浅谈植物种质资源的保存

植物关系着人类生存的粮食、能源、自然资源和环境保护等重大问题。本世纪以来,由于地球上人口的剧增和人类活动范围的扩大,生态系统遭到越来越严重的破坏,大量的植物已经灭绝或濒临灭绝。据世界自然资源保护联盟保护监测中心估计,     

植物种质资源的保存

传统的保存植物种质资源的方法是建立种子库。采用低温保存可大大延缓正常性种子的寿命,但采用此法仍难以保存顽拗性种子。和种子库相比,采用植物细胞、组织或器官,能最大限度地抑制生理代谢强度,降低劣变发生频率,达到长期保存种质的目的。     

作物种质资源保存

本文介绍了种质资源保存的重要性;保存的主要形式、方法;试管苗和超低温保存新技术;以及保存过程中遗传完整性变化与对陈旧种子“促活”和防止衰老的研究概况。     

植物种质资源的超低温保存研究进展（综述）

植物种质资源的超低温保存研究进展（综述）殷晓辉,舒理慧（武汉大学生命科学学院,武汉４３００７２）ＡＤＶＡＮＣＥＳＩＮＣＲＹＯＰＲＥＳＥＲＶＡＴＩＯＮＲＥＳＥＡＲＣＨＯＮＰＬＡＮＴＧＥＲＭＰＬＡＳＭ￥ＹｉｎｇＸｉａｏｈｕｉ;ＳｈｕＬｉｈｕｉ（Ｓｃｈｏｏ...     

植物种质资源动态保存的数学分析

在假定植物群体中每个基因座上等可能出现N种不同等位基因,每一种等位基因的频率相等的前提下,用概率方法对在各种交配形式和不同异交率的情况下,动态地保持一个种群所需的基因库样本大小进行了数学分析,为保存和使用植物种质资源提供了一个有效方法。文中还给出了配子染色体数（n）为5—30的不同物种,在各种交配情况下维持动态基因库所需最小植株数目表,为植物育种家在实际运用本研究结果时提供便利。     

植物种质主体保存技术研究进展

本文综述了国内外植物种质离体保存技术最新研究进展。科学家们已发展了一系列行之有效的离体保存技术体系,进一步建立长期、安全、适用的离体保存技术体系及探索保存过程中遗传变异情况是今后的重要研究方向。     

姜科花卉种质资源的引种保存、评价与创新

为科学开发利用姜科花卉种质资源,收集84种姜科花卉种质资源进行引种,结合生长情况、观赏特点和经济用途进行引种保存的分析与评价,采用人工杂交育种的方法进行种质创新。结果表明,84种姜科花卉种质资源引种成活了77种,成活率91.7%,成活种类的开花率98.7%,结果率63.6%。生长状况优的种类占59.5%,生长良好的占7.1%,生长中等的占25%,死亡的占8.3%。分布于中低海拔热带亚热带地区的大部分姜科种类能在粤港澳大湾区保存,而分布在热带、中高海拔及特殊生境地区的则不适宜。阶段驯化法可用于引种保存工作;有60.7%的种类为多用途花卉。杂交育种法既可创新种质又可转移保存优良姜科花卉基因。     

植物DNA甲基化与作物种质资源保存

DNA甲基化是真核生物基因表达调控的重要机制之一。甲基化DNA与甲基特异结合蛋白结合,并作为染色质修饰复合物识别和作用的平台,参与对染色质组织方式的调节,最终影响基因的表达。本文对植物DNA甲基化及其生物学功能、检测分析方法以及作物种质资源保存中存在的甲基化现象进行了综述,旨在为深入了解DNA甲基化修饰对种质资源的影响,更好地开展作物种质资源保护供参考。     

我国作物种质资源保存研究与展望

我国于１９８４年１９８６年在北京建成两座国家种质库,９０年代初又在青海建立一座复份库,形成了国家库中,长期配套和异地结合的种质资源保存体系。截止１９９３年底,国家库保存种质资源达２７万余份,到１９９５年保存总数将达到３０余万份。与种子入库时,在国家库的管理,种子质量检测,种子干燥以及低温保存技术研究等方面取得一定进展,今后将继续扩大种质贮存、加强贮存种子生活力跟踪监测,无破坏性检测技术,贮存生理和     

短叶省藤种质离体培养保存研究

本文对短叶省藤种质的离体培养保存进行了探索性研究。结果表明：种质以丛芽形式,采用ＲＥＯ保存培养基,在温度１２．５℃和光照３００１Ｘ×１２ｈ／ｄ的保存条件下,可安全保存１８个月以上,保存率＞２５％,丛芽平均高生长小于２．２ｃｍ。种质保存一年后,转接至增殖或生根培养基,仍可诱导增殖和生根．结果表明离体保存具一定可行性,其保存模式可预定为：增殖培养２个月＋离体保存１８个月的循环模式．     

猕猴桃属(Actinidia)植物的离体种质保存

本文研究了猕猴桃属植物离体种质资源保存的方法。在一年中于盛夏时采取的植物材料在离体培养时能得到最好的效果;改进的剥离茎尖的方法使污染率大大降低,在MS附加BA 0.5,Z 0.1,GA 0.1～0.5 mg/L,蔗糖3％,琼脂0.55％的培养基中茎尖生长良好并且不产生不定芽。通过茎尖培养方法已保存了10多个种,40多个猕猴桃的离体种质。     

New Material of Polypodiaceae

One new species of the genus Lepisorus (L. petiolatus Ching et Y. X. Lin) and one new record of the genus Colysis (C. membranacea (Bl.) Presl) arereported from Guangxi, China.     

湖南省水龙骨科植物分布新资料

报道了湖南省新发现的水龙骨科植物6属、13种。     

Ex situ conservation of plant germplasm using biotechnology

Conservation of plant genetic resources attracts more and more public interest as the only way to guarantee adequate food supplies for future human generations. However, the conservation and subsequent use of such resources are complicated by cultural, economical, technical and political issues. Over the last 30 years, there have been significant increases in the number of plant collections and in accessions in ex situ storage centres throughout the World. The present review is of these ex situ collections and the contribution biotechnology has made and can make to conservation of plant germplasm. The applications and limitations of the new, molecular approaches to germplasm characterization are discussed. In vitro slow growth is used routinely for conserving germplasm of plants such as banana, plantain, cassava and potato. More recently, cryopreservation procedures have become more accessible for long-term storage. New cryopreservation techniques, such as encapsulation-dehydration, vitrification and desiccation, lengthen the list of plant species that can not only tolerate low temperatures but also give normal growth on recovery. Extensive research is still needed if these techniques are to be fully exploited.V.M. Villalobos is with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalia, 00100 Rome, Italy. F. Engelmann is with the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), Via delle Sette Chiese 142, 00145 Rome, Italy.     

低温等因素对枇杷种质离体保存的影响

初步研究了低温条件下枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.)试管苗离体保存的效果.结果表明:在常温(25℃)条件下,枇杷试管苗生长速度快,保存时间短,10个月后全部死亡;而在低温条件下,试管苗生长缓慢,保存时间较长.在11℃和15℃条件下,品种‘解放钟'和‘早钟6号'1 a后的死亡率分别为20%、25%和15%、20%,表明低温有利于枇杷种质资源的离体保存.在试管包扎物的选择中,白纸 塑料薄膜和锡箔纸等材料封口对保存有利,而棉花、软木塞、橡皮塞等封口材料不利于试管苗的保存.     

Spore wall ultrastructure of Polypodiaceae from north-western Argentina

The spore wall ultrastructure of Campyloneurum, Microgramma, Pecluma, Phlebodium, Pleopeltis and Serpocaulum (Polypodiaceae) from north-western Argentina has been studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The exospore is 0.4–3 μm thick, two-layered and variously ornamented in all taxa. The exospore surface is distinctive, but in general ultrastructure the exospore is similar in all species studied. The structural elements of the exospore consist of cavities in the inner part as well as channels with a radial orientation and channels at both sides of the laesura. Variation in the exospore surface was observed in spores at different stages of maturation. The perispore is darkly contrasted and 0.04–2 μm thick. Three different structure types were recognised, including fibrillar, multilamellar and lacunose. Scattered globules and spherules were always present on the perispore surface. The structural variability of the perispore was surveyed within complete sporangia. We concluded that the observed variability may be related to the stage in spore maturation and, consequently, to the stages in perispore differentiation. As the exospore ultrastructure is similar and interpreted as related to functional activity in the studied material, it cannot be used for systematic delimitations at this generic or specific level.     

Antheridiogen production and response in Polypodiaceae species

Antheridiogen chemicals secreted by living fern gametophytes have been shown to influence production of male gametangia and thus mating systems in a large number of terrestrial fern species. Antheridiogens have not previously been thought to be prevalent in the Polypodiaceae, a large family composed mostly of tropical epiphytes. This study presents bioassay methods more sensitive than previously used to detect antheridiogen and demonstrates that antheridiogens are also operative in the Polypodiaceae and in epiphytic species. Seven species in six genera (Campyloneurum angustifolium, C. phyllitidis, Lepisorus thunbergianus, Microgramma heterophylla, Phlebodium aureum, Phymatosorus scolopendria, and Polypodium pellucidum) were tested for the presence of an antheridiogen system. All species tested except P. aureum were induced to produce antheridia precociously by their own antheridiogen and by that of Pteridium aquilinum (APt). Phlebodium aureum responded to APt and promoted antheridium formation in Onoclea sensibilis but did not respond to its own antheridiogen. Spores of all species except P. aureum were induced to germinate in darkness by antheridiogen of the same species and by APt and to form antheridia in the dark, further enhancing the possibility of intergametophytic mating.     

隐子蕨属（水龙骨科）植物在中国的首次承认

首次承认水龙骨科（Polypodiaceae）隐子蕨属（Crypsinus）植物在中国的分布。文中列出了该属与假瘤蕨属（Phymatopteris）和修蕨属（Selliguea）的区别特征,给出隐子蕨属植物在中国的唯一一种——三指隐子蕨（Crypsinus trilobus）的文献引证,特征描述并附图。     

植物种质资源引进风险分析方法概述

种质资源作为生物资源的重要组成部分,是培育作物优质、高产、抗病（虫）、抗逆新品种的物质基础。近年来,为满足我国种业飞速发展的需要,我国不断从国外引入大量的种质资源,种质资源相比其他植物产品携带有害生物的风险更高。种质资源引进过程中不可避免地携带有害生物,可能会带来严重危害。目前,美国、澳大利亚等国家已制定了关于种质资源的风险分析方法,但我国缺少针对种质资源有害生物统一的风险分析方法。本文分析了国际植物检疫措施标准、主要的贸易国家及我国有害生物风险分析标准方法的主要内容,针对引进种质资源过程中亟需解决的有害生物风险分析问题开展讨论,并对种质资源有害生物风险分析系统其未来展开工作提出以下建议：设置符合种质资源风险分析特性的指标;采用半定量风险评估方法对种质资源进行风险分析;根据不断的学习和实际工作的需要,对风险评估指标体系进行验证和适当修改。