威灵仙药材的数码显微鉴定

威灵仙为常用中药材,对来自全国8个地区的10件威灵仙商品药材进行了性状和数码显微鉴定,结果表明10件商品药材中有5份为毛茛科植物威灵仙Clematis chinensis Osbeck.的根和根茎,4份为毛茛科植物棉团铁线莲C.hexapetala Pall.的根和根茎,1件为混淆品,经鉴定为百合科植物黑叶菝葜Smilax nigrescens Wang et Tang的根。应用数码成像技术,真实、准确地反映了威灵仙药材的显微结构,为该药材的鉴定提供了可靠的依据。     

不同产地栀子药材、土壤无机元素含量特征与有效成分的相关性研究

为了探索不同产地栀子及土壤中无机元素的分布规律与药材质量间的内在联系,本研究采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱及液相色谱对全国范围内36个产地的栀子及土壤无机元素、有效成分含量进行测定,发现不同产地栀子及其土壤中无机元素存在较大的变异。总体来看,Ca、B、Cu、Zn、K和Cr是栀子药材的特征无机元素。药材中B、Cu、Zn、P、Ca与土壤中无机元素的显著相关。栀子有效成分的形成是多因素的交互作用,土壤无机元素的含量不是最直接因素。本研究为合理施肥、改良土壤、控制栀子中有害元素含量及提高品质提供理论依据。     

茜草属药用植物的研究——Ⅰ.中药茜草的原植物与国内资源

本文对中药茜草进行了本草考证和原植物调查,经鉴定有15种,均属茜草属植物.其商品的主流品种是茜草(Rubia cordifo lia L.).地区性用药的主要品种有大叶茜草、披针叶茜草、洋茜草、狭叶茜草和林茜草等.对茜草属的主要成分蒽醌类化合物作了薄层层析分析,为茜草药材及其原植物的比较和鉴别提供了参考方法。     

丹参茎叶原药材产地加工及质量标准建立

以丹参茎叶为研究对象,分别对丹参茎叶原药材产地加工方法、质量标准进行研究。在丹参茎叶原药材产地加工方法进行研究中,采用40℃恒温烘干、50℃恒温烘干、60℃恒温烘干、40～60℃梯度烘干、阴干和晒干6种干燥方式,以丹酚酸B、迷迭香酸含量为指标,优选丹参茎叶原药材产地加工方法。在丹参茎叶原药材质量标准的研究中,参照《中国药典(一部)》(2020版)相关项下条件,对丹参茎叶水分、灰分及酸不溶性灰分、水溶性浸出物规定相应的限度;采用薄层色谱对丹参茎叶进行鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法对丹酚酸B及迷迭香酸含量进行测定。结果发现：阴干为丹参茎叶最佳干燥方式;建立的丹参茎叶原药材质量标准及含量测定条件经方法学验证后,均符合相关规定,能够较好地控制丹参茎叶质量。因此,丹参茎叶药材产地加工方法稳定可行,质量标准科学有效,可为非传统药用部位丹参茎叶的进一步开发和资源综合利用奠定实验基础。     

维吾尔药材红豆杉植物基原研究

从分子学角度探明维吾尔药材红豆杉的植物基原,为维吾尔药材标准化与维吾尔药产业化提供科学依据。采用试剂盒法提取红豆杉属植物及药材基因组DNA,PCR扩增ITS2片段,双向测序,应用Mega 6.0软件分析序列,计算种内及种间遗传距离,构建NJ鉴别树。红豆杉属植物ITS2序列长度为229~231bp,GC含量为59.13%~60.26%;西藏红豆杉与红豆杉及南方红豆杉种内种间K2P距离为0,与东北红豆杉、命叶红豆杉及曼地亚红豆杉种间K2P距离分别为0.012、0.013、0.015。NJ树结果表明,西藏红豆杉与红豆杉及南方红豆杉无法区分,与东北红豆杉、命叶红豆杉可区分;曼地亚红豆杉与其母本东北红豆杉聚在一起,无法区分。根据ITS2序列鉴定结果,西藏红豆杉与红豆杉、南方红豆杉可作为药材的同一基原,东北红豆杉可与曼地亚红豆杉作为同一基原,为维吾尔药材的真伪鉴别及质量标准提升提供基原鉴定依据。     

太子参商品药材及其四倍体植株块根的高效液相指纹图谱

对不同产地太子参〔Pseudostellaria heterophylla(Miq.)Pax〕商品药材及其四倍体植株的块根进行了高效液相指纹图谱分析。结果表明,10个批次的不同产地太子参商品药材与经选育获得的6个株系太子参同源四倍体植株块根的HPLC-UV指纹图谱相似度较高,均在0.9以上。选取15个特征峰并大致判断其峰位和比例关系,构成太子参特有的HPLC色谱指纹图谱,为太子参药材鉴别、品质评价及优良品种的选育提供可靠依据。     

中药山楂原植物的研究

山楂为传统中药,也是保健食品山楂饼等的主要原料,通过对一些省、市、县的商品药材山楂及其原植物的调查,发现中药山楂的原植物有5种1变种,他们是:山楂、山里红(变种)、野山楂、云南山楂、光萼林檎(新种)和台湾林檎,均隶属于蔷薇科。本文提供中药山楂原植物分种检索表,新分类群的描述,药材性状主要鉴别特征和资源分布等。     

《本草图经》兴化军防己的本草考证

对《本草图经》中兴化军防己的附图及文字记载进行本草考证,探究其原植物品种。通过古今文献考证和植物学比较研究,从植物形态、药材性状、产地分布及性味功用等方面进行分析,认为《本草图经》中的兴化军防己应为今之防己科植物木防己[Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC.],为防己类中药的古今品种沿革及基原考证提供参考。     

防己类药材的生药学比较研究

我国西南地区所使用的防己,除药典收载品种外,多来源于马兜铃属植物,并载入地方“药品标准”。为便于药材鉴定和进行质量评价,本文对常用防己类生药进行了显微组织特征的比较,并用反相HPLC法对其进行了分析,测定了马兜酸A的含量。     

栀子类药材的研究概况及展望

本文从栀子类药材的植物资源、形态组织学鉴别、化学成分和药理研究等方面综述了研究概况,为进一步研究和开发利用提供了文献依据。     

獐牙菜属生药形态组织学的研究Ⅰ.

作者较系统地研究了国产獐牙菜属生药和形态组织学特征。对其进行了详细描述并给出了性状鉴别和显微鉴别的检索表、比较表以及组织特征图。首次测量了叶的栅表比、气孔指数与气孔数。研究结果为该类生药的准确鉴定、质量评价及资源的开发利用提供了详实的科学依据。本文首先报告其中的5种,即:獐牙菜Swertia bimaculata;西南獐牙菜S. cmcta;狭叶獐牙菜S. angustifolia;紫红獐牙菜S.punicea;以及显脉獐牙菜S. neruosa。     

Determination of trace elements in some natural drugs by atomic absorption spectrometry

Fifteen kinds of common plants, animals, and minerals used as traditional medicines by the Chinese people have been subjected to analysis by atomic absorption spectrometry for its content of seven metals: lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, copper, cobalt, and manganese. The concentrations of these elements are significantly different according to their vegetal, animal, or mineral origin. The average values found for lead, cadmium, arsenic, cobalt, and manganese in drugs of mineral origin are higher than those derived from plants and animals, except for copper, which was higher in drugs of animal origin. Our results suggest that the user of traditional Chinese crude drugs should be warned of the potential danger of heavy-metal poisoning because their concentrations seem to be higher than the maximum values allowed by health agencies in several countries.     

Morphoanatomical studies of Uncaria tomentosa and Uncaria guianensis bark and leaves.

The genus Uncaria Schreber (Rubiaceae) includes species that are widely distributed in tropical areas. The inner bark of the stems and leaves of two native species of South America, Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Roemer & Schultes) DC., and Uncaria guianensis (Aublet) J. F. Gmelin, "cat's claw" are used in either folk medicine or in procuring phytotherapeutic drugs. These species contain about sixty active substances which are being tested widely for possible medicinal value. The following applications are considered: peptic ulcer, rheumatism, tumours, antiinflammatory effect, inflammation, diabetes and as general tonic. Currently, Uncaria tomentosa is in demand as tea, tablets or capsules in more than 30 countries outside Perú, as well as inside the country. Pharmacognosy studies are required to determine the comparative morphoanatomical and micrographic features for identification and quality control purposes. Several microscopic parameters, including phloem fibers, calcium oxalate crystals, starch granules, trichomes, and foliar architecture should be considered. The aim of our work is to analyse comparative morphoanatomical and micrographic features which might provide assistance in the identification, analysis and standardization of Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Roemer & Schultes) DC. and Uncaria guianensis (Aublet) J. F. Gmelin stem bark and leaves in order to obtain phytotherapeutic drugs, and of the crude drug as well.     

植物学与中草药物研究

植物学和医药在科学启蒙时期是合而不分的。东西文化相同。中国古代本草(ancient Chinese materia medica),欧洲中世纪的药物书籍(European medieval herbals),共同证明这件史实。欧洲17—18世纪经典的植物著述,是那个时代医生们业余的工作成果;19世纪亚洲美洲的植物志,以及植物地理知识,基本上是舍弃医药职业从事植物研究之先锋植物学家的成绩。现代植物学知识和方法,更是研究中草药不能缺少而且不可忽略的基础。试举三例说明,职业植物学家如何以正确鉴定和合法命名,解决国际间药物交流问题,并怎样以植物解剖知识澄清药材商品素质混乱情形。凡是能力强工作负责的药用植物学家,都是热心的环境保护者,因为他们工作的地方,既是标本馆实验室,又是野外的大自然;他们确知,自然没有任何取之不尽用之不竭的资源,更没有丰富的药物资源。加之以人们无情地挖掘,任意地采集,无数有药用价值的植物,己遭到不可挽救的毁灭,绝了种!有的也接近灭绝的危运。再看未来,植物学家除了研究植物本体之外,更加上唤起民众爱惜自然植被保护环境的重要职责,并且筛选有利于人畜保健的植物,逐一研究其生境与其成活的环境条件,和农业科学家合作引种驯化,以达成合理利用中草药植物资源的要求。     

Two New Species of the Genus Bupleurum (Umbelliferae) from China

Bupleurum is a genus largely distributed in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. In China 36 species, 17 varieties and 7 forms have hitherto been reported and most of them are used as Chinese traditional drugs under the name of Chai-Hu. Chai-Hu is one of the most popular drugs used ever since the ancient time and is prescribed principally in the treatment of fevers and influenza. In this article, the authors report two new species, B. kunmingense Y. Li et S. L. Pan and B. polyclonum Y. Li et S. L. Pan which were discovered in Yunnan Province based on morphological studies and preliminary phytochemical tests. The ultraviolet spectrums and thin layer chromatograms of the essential oil and the crude saikosaponins of the two new species are similar to those of B. chinense DC., the standard material medica of Chai-Hu. Moreover, two new saikosaponin spots located between saikosaponin a and c in TLC were discovered in the two new species, and this could be served as a chemical evidence for identification purpose. In the histochemistry examination, the reaction of saikosaponin with color developing agent in parenchyma of the roots of the two new species is obviously more significant than that of B. chinense DC. and this phenomenon has also been proved to be true by TLC of the crude saikosaponin extracts of these two new species. It is suggested that the two new species be used as a substitute ofhigh quality for Chai-Hu.     

药用植物学立体化课程体系的构建与实践

药用植物学是医学院中药、药学等相关专业和高等农业院校中药资源开发与利用等专业的专业基础课,是培养相关专业学生掌握和运用药用植物形态解剖学及系统分类学的基本知识和技能,准确识别和鉴定药用植物种类,保证临床用药准确有效的重要课程。课题组通过整合药用植物学教学内容,建立多元化的教学方法,构建多层次实践教学体系,建立合理的综合性考核评价体系,培养学生双创能力。     

Two new iridoid glucosides from Gardenia jasminoides fruits

From the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides which have been employed as Chinese crude drug “Shan-zhii”, two further new iridoid glucosides, gardoside (8,10-dehydrologanic acid) and scandoside methyl ester have been isolated and their structures have been established.     

中国栝楼属(Trichosanthes L.)花粉形态的研究

本文系统地研究了我国栝楼属30种及分布于日本的多裂栝楼的花粉形态,观察了各种花粉在光学显微镜及扫描电镜下的形态特征.同时通过花粉形态的研究,验证了在分类上本属所分各组的合理性。并观察了栝楼族另一属植物油瓜的花粉,探讨了二属之间的亲缘关系。由于本属植物多数为药用,而花粉形态特征为本属药材真伪的鉴别提供了依据。