Effect of long-term cold storage on the fitness of pre-wintering <Emphasis Type="Italic">Harmonia axyridis</Emphasis> (Pallas)

The multicolored Asian ladybird beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), is considered an important generalist predator that can be used as a biological control agent against Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha, Thysanoptera, and the eggs and larvae of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera. There are currently abundant natural resources of overwintering H. axyridis in Asia and North America. Given its potential as a biological control agent, methods can be developed to increase its effectiveness for pest control. The availability of an adequate cold storage method would enable the use of field-collected pre-wintering ladybirds for pest suppression in the following season. We studied the effect of cold storage (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days stored at −3, 0, 3 and 6°C) on survival, fecundity and predation in field-collected populations. The survival of both female and male ladybirds decreased significantly as storage duration increased at −3°C and 0°C. The ladybirds showed more than 80% survival when they were stored for 150 days at 3°C and 6°C. Long-term cold storage had different effects on the fecundity of H. axyridis at different temperatures. Prolonged cold storage at both 3°C and 6°C shortened pre-oviposition duration and had no adverse effect on reproductive capacity as compared to that of unstored individuals. The adults that experienced 90-day storage at 0°C had the shortest pre-oviposition duration and the largest reproductive capacity. The individuals that were stored for 150 days at 3°C consumed significantly more aphids than the unstored ones. Generally, 3–6°C is a suitable temperature for cold storage of the ladybird without any reduction in fitness. This study will help the exploitation and application of pre-wintering H. axyridis for the biological control of insect pests.     

低温对小菜蛾实验种群的影响

研究了低温(<8℃)对小菜蛾的发育、存活和繁殖的影响结果表明,卵和蛹在4℃和6℃下死亡率随处理时间的延长而增加,在分别处理55d和70d后,卵和蛹全部死亡;经4℃和6℃处理的蛹,在16℃下羽化成虫的平均产卵量随处理时间的延长而减少,处理45d时,产卵量均为0小菜蛾幼期各虫态在0℃以下,死亡率随低温强度加大和处理时问的延长而增高就耐寒力而言,3龄幼虫和蛹最强,其次是2龄和4龄幼虫,卵和1龄幼虫的耐寒力最弱不同低温和时间处理小菜蛾幼期虫态对其后继虫态的发育历期有较大影响,总体说来,经过处理的小菜蛾幼期虫态,其后继虫态的发育历期普遍延长,一般处理某一虫态对其相邻虫态发育历期的影响最大小菜蛾蛹经低温处理后其羽化成虫的产卵量随着蛹期所经历低温强度的增强和时间延长而减少。     

Cold storage effects on maternal and progeny quality of Gonatocerus ashmeadi Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)

This study determined the effects of cold storage on the survival, development and reproduction of the mymarid wasp, Gonatocerus ashmeadi Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). Following storage of the immature parasitoids within host eggs of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) under a daily fluctuating temperature for up to 50 d, the quality of the parental and F₁ generations was assessed by examining several reproductive and developmental parameters indicating fitness. Immature wasps were stored for 20 d within the host without reducing their subsequent survival, development or progeny fitness parameters. After 30 d of storage, survival declined, post-storage developmental time was extended, and the fecundity of the adult females decreased. Storage for 40 d severely damaged G. ashmeadi, because it not only yielded a 12% survival rate, 44% female sterility and increased the proportion of progeny males by 155%, but it also reduced parasitism and fecundity by 70% and 73%, respectively. No wasps emerged after 50 d of storage. Cold storage affected the emergence pattern of the parental but not the F₁ and F₂ generations. Parental emergence was extended and the pattern displayed two additional peaks after the initial onset. Analysis of several demographic parameters for the parental and F₁ generations further confirmed that the quality of the adult parents declined after they had been stored as immatures for 30 d. The detrimental effects caused by cold storage of the parental generation do not extend to the F₁ generation. Our results indicate that short-term cold storage of G. ashmeadi within its host could be used for maintaining and accumulating these parasitoids during mass propagation for release in a control program.     

Effects of fluctuating thermal regimes on cold survival and life history traits of the spotted wing Drosophila(Drosophila suzukii)

Drosophila suzukii is an invasive pest causing severe damages to a large panel of cultivated crops.To facili tate its biocontrol with stratcgies such as sterile or incompatible insect techniques,D.suzukid must be mass-produced and then stored and transported under low temperature.Prolonged cold exposure induces chill injuries that can be mitigated if the cold period is interrupted with short warming intervals,referred to as fluctuating thermal regimes(FTR).In this study,we tested how to optimally use FTR to extend the shelf life of D.suzukii under cold storage.Several FTR parameters were asessed:temperature(15,20,25℃),duration(0.5,1,2,3 h),and frequency(every 12,24,36,48 h)of warming intervals,in two wild-type lines and in two developmental stages(pupac and adults).Generally,FTR improved cold storage tolerance with respect to constant low temperatures(CLT).Cold mortality was lower when recovery temperature was 20℃ or higher,when duration was 2 h per day or longer,and when warming interruptions occurred frequently(every 12 or 24 h).Applying an optimized FTR protocol to adults greatly reduced cold mortality over long-term storage(up to 130 d).Consequences of FTR on fitness-related traits were also investigated.For adults,poststorage survival was unaffected by FTR,as was the case for female fecundity and male mating capacity.On the other hand,when cold storage occurred at pupal stage,postorage survival and male mating capacity were altered under CLT,but not under FTR.After storage of pupae,female fecundity was lower under FTR compared to CLT,suggesting an energy trade-off between repair of chill damages and C22 production.This study provides detailed information on the application and optimization of an FTR-based protocol for cold storage of D.suzuki that could be useful for the biocontrol of this pest.     

Overwintering strategies and cold hardiness of two aphid parasitoid species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae)

The role of winter diapause in two aphid parasitoid species, Aphidius ervi Haliday and Aphidius rhopalosiphi DeStefani-Peres (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae), in host synchronization and the induction of cold hardiness was investigated. Parasitoids were reared during three successive generations on Sitobion avenae Fabricius, at 15 degrees C under a photoperiod of 9 h light 15 h dark. Although these conditions are known to be strongly diapause inducing, neither parasitoids showed an incidence of diapause above 65% over the three generations; the rest of the population underwent quiescence. In both parasitoid species, diapausing mummies exhibited greater cold hardiness than non-diapausing mummies, resulting in significantly lower supercooling points (SCP) and in a higher survival rate during long-term exposures at 0 and -10 degrees C. The induction of increased cold hardiness in parasitoids was thus associated with the diapause state. SCPs of third instar larvae of S. avenae were similar to those of non-diapausing mummies of both parasitoid species, but significantly higher than those of diapausing mummies. The effect of winter climate on the stability of the host-parasitoid interaction is discussed.     

Cold stored ectoparasitoid of Cydia fruit moths released under different temperature regimes

Cold storage of parasitoids to be used in biological control programs is desirable but risky for the performance of the stored parental generation as well as for its offspring. We studied the performance of cold stored and unstored parasitoids after release at different temperature regimes in the laboratory at the level of two subsequent generations in Hyssopus pallidus (Askew) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). This gregarious ectoparasitoid is a candidate biocontrol agent of Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and Cydia molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae, two fruit pests of high economic significance in apple cultivation. Cold storage for 14 days at 4°C imposed to the pupal stage of the parasitoid did not reduce the parasitism capacity of the parental generation, nor did it alter the female biased sex ratio of the progeny. Remarkably, this short-term storage of the parental generation exhibited a significant and consistently positive effect on offspring weight throughout all ambient temperature regimes, resulting in an increased offspring weight. Furthermore, offspring number was only reduced after release at low ambient temperatures, but not at 25°C and 30°C. Irrespective of whether the parasitoids originated from the stored or unstored group, highest parasitism rate was achieved at temperatures above 20°C. In conclusion, this candidate biocontrol agent can be cold stored for short periods without any measurable quality loss after release at most except at low ambient temperatures. Our findings suggest that H. pallidus is a thermophilous parasitoid that will perform best when applied at warm ambient temperatures in fruit orchards.     

Maternal and progeny quality of Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) after cold storage

The ectoparasitoid Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is an important biological control agent for lepidopterous pests of stored products. We investigated the effects of low temperature storage on the quality of adult parasitoids and their progeny. Newly emerged females were stored for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 70 days at 5 ± 1 °C. Several reproductive and developmental parameters were then assessed to determine the quality of the adult parasitoids and their progeny. After more than 30 days of storage, there was a decrease in parental parasitism, but low temperature storage of parents had no effect on parasitism of the F1 generation. Parental longevity and fecundity decreased after more than 20 days of storage, but there was no effect of storage duration on the fecundity and longevity of the F1 generation until a storage duration of 50 days. Development time varied with storage duration but differences were within 2 days. Storage duration had no effect on the sex ratio of F1 and F2 generations. Our data show that H. hebetor can be cold stored for up to 20 days without adversely affecting the performance of the parasitoid. Therefore, short-term storage of H.hebetor adults could be used for maintaining and accumulating large numbers of parasitoids in mass rearing programs.     

Performance of diapausing parasitoid wasps,Habrobracon hebetor,after cold storage

The ectoparasitoid Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is an important potential biological control agent for lepidopterous pests of stored products. We investigated the effects of long-term cold storage of diapausing and nondiapausing H. hebetor on their performance after cold storage. Mortality during storage increased with increasing storage duration, and the mortality of diapausing females was lower than that of nondiapausing females after 8, 12, and 16 weeks of storage. Longevity, egg laying, number of progeny produced, and time to 50% egg laying were all reduced, as compared with the culture females when parasitoids were reared at conditions that do not induce diapause. But, for females reared at 20 °C at conditions that induce diapause, all of these quality parameters did not differ from those of culture insects when the storage duration was 8 weeks or less. The percentage of female F1 offspring was always lower for cold stored insects than for the culture insects. Presence of a male after cold storage did not impact any of the quality parameters measured. Thus, rearing parasitoids at 20 °C and 10L:14D and then storing them for up to 8 weeks at 5 °C would produce parasitoids that are similar to culture parasitoids, except that the percentage of females is lower than that in the cultures (36% vs. 52%).     

Side-effects of organic and synthetic pesticides on cold-stored diapausing prepupae of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichogramma cordubensis</Emphasis>

The side-effects of three insecticides (deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner) and one fungicide (basic copper sulphate) were tested on cold-stored diapausing prepupae of Trichogramma cordubensis Vargas and Cabello (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Pesticides were directly sprayed on parasitized host eggs (being the diapausing parasitoids in the prepupal stage) after cold storage (3°C) for three different periods (60, 120 and 180 days). Regardless of the period of cold storage, both pyrethroids reduced the emergence rates of T. cordubensis (both <25%) compared to the control (emergence varied from 83% to 89%). The most toxic pyrethroid was lambda-cyhalothrin; Trichogramma cordubensis adult emergence varied from 7% to 15%. Lambda-cyhalothrin also negatively affected the longevity and fecundity of parasitoids cold stored for 60 days. Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. kurstaki and basic copper sulphate had little or no adverse effect on emergence rates (generally >80%), longevity nor fecundity of T. cordubensis, indicating that these pesticides could be successfully integrated into pest management programs using wasps that were cold stored under diapause. Such integration would be valuable to pest management programs by reducing the costs of T. cordubensis mass rearing and by allowing producers to stockpile parasitoids for release in the growing season. However, since the emergence rate, longevity and fecundity of T. cordubensis generally decreased with increasing duration in cold storage, wasps to be used in integrated pest management programs should only be stored at 3°C for 60 days maximum. Handling Editor: Sam Cook.     

Effect of cold storage of adult Trichogramma brassicae,T. cacoeciae and T. evanescens (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae)

Abstract

Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchall, T. brassicae Bezdenko and T. evanescens Westwood could be useful in biological control programmes of agricultural insect pest. The possibility of storing adult Trighogramma species at low temperatures, and the effect of such storage on the quality of the parasitoids and its fecundity were studied. Trighogramma cacoeciae, T. brassicae and T. evanescens adults were stored for 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days at 4 ± 1°C in a refrigerator, 60 – 70%RH and full darkness. Storage at 4 ± 1°C reduced fecundity and longevity of female parasitoids.     

Long‐term after‐effects of cold exposure in adult Alphitobius diaperinus (Tenebrionidae): the need to link survival ability with subsequent reproductive success

1. The effects of cold acclimation and cold exposure on the survival and reproductive capabilities of Alphitobius diaperinus (Tenebrionidae) adult beetles are examined. 2. First, the impact of temperature on survival duration was assessed by placing beetles in a range of cool temperature treatments. Second, the importance of acclimation duration was assessed. Third, the impact of thermal stress on subsequent reproductive ability was examined for beetles that had no previous cold exposure, and for beetles that had been subjected to previous cold exposure (i.e. acclimated) at various conditions, including fluctuating temperatures. 3. In all groups, the number of recorded survivors was strongly impacted by recovery period duration (i.e. 2 vs. 10 days). Survival of non‐acclimated and 3‐day acclimated beetles, expressed as lethal time for 50% of the samples, was reduced significantly when the insects were re‐assessed for survival at 10 days after being returned to optimal growth conditions (7.9 ± 0.4 vs. 5.1 ± 0.6 days and 8.8 ± 0.5 vs. 6.8 ± 0.6 days, respectively). 4. Insects that had been subject to cold acclimation expressed better subsequent reproduction success than non‐acclimated beetles. This beneficial impact increased when the acclimation period was prolonged, but some longer acclimation periods had no significant impact on survival. 5. Our results indicate that cold exposure has the capacity to irreversibly damage the reproductive system and that insect survival depends on the duration of the recovery period. Both the survival ability and subsequent reproductive output have to be examined to objectively determine insect cold resistance.     

Cold storage of mouse embryos of different stages of development

Experiments were designed to evaluate the survival rates of preimplantation mouse embryos of different stages of development in cold culture at 4 degrees C. Several developmental stages, from one-cell to the blastocyst, were stored at 4 degrees C from 1 to 8 d. Viability following cold culture was determined by blastocyst expansion during culture in Whitten's medium at 37 degrees C. Blastocyst formation of nonstored controls ranged from 93 to 100% for all developmental stages tested. Only 3% of one-cell embryos survived 1 d and none survived 2 days at 4 degrees C. Survival improved using two-cell embryos, with 84, 69 and 15% forming expanded blastocysts following storage for 1, 2 and 3 d, respectively. Eighty five and 38% of eight-cell embryos formed expanded blastocysts following cold storage for 3 and 4 d, respectively. Survival rates for cold stored morulae and blastocysts remained above 75% for 6 d but decreased significantly to 30 and 36%, respectively, when stored for 8 d. A large percentage of blastocysts were observed to collapse when placed in cold storage from 1 to 8 d but almost all expanded when placed in culture at 37 degrees C. This study showed that one-cell embryos were particularly sensitive to cold storage compared to later-stage mouse embryos. Cold storage survival increased with increasing age of the embryo; morula and blastocyst survival rate was similar.     

异色瓢虫成虫冷驯化反应及体内几种酶活力的相关变化

为明确冷驯化反应对异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) 实验种群成虫耐寒性及其生殖能力的影响, 本研究测定了成虫低温存活率、过冷却点(supercooling point, SCP)、体内含水量及雌虫繁殖能力等。结果表明: 冷驯化（在5℃下诱导3 d, 5 d）后, 成虫再在-5℃下暴露3 d的存活率由对照（预先未进行冷驯化）的46%分别提高至60%和67%, 而诱导10 d后的存活率(51%)反而下降。冷驯化效应在其成虫转移至饲养条件下7 d后就消失。随着低温诱导时间的延长过冷却点及体内含水量均呈现下降趋势, 短时间(5, 10 d)的诱导不能使成虫的SCP明显降低, 但可以使含水量极显著下降。冷驯化后异色瓢虫雌虫产卵前期延长; 虽然冷驯化对雌虫首次产卵量没有影响, 但是随着诱导时间的延长连续观察72 h内单头雌虫累计产卵量却降低。冷驯化过程中成虫体内几种酶活力的检测结果表明: 两种细胞保护酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性升高, 与新陈代谢有关的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)及Na⁺, K⁺-ATP酶活性却降低。结果显示, 低温胁迫前异色瓢虫成虫经过不同时间的诱导后有可能提高其低温抵抗能力, 而且冷驯化诱导成虫耐寒性增加是一种复杂的生理生化过程, 这一过程对其生存和繁殖具有重要的适应意义。     

Cold storage of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichogramma nerudai</Emphasis> using an acclimation period

The availability of suitable storage methods for parasitoids is a valuable tool in biological control programs. Studies were conducted to investigate the effects of cold storage with acclimation period on the quality of Trichogramma nerudai Pintureau and Gerding. Prepupae were stored 50, 75 and 100 days at 5 °C with a previous acclimation period of 10 or 20 days at 12 °C. It was possible to arrest the development of T. nerudai. All the treatments with acclimation period of ten days had emergence values under 10% that were not useful to establish a cold storage protocol. Twenty days of acclimation had a positive impact on cold storage tolerance at 50 and 75 days. The adult emergence, the emergence time, the sex ratio, the parasitism and the progeny quality have not been affected by the storage of T. nerudai using an acclimation period of 20 days and until 50 days under cold temperature.     

Effect of different cold storage periods on parasitization performance of Trichogramma cacoeciae (Hymenoptera,Trichogrammatidae) on eggs of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera,Pyralidae)

The parasitism rates by Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) using Ephestia kuehniella Zell. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) eggs held at 0, 4 and 8°C and for up to 31 days was measured. Parasitism was lowest on eggs held at 8°C and highest on eggs held at 0°C. The highest parasitism, 97.8%, was measured for parasitoids attacking eggs held for 3 days and stored at 0°C. Parasitism of eggs stored at all three temperatures decreased with increasing duration of storage. The number of T. cacoeciae successfully developing and emerging as adults after storage in E. kuehniella eggs held at 0, 4 and 8°C was measured. Parasitoid emergence was >83% from E. kuehniella eggs stored at 8°C for 3 weeks. Storage at 0°C caused a significant decline in parasitoid emergence after 2 weeks (P<0.05). Storage at 0°C for more than 4 weeks reduced fecundity by 50%. T. cacoeciae parasitized the highest number of E. kuehniella eggs 1 day after adult emergence. The oviposition period lasted 6–7 days, although the parasitoids lived up to 13–14 days. Impact of storage time and temperature on parasitism rates by T. cacoeciae stored while in E. kuehniella eggs was measured. As storage time and temperature increased, subsequent parasitism rates of resulting adult T. cacoeciae decreased. Eggs of E. kuehniella can be stored at 0°C for up to 31 days. Trichogramma cacoeciae developing in eggs of E. kuehniella can be stored at 4°C for up to 5 weeks prior to release.     

The effect of supercooling on the developmental capacity of mouse embryos.

The effect of supercooled storage (at subzero temperatures without ice formation) on compacted mouse morulae and early blastocysts was studied. The embryos were equilibrated with one of three storage solutions containing 1, 3, or 6% each of methanol and glycerol and cooled to -2, -5, -10, or -15 degrees C and stored for up to 24 h to assess the effect of subzero storage at different temperatures and concentrations of the permeating cryoprotectants on embryo survival. Early blastocysts showed substantially greater survival than morulae and, in general, survival of embryos of either stage increased with the concentration of cryoprotectant, while the proportion of embryos surviving decreased with decreasing storage temperature and with increased duration of storage.     

Mild winter temperatures reduce survival and potential fecundity of the goldenrod gall fly, Eurosta solidaginis (Diptera: Tephritidae)

We tested the hypothesis that mild winter temperatures are detrimental to the survival and reproductive potential of insects. We measured survival, body size, and potential fecundity of a freeze tolerant insect, the goldenrod gall fly (Eurosta solidaginis), after overwintering in the laboratory for ~3 mo. frozen at -22 degrees C, unfrozen at 0 degrees C, or unfrozen at 12 degrees C. Larvae held at 12 degrees C suffered high mortality (70%) and relatively low potential fecundity as adults (mean+/-SEM=199+/-11 eggs/female), while those held at 0 degrees C had both low mortality (11%) and high potential fecundity (256+/-15 eggs/female). Freezing (-22 degrees C) increased mortality (30% overall) but did not significantly reduce fecundity (245+/-13 eggs/female). Egg length and width were constant regardless of treatment group or female body size. Analysis of covariance indicated that reduced fecundity in the 12 degrees C group was related to reduced larval body weight following treatment. Patterns of larval weight loss in the experimental treatments were generally correlated with previous reports of latitudinal trends in weight loss through the winter. We conclude that mild winter temperatures may be detrimental to some overwintering insects, particularly species that do not feed following winter diapause. Low temperature and even freezing are beneficial, allowing conservation of energy reserves to maintain high survival and potential fecundity.     

Effect of short-term cold temperature stress on development,survival and reproduction of Dysdercus koenigii (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae)

Red cotton bug Dysdercus koenigii F. (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae), is found destructive pest in various cotton growing areas. Under natural conditions insects are highly subjected to thermal stresses. In present work the developmental duration and survival rate of all immature stages, adult longevity and reproduction of D. koenigii by exposed to rapid changes in very low temperatures were studied. When 3 h short-stress of low temperatures (12–0 °C) was given to different stages of D. koenigii, the results revealed that survival rate of all stages were significantly reduced. Survival rate of female was significantly higher than male after exposed to cold temperature stress. Mating percentage, fecundity and hatching percentage were decreased significantly with the decrease of short-term cold temperature stress. Based on these results, we concluded that the developmental duration, survival rate and reproduction of D. koenigii significantly affected when they exposed to short term cold temperature stress.     

Effect of cold storage of pupae parasitoid wasp,Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), on its efficiency

Cold storage is an appropriate way to extend the life of natural enemies such as insect parasitoids. Identification of risk factors for use in biological control and replacing it instead of chemical control is important, and therefore wasp species of genus Bracon have been used for controlling various pests in the past and present. The aim of this study was to determine the optimum temperature and time of storage of parasitoids pupae, Habrobracon hebetor (Say) in cold conditions. After in vitro rearing of the insect, the pupae of H. hebetor at the temperatures of 12, 9 and 4?°C for a period of six weeks in five replicates were stored. After these times, the effect of storage on the percentage of emerged adults and the longevity of male and female adults was evaluated on a weekly basis. The results of the survey conducted at 12?°C showed that the percentage of adults emerged from the first week has dropped by almost half. H. hebetor pupae could be stored for a week at 9?°C. At 4?°C, a significant reduction was caused in the efficacy of the stored pupae and is not recommended.     

冷驯化对异色瓢虫后代生长发育及适合度的影响

为明确冷驯化处理对异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis后代生长发育及适合度的影响, 本研究通过两性生命表的制作, 在室内条件下调查了冷处理后其后代发育历期、 成虫产卵前期、 寿命和生殖力以及后代生命表参数。结果表明: 冷驯化使异色瓢虫后代卵的发育历期延长, 幼虫（1-4龄）和蛹的发育历期则缩短; 随着冷驯化时间的延长, 后代体长和体重增量均减小。且完成发育的后代成虫产卵前期延长, 寿命缩短, 生殖力下降。后代生命表参数内禀增长率（r）、 周限增长率（λ）、 净生殖率（R₀）和年龄特征存活率（l_x）均降低, 但是后代雌虫所占比例却升高。此外, 冷驯化类型对异色瓢虫后代生长发育的影响也不相同。经相同时间（5 d）的低温诱导, 变温诱导的后代成虫寿命比恒定低温诱导的长, 但是生殖力却低; 变温诱导的后代生命表参数（r, λ和R₀）均小于恒定低温诱导的, 但是l_x却高于恒定低温诱导的。结果说明, 异色瓢虫亲代经历冷驯化, 这种对低温的可塑性反应会延伸到下一代, 而且还能够影响后代的适合度, 这对其在低温下的存活和繁殖具有重要的意义。