Leaf anatomical studies of Eugenia L. (Myrtaceae) species from the Malay Peninsula

KHATIJAH, H. H., CUTLER, D. F. & MOORE, D. M., 1992. Leaf anatomical studies of Eugenia L. species from the Malay Peninsula. The leaf and petiole anatomy of 25 Malaysian species of Eugenia L. sensu lato was investigated to determine the value of vegetative anatomy for the identification of non-flowering material. Twelve characters proved useful for the identification of species: type of stomata; shape of leaves in T.S.; shape of midrib bundle; sclerenchyma sheath; cutinization of outer epidermal wall; presence or absence of sclereids, idioblasts, hypodermis, columnar epidermal cells, solitary crystals; number of palisade layers and the shape of vascular strand, sclerenchyma sheath and sclereids in the parenchyma of the petiole. Using these characters an anatomical key was constructed to assist identification of the species. Only the closely related species E. stapfiana and E. nilidula could not be separated on anatomical characters.
The anatomical data support the treatment of Henderson (1949) of section Acmena but not of sections Cleistocalyx and Fissicalyx , which fit better in section Syzygium.     

The taxonomic significance of leaf micromorphology in the genus Eugenia L. (Myrtaceae)

Leaf micromorphological features of both the Old and New World representatives of Eugenia L. have been studied by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The leaves are hypostomatic and, in the majority of species, the stomata are raised above the epidermis. Trichomes are usually present on the abaxial surface of the New World species. The patterns of abaxial surface sculpturing and arrangement of outer stomatal rims are unique in the New World species. The majority of the Old W'orld species showed different anticlinal wall patterns on the adaxial and abaxial epidermises. In the majority of the New World species the anticlinal wall patterns are more or less the same except in E. axillaris. The paracytic type of stomata, with a non-prominent T-piece cutinization at the poles of the guard cells, is a characteristic feature of the New World species. The taxonomic significance of these features in identification and elucidation of species from both areas is discussed.     

Surface features of the adaxial epidermis in the conduplicate-leaved Cypripedioideae (Orchidaceae)

Epidermal cells from adaxial leaf surfaces of 42 species of Paphiopedilum and 6 species of Phragmipedium were surveyed with the SEM. The surfaces of the cells are flat to papillose and often have various sculpturing patterns. To designate two orders of papilla size the terms 'macropapilla' and 'micropapilla' are proposed. Species exhibiting unornamented flat to macropapillose epidermal cells appear to be correlated with high light environments, whereas those species exhibiting micoropapillae and various degrees of sculpturing appear to be correlated with low light environments. Sculpturing features are often characteristic of a single species, but they may vary considerably between species. Epidermal characters are of some utility in identifying sterile plants which are otherwise indistinguishable.     

The genus Eugenia L. (Myrtaceae) in southern Africa: the structure and taxonomic value of stomata

The mature stomatal morphology of 11 southern African species of Eugenia , and also of E. uniflora L. (naturalized) and E. incerta Diimmer (a garden plant of unknown origin) has been studied by light and scanning electron microscopy.
Leaves of all the species are hypostomatic and water-stomata are occasionally present. Two different stomatal types, X and Y, differing mainly in their cuticular ornamentation, were found in the southern African species. The grouping of species based on stomatal characters supports a previous grouping of species on the basis of periderm and seed characters.
Conspicuous lipid bodies, usually present in the subsidiary cells, are limited to the southern African species. Although the subsidiary cells do not differ in shape and size from adjacent epidermal cells, their contents often have a higher tannin content than ordinary epidermal cells. The variable patterns of arrangement of the three to five subsidiary cells makes it difficult to identify the stomata with existing classifications based on mature topography. Thus, a new term 'anomostaurocytic' is proposed for the stomatal type found in the southern African species.
Stomata of E. uniflora and E. incerta are paracytic and anomocytic respectively, and the cuticular ornamentation of their stomata differs from those of the southern African species. The view that E. incerta is not closely related to the southern African species is supported by differences in its cuticular ornamentation, lack of lipid bodies in the subsidiary cells, anomocytic stomata and prominent T-pieces at the guard cell poles.     

Micro‐morphological characteristics of seed and ovary trichomes of Iranian Glaucium Mill. species (Papaveraceae) and their taxonomic importance

Seeds and trichomes of 15 taxa of the genus Glaucium distributed in Iran were examined by light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The seeds are slightly shiny to rather shiny, however, strongly shiny seeds were also observed in some species (G. corniculatum and G. grandiflorum). The basic shape of the seeds is semicircular to reniform, but reniform and elongated reniform seeds were found in G. oxylobum and G. elegans, respectively. The sculpturing of the testa surface are verrucate–rugulate (most frequent type), verrucate–granulate, verrucate–perforate, verrucate–lineolate, rugulate–granulate, rugulate and ocellate. Elongated polygonal epidermal cells dominate in most taxa investigated, but there are polygonal and irregular polygonal cells in a few taxa. The investigated species have two types of trichomes on the ovary: tuberculate and non‐tuberculate. The non‐tuberculate trichomes are of two subtypes: pilose and squamiform. Based on the number of cells, the squamiform trichomes were further divided into two groups (uniseriate and multiseriate) differing in shape, size and cellular structure. The results show that the micro‐morphological characteristics of seed and ovary trichomes provide useful and significant information for separation of species and taxa within species and a diagnostic key to the taxa is provided.     

Vicariance and dispersal across Baja California in disjunct marine fish populations

Abstract.— Population disjunctions, as a first step toward complete allopatry, present an interesting situation to study incipient speciation. The geological formation of the Baja California Peninsula currently divides 19 species of fish into disjunct populations that are found on its Pacific Coast and in the northern part of the Gulf of California (also called the Sea of Cortez), but are absent from the Cape (Cabo San Lucas) region. We studied the genetic makeup of disjunct populations for 12 of these 19 fish species. Phylogeographic patterns for the 12 species can be separated into two major classes: a first group (eight species) showed reciprocal monophyly and high genetic divergence between disjunct populations. A second group (four species) displayed what appeared to be panmictic populations. Population structure between Pacific Coast populations, across the Punta Eugenia biogeographic boundary, was also evaluated. While dispersal potential (inferred by pelagic larval duration) was a poor predictor of population structure between Gulf of California and Pacific populations, we found that population genetic subdivision along the Pacific Coast at Punta Eugenia was always positively correlated with differentiation between Pacific and Gulf of California populations. Vicariant events, ongoing gene flow, and ecological characteristics played essential roles in shaping the population structures observed in this study.     

Genetic evidence for limited dispersal in the coastal California killifish, Fundulus parvipinnis

The California killifish, Fundulus parvipinnis, is a marine species that lives in salt marshes, estuaries and wetlands along the California and Baja California coasts. In order to estimate levels of dispersal between different coastal habitats over its range, we have studied six populations using morphological and genetic markers. Lateral line scale and vertebrae counts showed significant differences between individuals collected north of Punta Eugenia and south of Punta Eugenia. Morphological differences across Punta Eugenia were accompanied by large genetic differences at the mitochondrial control region (5.8%). Gene flow was in general very reduced over the range of the species (pairwise average F(st)=0.70, Nm=0.30), with a strong break at Punta Eugenia (F(st)=0.95, Nm=0.03). Such limited interchanges between coastal habitats have important theoretical and conservation implications.     

120 Exploration of Morphological Variation Within the Genus Pediastrum Meyen 1829 (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta)

Monographic works on the green algal genus, Pediastrum Meyen 1829 (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta), have described species, varieties and forms based on such characteristics as the size and shape of the marginal cells, pattern of cell wall sculpturing and extent of cell wall sculpturing. Depending on the author, the number of taxa assigned to the genus Pediastrum varies. Due to the lack of quantitative value to these characteristics, it has been difficult for other researchers to assign appropriate taxonomy to wild isolates. A molecular phylogeny including multiple strains from both culture collections and wild samples confirms relationships found by previous molecular studies on fewer taxa, in which the family Hydrodictyaceae forms a monophyletic group within the Sphaeropleales, and that the genera Hydrodictyon and Sorastrum are derived from Pediastrum . Hydrodicyton forms a monophyletic clade and consists of three species, H. reticulatum, H. africanum , and H. patenaeforme . Multiple isolates of H. reticulatum reveal little genetic variation between different geographic localities. Inclusion of wild isolates permits a more thorough exploration of morphological variation within the genus Pediastrum , and what characters may be taxonomically informative, particularly in the species P. boryanum and P. duplex . Wild isolates sampled from different areas also offers information regarding geographic variation and potential morphological convergence.     

Morphology,ultrastructure, and chemical compounds of the osmeterium of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Heraclides thoas</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

The osmeterium, found in papilionoid larvae, is an eversible organ with an exocrine gland that produces substances in response to the mechanical disturbances caused by natural enemies. The anatomy, histology and ultrastructure of the osmeterium, and the chemical composition of its secretion in Heraclides thoas (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) were studied. Heraclides thoas larvae have a Y-shaped osmeterium in the thorax. The surface of the osmeterium has a rough cuticle lining cells with papillae and irregular folds, whereas the cells that limited the gland pores are irregular, folded, and devoid of papillae. Two types of cells are found: (i) cuticular epidermal cells on the surface of the tubular arms of the osmeterium and (ii) secretory cells of the ellipsoid gland within the region of the glandular pore. Cuticular epidermal cells show a thick cuticle, with several layers divided into epicuticle and lamellar endocuticle. Secretory cells are polygonal, with extensive folds in the basal plasma membrane that formed extracellular channels. The cytoplasm has mitochondria, ribosomes, and numerous vacuoles, whereas the nucleus is irregular in shape with decondensed chromatin. The chemical composition of the osmeterial secretion comprised (Z)-α-bisabolene (25.4%), α-bisabol (20.6%), β-bisabolene (13.1%), (E)-α-bisabolene 8%), β-pinene (9.91%), longipinene epoxide (8.92%), (Z)-β-farnesene (6.96%), β-caryophyllene (2.05%), farnesol (1.86%), linalyl propionate (1.86%), and 1-octyn-4-ol (1.07%). The morphological features suggest that the cuticular epidermal cells play a major role in the maintenance and protection of the osmeterium, whereas secretory cells are responsible for production of osmeterial secretions.     

Achene morphology of Saussurea species (Asteraceae,Cardueae) in Korea and its systematic implications

Achene size and shape, surface sculpturing, and pericarp and testa wall structure of 23 Korean Saussurea spp. were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy to evaluate the infrageneric relationships and assess their systematic significance. Achene size categories and thickness of the testa epidermis were distinguished using biometric measurements. Four basic types of surface pattern were observed: (1) lineate; (2) striate; (3) reticulate; and (4) colliculate. Saussurea rorinsanensis was found to have some unique achene characteristics, such as a fusiform achene, uniform pappus, presence of epidermal hairs and tangentially elongated, narrow testa epidermal cells. The characteristic achene features for species were found to be achene size and shape, hilum position, surface sculpture, pappus composition, morphology of the pericarp wall and thickness of the testa epidermis. Based on 16 morphological and achene characters, a cladistic analysis resolved three well‐supported clades, with S. eriophylla as the first‐branching taxon. Saussurea pulchella and S. japonica, both belonging to Saussurea subgenus Theodorea, were distant from each other in the 50% majority rule consensus tree and the character distribution cladogram. This cladistic analysis of achene morphology and anatomy should be regarded as giving us a tentative picture of the phylogenetics of Saussurea, and this study may serve as a reference for future hypotheses and studies on the characterization and classification of Saussurea spp. in Korea.     

Ultrastructural studies of amphibian neural fold fusion.

The fusion of neural folds to form the neural tube is a process in which presumptive contacting surfaces become adhering. An ultrastructural examination of regions of neural folds in the neurulae of three amphibian species (Hyla regilla, Rana pipiens, and Xenopus laevis), using both transmission and scanning electron microscopy, revealed that, prior to fusion, there is formation of vesicles within cells lining the neural groove, development of extracellular vesicles, changes in the surface morphology of the cells forming the fusion area, and extension of projections (filopodia) from cells lining the neural groove. The association of intra- and extracellular vesicles and filopodia with cells of the neural groove and folds suggests that these organelles may be involved in preparing the neural folds for initial contact, adhesion, and fusion. Ultrastructural differences in reaction of neural fold cell surfaces to staining by ruthenium red, colloidal iron, Alcian blue-lanthanum nitrate, and concanavalin A-hemocyanin indicate that the glycosaminoglycan compositions of these cell surfaces differ from those of presumptive epidermal cells.     

茨藻科、角果藻科植物花粉形态的研究

在水生植物茨藻目中,茨藻科Najadaceae和角果藻科Zannichelliaceae植物由于其结构、尤其是花部结构的极度简化和趋同适应,系统关系仍不清楚。本文应用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对上述2科4属的10种代表植物的花粉形态进行了观察,系统描述了各属、种的花粉形态。结果表明角果藻科植物花粉均无萌发孔,外壁纹饰通常为拟网状至浅网状。花粉形态的研究结果支持将Vleisia作为角果藻属Zannichellia的近缘属处理的观点。茨藻科植物花粉外壁光滑、稍皱波状或为疣状,具颗粒状纹饰,萌发孔的有无在种间存在变异。花粉形态的研究结果表明角果藻科与眼子菜科Potamogetonaceae近缘,茨藻科可能与水蕹科Aponogetonaceae或水鳖科Hydrocharitaceae中具单沟花粉的类群有一定联系,而与角果藻科和眼子菜科则相去甚远。     

Epidermal ultrastructure of Anoplodium stichopi (Plathelminthes,Dalyellioida), a flatworm endosymbiotic in Stichopus tremulus (Holothurioida)

Summary The epidermal ultrastructure of Anoplodium stichopi Bock 1925 (Platyhelminthes, Dalyellioida, Umagillidae) was studied using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The species lives in the perivisceral coelom of the aspidochirote holothurian Stichopus tremulus Gunnerus 1767. Two types of cells were observed in the epidermis of A. stichopi: ciliated cuboidal epithelial cells and nonciliated pear-shaped cells. The surface of the ciliated epidermal cells is folded into anastomosing ridges. Numerous coated vesicles are subjacent to the surface folds and mitochondria are abundant just below them. Observations indicate that A. stichopi takes up nutrients pinocytically from the coelomic fluid of the host. The ciliation of A. stichopi is sparse.     

八种散白蚁和一种异白蚁翅面微刻点的扫描电镜观察──(等翅目:鼻白蚁科)

用扫描电镜观察八种散白蚁和一种异白蚁有翅成虫翅面微刻点．结果表明,除了观察到文献中已报道的微刻点类型（舌状乳突、尖头状乳突和粉刺状突起）外,还发现有小刺突和毛．而且同一种白蚁翅背、腹面的微刻点类型存在明显的差异．根据微刻点类型就细颚异白蚁的分类地位作了初步探讨．     

Leaf and inflorescence peduncle anatomy: a contribution to the taxonomy of Rapateaceae

The anatomy of leaves and inflorescence peduncles was studied in species of Monotrema (4), Stegolepis (1) and Saxofridericia (1), aiming to contribute to the taxonomy of Rapateaceae. The form and structure of leaf blade midrib and the form of the inflorescence peduncle are diagnostic characteristics for the studied species. Monotrema is distinguished by: epidermal and vascular bundle outer sheath cells containing phenolic compounds in both organs; leaf blade with palisade and spongy chlorenchyma, arm-parenchyma, and air canals between the vascular bundles; leaf sheath with phenolic idioblasts in the mesophyll; inflorescence peduncle with tabular epidermal cells and air canals in the cortex and pith. Such characteristics support the recognition of Monotremoideae, which includes Monotrema. Stegolepis guianensis is distinguished by thick-walled epidermal cells and a plicate chlorenchyma in both organs; leaf blade with subepidermal fiber strands in abaxial surface and a heterogeneous mesophyll; inflorescence peduncle with rounded epidermal cells, a hypodermis with slightly thick-walled cells, and a pith with isodiametric cells and vascular bundles. Saxofridericia aculeata is distinguished by papillate epidermal cells in both organs; unifacial leaf blade with subepidermal fiber strands in both surfaces and a regular chlorenchyma; leaf sheath with a hypodermis in both surfaces and fiber bundles in the mesophyll; inflorescence peduncle with an undefined cortex and a hypodermis with thick-walled cells. S. guianensis shares few characteristics with S. aculeata, supporting their placement in different tribes.     

委陵菜属锥状花柱组植物叶表皮微形态特征的研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜,观察了新疆委陵菜属（Potentilla L.）锥状花柱组（Sect.Conostylae(Wolf)Yü et Li）15种委陵菜植物叶表皮的微形态特征。对其叶表皮毛的类型、表皮细胞的形状及大小、气孔器的分布、气孔器类型、气孔形状、气孔大小、气孔密度、气孔指数、气孔外拱盖形态及其纹饰等指标进行分析：有几种植物叶的上表皮无气孔,而下表皮均有气孔器的分布,形状为长椭圆形、椭圆形、宽椭圆形和近圆形;气孔器的类型多为短平列四细胞型、无规则四细胞型、无规则型、围绕型和辐射型;表皮毛的类型为针状毛、带状柔毛和腺毛;表皮细胞分为不规则形和多边形;表皮毛特征、叶片表皮细胞的形状、垂周壁式样、气孔器的形状类型、气孔密度指数及蜡质纹饰等存在差异,可作为亚属间及种间分类的依据。     

Pollen morphology in Campanulaceae IV

The exine structure has been studied in Campanulaceae s. lat. The results are combined with those in previous studies of shape, sculpturing and aperture conditions. Fifteen further species have been studied by SEM. Two main groups of pollen are found: (1) porate pollen with spinules and ridges/protrusions or a low relief reticulum, combined with an ektexine varying from simple to complex and a lamellated endexine; (2) 3–colpate/colporate pollen with a high relief reticulate/striate surface sculpturing, in general a homogeneous ektexine and an endexine lacking lamellae. The first group corresponds to Campanulaceae s. str., the second to Lobeliaceae s. str. Some genera like Cyananthus, Codonopsis and Parishella have unique characters which make them difficult to place in any of the two main groups.     

In vitro differentiation of chicken embryo skin cells transformed by Rous sarcoma virus

The epidermal cells isolated from 14-day chicken embryo shank skin epidermis were infected in vitro with Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). Within a few weeks, rapidly growing colonies of epithelial cells appeared among the sea of transformed fibroblastic cells. When isolated and subcultured, these cells were found to possess typical markers of skin epidermis. The presence of major keratin and typical epithelial cell type morphology strongly suggested that these cells were transformed epidermal cells retaining their differentiated characteristics but having the capacity to propagate in cell culture. If RSV tsNY68, an RSV mutant having a temperature lesion in the src gene, was used, similar transformed epidermal cells were obtained at 36 degrees C (permissive temperature). At the nonpermissive temperature (41 degrees C) the growth rate of these cells decreased and additional keratin species appeared. At 41 degrees C the cells were flattened and lost the refractivity in their peripheries. All the keratins which are synthesized at the nonpermissive temperature were present in normal differentiated shank skin of 19-day old chick embryo. These cells also had "cornified envelop," indicating extensive differentiation. Viral production was as efficient as transformed fibroblasts during the rapid growth phase, while it declined significantly after the cells reached confluency, exhibiting the differentiated characteristics. Since no normal epidermal cells could be cultured under our experimental conditions, these results represent examples in which the src gene is essential for propagation of differentiated cells in cell culture while it abolishes only a part of differentiated characteristics.     

Leaf epidermal characteristics of Trifolium L. species from Serbia and Montenegro

A micromorphological analysis of leaf epidermal tissue of 18 Trifolium species was carried out using light and scanning electron microscopy, in order to obtain qualitative and quantitative data on epidermal characteristics and to evaluate their taxonomic significance. The shape of epidermal cells and their cell walls, epidermal wax depositions, presence of papillae, type and number of stomata, type, distribution and number of non-glandular and glandular trichomes were analyzed. The results showed that species that belong to the same section had some common leaf epidermal characteristics. Combinations of those characters proved to be useful in taxonomy at the level of the sections, but not for identification of single species.