录了一例患急性铜绿假单胞菌肺炎的长江江豚诊断、治疗和预后观察过程。病原学鉴定采用鲜血琼脂平板对该江豚鼻腔拭子,在37℃下进行细菌需氧、厌氧培养和分离,并对所分离的细菌种类进行细菌学鉴定,结合血常规和血生化的检测结果,判定病原为铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa,PA）。依据病原菌的药敏试验结果对患病江豚进行治疗,预后良好。通过对整个过程的资料分析以及预后观察,得到如下提示：1）应做好饲养环境的消毒措施,防止江豚出现获得性PA感染;2）对江豚日常呼吸道和粪便中PA的检测,有利于疾病的早期预防和控制;3）江豚呼吸系统疾病的治愈依赖于准确的病原鉴定和及时的治疗,药敏试验对于PA感染的治疗非常必要;4）行为学的改变在江豚呼吸道疾病发病初期以及预后有重要的指示作用。     

铜绿假单胞茵肺炎治疗和预后的临床研究

目的探讨感染铜绿假单胞菌肺炎患者的治疗和预后。方法选取2011年1月至2013年2月浙江大学医学院附属第一医院住院的铜绿假单胞菌肺炎患者,共211例作为研究对象。根据药敏试验结果,把铜绿假单胞菌株分为非多重耐药、多重耐药菌株,分别探讨非多重耐药、多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌所致肺炎的治疗和预后。结果非多重耐药、多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌肺炎治疗有效率分别为91.0% （144/155 ）,35. 7% （20/56 ）,差异有统计学意义（P 〈 0. 05）,死亡率分别为2. 6% （4/155）、32. 1%（ 18/56）,差异有统计学意义（P 〈0.05）。抗菌药单药或联合治疗方案对非多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌肺炎的临床有效率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,联合治疗方案能缩短非多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌肺炎的平均住院天数（P〈0. 05）;抗菌药单药或联合治疗方案对多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌肺炎的临床有效率、平均住院天数差异无统计学意义（P 〉0.05）。结论非多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌肺炎治疗疗效好,死亡率低,联合治疗方案可缩短非多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌肺炎的平均住院天数。多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌肺炎治疗疗效差,死亡率高。     

铜绿假单胞菌Ⅵ型分泌系统的研究进展

铜绿假单胞菌是一种能引起多部位急、慢性感染且难以用抗生素控制的机会致病菌,近年来已成为院内感染的主要致病菌之一。大量研究表明,细菌将毒力因子精准输送至宿主细胞是其致病的关键,分泌系统在这一过程中扮演重要作用,其中近期发现的Ⅵ型分泌系统(type Ⅵ secretion system,T6SS)在铜绿假单胞菌与宿主间的相互作用和促进生物膜的形成等机制中发挥重要作用,已引起国内外学者高度关注。着重对铜绿假单胞菌T6SS的结构组成、效应功能和调节机制等相关研究进行简要综述,旨在为铜绿假单胞菌感染患者的治疗提供新策略。     

肺炎克雷伯菌生物膜对小鼠巨噬细胞免疫功能的影响

目的研究肺炎克雷伯菌生物膜(BF)对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞TLRs mRNA和细胞因子表达的影响,探索机体抗BF感染免疫的特点。方法将雄性昆明种小鼠40只随机分成2组,一组腹腔植入体外形成肺炎克雷伯菌BF的硅胶片,建立留置性医疗装置BF感染模型实验组,另一组植入与实验组同等量的浮游菌作为对照组。实时定量PCR分析2组巨噬细胞TLRs mRNA的表达水平,双抗体夹心ELISA法测定细胞因子的含量。结果实验BF组巨噬细胞TLR2、TLR4 mRNA表达量是对照浮游菌组的0.23和0.24倍;而TLR5、TLR9两组表达差异无显著性。实验BF组刺激前后IL-1、IL-2的差值明显低于对照浮游菌组,而IL-4则相反(P0.01)。结论与浮游菌相比,BF能下调小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞TLR2、TLR4的表达,机体的免疫应答朝着Th2型免疫反应发展,这可能是BF相对浮游菌更容易逃脱机体免疫防御系统、引起慢性感染的机制之一。     

Effects of Brazilian green propolis extract on planktonic cells and biofilms of multidrug-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Abstract

Propolis could represent an alternative therapeutic agent for targeting multidrug-resistant bacteria due to its antimicrobial potential. The effect of Brazilian green propolis (BGP) aqueous extract (AqExt) was evaluated on eight multidrug-resistant clinical strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as on one reference strain for each bacterial species. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined and optimal concentrations were further evaluated in comparison with 0.12% chlorhexidine. The natural extract was chemically characterized by HPLC-DAD analysis. The MBC values ranged between 3.12 and 27.5?mg ml^?1. Analysis of bacterial metabolic activity after treatment for 5?min with BGP-AqExt revealed a strong antimicrobial potential, similar to chlorhexidine. The extract comprised several active compounds including quercetin, gallic acid, caffeic and p-coumaric acid, drupani, galangin, and artepillin C. Altogether, the findings suggest that BGP-AqExt is fast and effective against multidrug-resistant strains of K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa in planktonic cultures and biofilms.     

TmSR-C,scavenger receptor class C,plays a pivotal role in antifungal and antibacterial immunity in the coleopteran insect Tenebrio molitor

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Pravastatin up-regulates transforming growth factor-beta1 in THP-1 human macrophages: effect on scavenger receptor class A expression

Statins have been shown to interact with several monocyte/macrophage functions. We tested the effect of pravastatin on transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) production and its possible involvement in scavenger receptors class A (SRA) expression in human THP-1 cells. TGF-beta1s biological activity in THP-1 cell conditioned medium, evaluated by luciferase activity of transfected cell with a TGF-beta responsive promoter, was increased in a dose-dependent manner after incubation with pravastatin (1-20 microM). Pravastatin (1-20 microM) induced a dose-dependent increase in TGF-beta1 mRNA expression and protein production in THP-1 cells. PMA-induced SRA gene and protein expression was suppressed by pravastatin with a mean 3-fold decrease at 10 microM. This last effect was reversed by a mouse monoclonal anti-TGF-beta1 neutralizing antibody. PD98059, a specific inhibitor of MAP kinase cascade, completely reversed pravastatin-induced SRA down-regulation. p44 and p42 isoforms showed a dose-dependent phosphorylation after treatment with pravastatin (1-20 microM) which was inhibited by a mouse monoclonal anti-TGF-beta1 antibody. Our results demonstrate that pravastatin significantly up-regulates TGF-beta1 expression which may be in involved in down-regulation of SRA expression in THP-1 cell cultures. A new pathway for pravastatin effects in atherogenesis can be suggested.     

Involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases in class B scavenger receptor type I-induced phagocytosis of apoptotic cells

Class B scavenger receptor type I (SR-BI) is a multiligand membrane protein expressed in a variety of cell types. This receptor is responsible for the incorporation of lipids from high density lipoprotein (HDL) by steroidogenic cells, as well as for the phosphatidylserine (PS)-mediated phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by some phagocytic cell types, such as testicular Sertoli cells. Although SR-BI directly binds to PS present on the surface of apoptotic cells, as to whether SR-BI transmits signals to induce engulfment has not been clear. In the present study, we examined this issue using a monoclonal antibody that neutralizes SR-BI activity and a chemical known to be an inhibitor of the SR-BI-mediated incorporation of HDL lipids. The chemical compound inhibited the incorporation of HDL lipids and PS-containing liposomes by an SR-BI-expressing culture cell line, with no effect on the binding of these targets. Similarly, the phagocytosis of PS-exposing apoptotic cells by primary cultured rat Sertoli cells was inhibited in the presence of either reagent, not at the recognition but at the engulfment step. The addition of apoptotic cells or PS-containing liposomes caused a temporal increment of the phosphorylation of all three mitogen-activated protein kinases, p38, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK), in Sertoli cells. The increase of phosphorylated p38 and ERK, but not of phosphorylated JNK, was cancelled in the presence of the monoclonal antibody. Furthermore, the level of Sertoli cell phagocytosis of PS-exposing apoptotic cells, as well as that of PS-containing liposomes, was reduced only when the actions of p38 and ERK were simultaneously repressed. In conclusion, these results indicate that SR-BI, when it binds to PS, transmits signals to activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, which leads to the induction of the engulfment of PS-exposing apoptotic cells by phagocytic cells.     

Oxidative stress impairs endocytosis of the scavenger receptor class A

We report the characterization of a cell system employing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and CHO cells transfected with the scavenger receptor class A (CHO-SRA) using extracellularly produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in order to study the endocytic function of the scavenger receptor. The oxidative environment was produced using tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH) and characterized by flow cytometry and cell viability. Once an adequate oxidative environment was established, binding and internalization studies of radiolabeled acetylated LDL particles (125I-labeled Ac-LDL) with CHO-SRA cells were carried out. RT-PCR analysis using total RNAs from CHO-SRA cells revealed that oxidative stress does not alter the expression of the scavenger receptor. However, internalization of 125I-labeled Ac-LDL through this receptor carried out by these cells was completely abolished under extracellularly oxidative conditions. Together, these results support the idea that an oxidative stress produced extracellularly, inhibiting the endocytosis of the scavenger receptor, could help to understand and explain the mechanisms by which several physiologically important ligands are accumulated in the extracellular space with its consequent cell damage.     

A role for scavenger receptor B-I in selective transfer of rhodamine-PE from liposomes to cells

We investigated the potential role of scavenger receptor B-I (SR-BI) in the selective removal of liposomal markers from blood by hepatocytes. Liposomes were labeled with [(3)H]cholesteryloleyl-ether ([(3)H]COE), 1,2-di[1-(14)C]palmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine ([(14)C]PC), and N-(lissamine rhodamine-B sulfonyl)-phosphatidylethanolamine (N-Rh-PE). The radiolabels were eliminated at identical rates from plasma, while N-Rh-PE was cleared twice as fast. Involvement of SR-BI in the selective removal of N-Rh-PE from liposomes was studied in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells over-expressing SR-BI. Uptake of N-Rh-PE from liposomes containing phosphatidylserine was higher than [(3)H]COE, and was further enhanced by apolipoprotein A-I, confirming involvement of SR-BI in the selective uptake of liposomal N-Rh-PE by cells.     

Function of scavenger receptor class A type I/II is not important for smooth muscle foam cell formation

Macrophages (MPhi) and smooth muscle cells (SMC) are transformed into foam cells by massive accumulation of modified lipoproteins during atherogenesis. It is known that class AI/II scavenger receptors participate in the foam cell formation of MPhi. The mechanism of lipid accumulation in SMC is however unknown. Therefore, we investigated if class AI/II scavenger receptors mediate the uptake of modified lipoproteins in SMC. Additionally, we examined the influence of MPhi and proinflammatory cytokines in this process. Our flow cytometric experiments revealed significant uptake of DiI-AcLDL in SMC. This uptake was markedly enhanced by IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha, whereas cocultured MPhi decreased the uptake of DiI-AcLDL in SMC. Competition and blocking experiments were performed to enlighten the role of class AI/II scavenger receptors. The competition experiments showed that surplus NatLDL, a ligand not known to interact with class AI/II scavenger receptors, caused a drastically decreased uptake of DiI-AcLDL in SMC. Additionally, blocking of class AI/II scavenger receptors with antibody 2F8 did not influence the uptake of DiI-AcLDL in SMC. Furthermore, fluorescence microscopic double staining of human coronary arteries with early, intermediate and advanced atherosclerotic lesions showed no colocalization of class AI scavenger receptors with SMC. These results indicate that class AI/II scavenger receptors play only a minor role in the uptake of modified lipoproteins in SMC. We suggest that SMC foam cell formation is mainly mediated by other receptors than class AI/II scavenger receptors.     

Suppression of major histocompatibility complex class I and class II gene expression in Listeria monocytogenes-infected murine macrophages

Macrophage cells play a central role during infection with Listeria monocytogenes by both providing a major habitat for bacterial multiplication and presenting bacterial antigens to the immune system. In this study, we investigated the influence of L. monocytogenes infection on the expression of MHC class I and class II genes in two murine macrophage cell lines. Steady-state levels of I-Aβ chain mRNA were decreased in both resting J774A.1 and P388D₁ macrophages infected with L. monocytogenes whereas reduction of H-2K mRNA was only observed in P388D₁ cells. In addition, L. monocytogenes suppressed induction of MHC class I and class II mRNAs in response to γ-interferon as well as the maintenance of the induced state in activated P388D₁ macrophages. Exposure to the non-pathogenic species L. innocua or a deletion mutant of L. monocytogenes, which lacks the lecithinase operon, did not cause a reduction in H-2K and I-Aβ mRNA levels nor suppress expression of Ia antigens. Inhibition of MHC gene expression may represent an important part of the cross-talk between L. monocytogenes and the macrophage that probably influences the efficiency of a T cell-mediated immune response and thus the outcome of a listerial infection.     

A new role for the P2X7 receptor: a scavenger receptor for bacteria and apoptotic cells in the absence of serum and extracellular ATP

The P2X7 receptor is widely recognized to mediate the proinflammatory effects of extracellular ATP. However this receptor in the absence of ATP may have a function unrelated to inflammation. Our data show that P2X7 expressed on the surface of monocyte/macrophages or on epithelial HEK-293 cells greatly augments the engulfment of latex beads and live and heat-killed bacteria by effector phagocyte in the absence of ATP and serum. The expression of P2X7 on the effector also confers the ability to phagocytose apoptotic target cells and an accumulation of P2X7 can be seen at the attachment point to the target. Activation of the P2X7 receptor by ATP causes a slow dissociation (over 10–15 min) of nonmuscle myosin from the P2X7 membrane complex and abolishes further P2X7-mediated phagocytosis of these targets. The recent crystal structure of the homologous zebrafish P2X4 receptor shows an exposed “nose” of the ectodomain (residues 115–162) which contains three of the five disulfide bonds conserved in all P2X receptors. Three short biotin-labeled peptides mimicking sequence of this exposed region bound to apoptotic target cells but not to either viable cells or to other target particles. All three peptides contained one or two cysteine residues and their replacement by alanine abolished peptide binding. These data implicate thiol-disulfide exchange reactions in the initial tethering of apoptotic cells to macrophage and establish P2X7 as one of the scavenger receptors involved in the recognition and removal of apoptotic cells in the absence of extracellular ATP and serum.