长期模拟增温对矮嵩草草甸土壤理化性质与植物化学成分的影响

采用国际冻原计划(ITEX)长期模拟增温试验装置,研究了退化和未退化的矮嵩草草甸上植物化学成分(粗灰分、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、木质素、粗脂肪、粗蛋白和无氮浸出物)含量、土壤环境因子(速效氮、速效钾、速效磷、全氮、全磷、全钾、有机质和土壤含水量)的变化及其相互关系。结果表明:长期模拟增温明显影响了土壤理化性质和3个功能群植物的化学成分含量(P0.05);在退化的矮嵩草草甸上长期模拟增温,两者存在明显的交互效应(P0.05),增温增加了植物可直接利用的土壤养分含量,但土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾和含水量均低于其各自对照,增温降低了优良牧草(禾草和莎草)粗脂肪、粗蛋白和无氮浸出物的含量,增加了粗灰分、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和木质素含量,降低了牧草消化率;长期模拟增温条件下,土壤理化性质对植物化学成分的贡献大小依次是:速效氮有机质含水量速效钾。典型对应分析表明,长期模拟增温进一步巩固了未退化矮嵩草草甸禾草类和莎草类优势牧草的地位,杂类草逐渐衰退;而在退化矮嵩草草甸样地上长期模拟增温,群落优势种的优势度下降,加剧了草地退化。     

大丰野放麇鹿生境中芦苇和互花米草的营养对比分析

2008年9月-2009年7月,对江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区野放麋鹿生境中食源植物芦苇(Phragmites australis)和互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)的营养成分变化进行了研究;并对5条样线上的样点分别采样,对互花米草和芦苇的粗蛋白、酸性洗涤纤维及中性洗涤纤维分别进行了测定.结果表明:互花米草粗蛋白含量为8.09%,酸性洗涤纤维为36.34%,中性洗涤纤维为69.82%;而芦苇的年度粗蛋白含量为2.84%,酸性洗涤纤维为45.99%,中性洗涤纤维为77.78%;大丰野放麋鹿生境中互花米草的营养成分含量比芦苇高,可见,互花米草是野放麋鹿的喜食植物.     

大豆植株中酰脲分布和尿囊素酶活力

大豆品种吉林3号植株不同节位叶片的上部未完全展开叶的酰脲含量和尿囊素酶活性较高。幼茎、叶柄和叶片酰脲含量及尿囊素酶活性高于成年的茎、叶柄和叶片。荚皮酰脲含量显著高于籽粒,但籽粒中的尿囊素酶活性是荚皮中的2～3倍。     

甜高粱作为反刍动物饲料的最佳收获期的研究

甜高粱作为一种新兴的青贮饲料在世界范围内正在规模性推广。为了探究品种和收获期对甜高粱生物量和品质的影响,我们测定了甜高粱品种(Keller、ST008和H310)、高丹草(A60)和糖粒两用高粱(E048)在不同生育时期的全株生物量及各种营养成分的含量,并进行比较分析。结果表明:甜高粱在整个生育时期的生物量和营养成分不断发生变化,全株干物质、糖锤度和无氮浸出物含量呈逐渐上升的趋势;粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量、粗灰分含量和纤维素含量等营养成分含量呈逐渐下降趋势。甜高粱(Keller、ST008和H310)的干物质、糖锤度和无氮浸出物高于糖粒两用高粱(E048)和高丹草(A60);高丹草(A60)的粗蛋白含量、纤维素含量、半纤维素的含量、酸性洗涤纤维含量高于甜高粱(Keller、ST008、H310)和糖粒两用高粱(E048)。甜高粱H310的生物量、粗蛋白、粗灰分和粗脂肪含量显著高于玉米青贮301和玉米青饲2号。综合各因素,甜高粱在拔节期到乳熟期这段时间生物量高、品质好,为最佳收获期。另外可以得出,甜高粱可以作为优质的青贮饲料部分替代青贮玉米,与青贮玉米混合喂饲牛/羊。     

苎麻内源乙烯含量的时空分布研究

采用气相色谱法测定苎麻茎尖、上花芽（上部花芽）、中花芽（中部花芽）、下花芽（下部花芽）、上叶、中叶、下叶、雌花,雄花的乙烯含量及不同时期茎尖乙烯含量．结果表明：乙烯在苎麻体内分布总趋势是自上而下依次减少,上中部器官乙烯含量大于下部器官,其中茎尖和叶片乙烯含量大于花芽,性别表现为雌性的苎麻在茎尖、叶和花芽中的乙烯含量都大于性别表现为两性的苎麻,乙烯在雌花中的含量高于在混合花和雄花中的含量,不同部位花器官乙烯含量分布趋势与叶片的分布趋势相同,都是上部高,下部低．二麻期苎麻茎尖的乙烯含量大于三麻期,而性别决定前期的苎麻茎尖乙烯含量小于性别决定后期．最后对乙烯与苎麻的性别决定进行了讨论．     

大气CO2浓度升高对玉米非结构性碳水化合物和籽粒品质的影响

本试验利用改进的开顶式气室(OTC)在黄土高原长武农业生态试验站田间模拟大气CO₂浓度升高环境,设置3个处理:CK(田间环境,自然大气CO₂浓度)、OTC(OTC气室,自然大气CO₂浓度)、OTC_e(OTC气室,CO₂浓度700 μmol·mol^-1),探讨春玉米在不同生育期各器官非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)及籽粒品质(可溶性糖、淀粉和粗蛋白)对大气CO₂浓度升高的响应,为揭示旱作区春玉米对大气CO₂浓度升高的适应机理提供科学依据。结果表明: 大气CO₂浓度升高对玉米NSC含量、积累量的影响因器官和生育期不同而异。与CK和OTC相比,OTC_e促进了生殖生长阶段叶、茎和根NSC的活化再分配,提高了叶片、茎秆和根系NSC转运到籽粒的量(ATM_NSC)、向籽粒的转运率(AR_NSC)以及对籽粒的贡献率(AC_NSC);与CK相比,OTC带来的增温效应抑制了茎和根NSC的活化再分配,促进了叶NSC的活化再分配,显著提高了玉米叶ATM_NSC、AR_NSC、AC_NSC。在两年试验中,大气CO₂浓度升高对玉米籽粒可溶性糖、淀粉和粗蛋白含量无显著影响。     

叶部激素变化与小麦的整体衰老

旗叶中的叶绿素含量在抽穗—开花期达其最大值 ,然后迅速下降 ;丙二醛的含量逐渐上升 ;SOD活性逐渐下降。脱落酸的含量在灌浆的初期逐渐升高 ,中期达其最高值 ;玉米素在开花期达其峰值后迅速下降 ,旗叶的衰老与叶片中二激素间的浓度变化、平衡有关 ;根系活力在拔节—孕穗期达其高峰值 ,以后逐渐下降 ;根系活力在生育中、后期的下降与叶片中玉米素的下降、脱落酸的上升有直接关系 ,根系的早衰可能是引发小麦地上部衰老的重要原因之一。     

烯效唑浸种对玉米幼苗生长和内源激素含量的影响

烯效唑浸种对玉米苗期叶片和叶鞘伸长生长有抑制作用,且抑制效应随烯效唑浓度的增大而增强,但植株粗壮,叶宽和茎基宽增加,根系增多,根长增加.烯效唑浸种的玉米幼苗中LAA和GA3含量下降,叶鞘中尤为明显;ZT含量则是地上部提高,根中下降,ABA含量提高,植株各器官中(IAA GA3)/ABA比值均下降,IAA/GA3比值均升高,IAA/ZT和GA3/ZT比值则是地上部降低,根中升高.     

土壤和大气铅对玉米植株内铅积累的影响和贡献率

采用土壤添加Pb和叶面喷施Pb溶液的方式,分别研究了土壤Pb和大气Pb在玉米植株各器官中的积累规律和Pb污染浓度与籽粒Pb含量、叶片Pb含量与籽粒Pb含量的相关性,以及土壤Pb和大气Pb对玉米籽粒Pb的贡献率.结果表明:土壤添加Pb后,玉米各器官中Pb含量表现为根＞茎＞叶＞籽粒,且主要富集在根系中;叶面喷施Pb后,玉米各器官Pb含量大小顺序是叶片＞茎、根＞籽粒,且主要富集在叶片中;随着土壤和大气Pb浓度的增加,玉米各器官Pb含量均呈现不同程度的增加;玉米籽粒中的Pb含量与土壤和叶片Pb浓度呈显著正相关(P＜0.01);土壤施加Pb的毒性临界值为118.95 mg·kg-1;大气Pb对玉米籽粒的贡献率为53.7％,土壤Pb对玉米籽粒的贡献率为46.3％,说明大气Pb通过叶面传输是玉米籽粒吸收Pb的重要途径.     

低磷胁迫下大麦叶片磷素利用特征

以大麦(Hordeum vulgare)磷高效基因型(DH110和DH147)和低效基因型(DH49)为材料, 采用盆栽实验研究大麦在极低磷(25 mg·kg^-1土)、低磷(50 mg·kg^-1土)和正常磷(75 mg·kg^-1土)处理下叶片的磷组分和酸性磷酸酶活性特征。结果表明, 低磷胁迫显著降低大麦叶片的无机磷含量, 但对难溶态磷含量影响较小。高效基因型上部叶核酸态磷含量显著高于低效基因型, 而下部叶则显著低于低效基因型, 是低效基因型的18.4%-91.4%。大麦下部叶酯磷含量和分配比例表现为高效基因型低于低效基因型, 而上部叶仅在低效基因型中显著低于高效基因型。核酸态磷和酯磷在高效基因型叶片中的含量分配表明其上部叶的磷素营养状况较优, 而下部叶易溶性有机磷的分解转化作用更强。低磷和极低磷胁迫下, 下部叶酸性磷酸酶的活性显著增加, 且高效基因型显著高于低效基因型, 分别为低效基因型的1.29-1.41倍。磷高效基因型大麦通过提高下部叶酸性磷酸酶活性加强酯磷和核酸态磷的分解, 转化为无机磷, 增加可移动性磷源的含量和比例, 以提高生育后期大麦的磷素再利用能力。     

Morphological fractions, chemical composition and in vitro fermentation characteristics of maize stover of five genotypes

Five morphological fractions (leaf blade, leaf sheath, stem, husk and cob) of stover of five maize genotypes, namely waxy, conventional, fodder, sweet and high-oil maize, respectively, were used to test the effects of genotype and morphological fractions on chemical composition and in vitro fermentation characteristics. The waxy maize had a higher (P < 0.05) stem but lower (P < 0.05) leaf blade proportion and fodder maize had a higher (P < 0.05) leaf blade but lower (P < 0.05) leaf sheath proportion than other genotypes, respectively. Maize genotype had a significant effect (P < 0.001) on the chemical composition of stover parts except for organic matter (OM) concentration. Chemical composition of stover parts was affected (P < 0.001) by morphological fractions. The interaction effects between genotype and morphological fraction on the fiber content of stover parts were significant. Over 0.40 and 0.50 of phosphorus (P) and crude protein (CP) of whole-plant maize stover were averagely contributed by leaf blade. Leaf blade, stem and cob contributed over 0.75 of OM, CP, P and fiber in the whole plant. There were significant effects of genotype and morphological fraction on both in vitro gas production parameters and in vitro organic matter disappearance of maize stovers. The genotype and morphological fraction of maize stover and their interaction had significant effects on NH3-N and total volatile fatty acid concentration and the molar proportion of volatile fatty acid in the supernatant after 72 h of incubation except for valeric acid. The present data indicated that the genotype and morphological fraction of maize resulted in variation in the nutritive value of maize stover.     

南瓜茎、叶、花的营养成分分析

对南瓜茎、叶、花等部位进行了粗脂肪、粗蛋白、粗纤维、总糖、Vc等主要营养成分和K、Na、Ca、Mg、Zn等矿质元素的测定。结果表明,南瓜茎、叶、花营养丰富,各种营养成分较为全面。南瓜叶中粗脂肪、粗蛋白、Vc、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Fe、Zn等成分含量均高于南瓜茎和南瓜花。与其他8种常见蔬菜相比,主要营养成分和矿质元素含量也远远高于这8种蔬菜。为南瓜茎、叶、花的菜用价值提供了科学依据,也为增加人们的膳食营养、改变餐桌食品花样、开发蔬菜资源及其利用价值提供了参考。     

增温和升高CO2浓度对桑树幼苗的生长和叶片品质的影响

研究了增温(+2 ℃)、升高CO₂浓度(+300 ppm)及同时增温和升高CO₂浓度(+2 ℃和+300 ppm CO₂)处理60 d后1年生桑树幼苗的形态、生物量积累及叶片品质的变化.结果表明: 与对照相比,增温显著增加桑树的基径、叶片数、总叶面积、叶干质量、叶干质量分数和可溶性蛋白含量,分别增加了9.9%、17.4%、23.0%、9.2%、10.1%和23.1%;升高CO₂浓度显著增加了桑树幼苗的茎干质量、根干质量和总干质量,比对照分别增加10.7%、15.9%和9.2%,但对幼苗的形态和叶片品质无显著影响;同时增温和升高CO₂浓度条件下,叶片数、株高、基径、总叶面积、叶干质量、根干质量、总干质量、叶片可溶性糖和粗蛋白含量均显著升高,与对照相比分别增加28.8%、9.1%、19.4%、32.6%、12.4%、17.2%、10.1%、45.8%和11.9%,但粗纤维含量显著降低16.8%.短期增温和升高CO₂浓度对桑树幼苗的生长发育和叶片品质有促进作用.     

增温和升高CO2浓度对桑树幼苗的生长和叶片品质的影响

研究了增温(+2 ℃)、升高CO₂浓度(+300 ppm)及同时增温和升高CO₂浓度(+2 ℃和+300 ppm CO₂)处理60 d后1年生桑树幼苗的形态、生物量积累及叶片品质的变化.结果表明: 与对照相比,增温显著增加桑树的基径、叶片数、总叶面积、叶干质量、叶干质量分数和可溶性蛋白含量,分别增加了9.9%、17.4%、23.0%、9.2%、10.1%和23.1%;升高CO₂浓度显著增加了桑树幼苗的茎干质量、根干质量和总干质量,比对照分别增加10.7%、15.9%和9.2%,但对幼苗的形态和叶片品质无显著影响;同时增温和升高CO₂浓度条件下,叶片数、株高、基径、总叶面积、叶干质量、根干质量、总干质量、叶片可溶性糖和粗蛋白含量均显著升高,与对照相比分别增加28.8%、9.1%、19.4%、32.6%、12.4%、17.2%、10.1%、45.8%和11.9%,但粗纤维含量显著降低16.8%.短期增温和升高CO₂浓度对桑树幼苗的生长发育和叶片品质有促进作用.     

Dietary Response of Chimpanzees and Cercopithecines to Seasonal Variation in Fruit Abundance. II. Macronutrients

In a continuation of our study of dietary differentiation among frugivorous primates with simple stomachs, we present the first comparison of differences in dietary macronutrient content between chimpanzees and cercopithecine monkeys. Previously we have shown that chimpanzee and monkey diets differ markedly in plant part and species content. We now examine whether this diet diversity is reflected in markedly different dietary macronutrient levels or the different feeding strategies yield the same macronutrient levels in their diets. For each primate group we calculated the total weighted mean dietary content of 4 macronutrients: crude lipid (lipid), crude protein (CP), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), and total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC). We also calculated 4 fiber fractions: neutral-detergent fiber (NDF), which includes the subfractions hemicellulose (HC), cellulose (Cs), and sulfuric acid lignin (Ls). The HC and Cs are potentially fermentable fibers and would contribute to the energy provided by plant food, depending on the hind gut fermenting capacity of the individual primate species. The chimpanzee diet contained higher levels of WSC and TNC because during times of fruit abundance the chimpanzees took special advantage of ripe fruit, while the monkeys did not. The monkey diets contained higher levels of CP because the monkeys consumed a constant amount of leaf throughout the year. All four primate species consumed diets with similar NDF levels. However, the chimpanzees also took advantage of periods of ripe fruit abundance to decrease their Ls levels and to increase their HC levels. Conversely, the monkey diets maintained constant levels of the different fiber fractions thoughout the year. Nevertheless, despite these differences, the diets of the 4 frugivores were surprisingly similar, considering the substantial differences in body size. We conclude that the chimpanzee diet is of higher quality, particularly of lower fiber content, than expected on the basis of their body size.     

The foraging behavior of Japanese macaques Macaca fuscata in a forested enclosure:Effects of nutrient composition,energy and its seasonal variation on the consumption of natural plant foods

In the wild, primate foraging behaviors are related to the diversity and nutritional properties of food, which are affected by seasonal variation. The goal of environmental enrichment is to stimulate captive animals to exhibit similar foraging behavior of their wild counterparts, e.g. To extend foraging time. We conducted a 12-month study on the foraging behavior of Japanese macaques in a semi-naturally forested enclosure to understand how they use both provisioned foods and naturally available plant foods and what are the nutritional criteria of their consumption of natural plants. We recorded time spent feeding on provisioned and natural plant foods and collected the plant parts ingested of their major plant food species monthly, when available.We conducted nutritional analysis (crude protein, crude lipid, neutral detergent fiber-'NDF', ash) and calculated total non-slructural carbohydrate - 'TNC' and total energy of those food items. Monkeys spent 47% of their feeding time foraging on natural plant species. The consumption of plant parts varied significantly across seasons. We found that leaf items were consumed in months when crude protein, crude protein-to-NDF ratio, TNC and total energy were significantly higher and NDF was significantly lower, fruit/nut items in months when crude protein and TNC were significantly higher and crude lipid content was significantly lower, and bark items in months when TNC and total energy were higher and crude lipid content was lower. This preliminary investigation showed that the forested enclosure allowed troop members to more fully express their species typical flexible behavior by challenging them to adjust their foraging behavior to seasonal changes of plant item diversity and nutritional content, also providing the possibility for individuals to nutritionally enhance their diet.     

转基因cry1Ab在高粱不同器官中的表达水平

用Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac板式试剂盒测定了Cry1Ab蛋白在转基因高粱不同器官中的表达水平。结果表明,不同组织器官的Cry1Ab蛋白含量有明显差异,其顺序为叶鞘>叶>颖壳>籽粒>根>茎髓,在花药中则检测不到;不同部位的叶片、叶鞘和茎髓的Cry1Ab蛋白含量也有较大差异,中部叶的Cry1Ab蛋白含量高于上部叶和基部叶,叶鞘中是中部>基部>上部,茎髓中则表现为基部最高。     

海拔对岷山大熊猫主食竹营养成分和氨基酸含量的影响

缺苞箭竹(Fargesia denudata)是岷山山系大熊猫的主食竹,其可食性在大熊猫食物营养质量评价中具有重要意义。为揭示海拔梯度上温差对大熊猫主食竹营养成分及其含量的影响,以自然生长在岷山山系核心区四川王朗国家级自然保护区不同海拔(2600、2850、3100 m)的缺苞箭竹为对象,对其笋、秆和叶的营养成分和氨基酸含量进行了研究。结果表明:(1)同一海拔缺苞箭竹的粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量均表现为叶笋秆,且笋、秆和叶的营养成分含量有显著差异(P0.05);(2)粗蛋白和氨基酸总量随海拔升高而显著增加(P0.05),而对粗脂肪和粗纤维的影响不显著(P0.05);(3)除笋中苏氨酸、甘氨酸、半胱氨酸,秆中丝氨酸、蛋氨酸以及叶中半胱氨酸外,海拔对其余氨基酸含量均有显著影响(P0.05);(4)海拔对粗蛋白/粗脂肪、粗蛋白/粗纤维有显著影响(P0.05),在笋和秆中表现为海拔3100 m最高,而海拔对纤维素/粗纤维、粗脂肪/粗纤维的影响不显著(P0.05)。缺苞箭竹叶、笋的营养成分含量明显高于秆;高海拔有利于缺苞箭竹各器官粗蛋白和氨基酸的积累,不利于粗纤维的积累,这可能使大熊猫的取食选择发生改变,更倾向于取食高海拔的笋和叶。     

猕猴觅食策略的地域性差异

本文通过1年连续野外观察（2015年12月至2016月11月）,对比研究了广东省内伶仃—福田国家级自然保护区野生群和台山上川岛猕猴省级自然保护区内半野生投食群的猕猴觅食策略异同,分析了食物数量和食物营养对猕猴觅食行为的影响,探讨了猕猴对生境变化的应对策略及其适应机制。研究结果表明,野生群和半野生群猕猴均偏好取食低灰分果实。另外,比起取食较少的果实,半野生群猕猴主要取食的果实具有低含水量和低蛋白等特点。全年来看,野生群猕猴偏好取食分布数量多的果实;半野生群猕猴食果频率月间波动受环境果实量影响,符合能量最大化理论。野生群和半野生群猕猴采食乔木树叶的行为均不受乔木数量的影响;而且两者采食所有生活型植被的叶的行为不受叶营养的影响。本研究表明猕猴会根据环境的食物资源数量和质量调整其觅食策略,具有对不同生活环境灵活适应的能力。     

Water deficits affect caffeate O-methyltransferase, lignification, and related enzymes in maize leaves. A proteomic investigation

Drought is a major abiotic stress affecting all levels of plant organization and, in particular, leaf elongation. Several experiments were designed to study the effect of water deficits on maize (Zea mays) leaves at the protein level by taking into account the reduction of leaf elongation. Proteomic analyses of growing maize leaves allowed us to show that two isoforms of caffeic acid/5-hydroxyferulic 3-O-methyltransferase (COMT) accumulated mostly at 10 to 20 cm from the leaf point of insertion and that drought resulted in a shift of this region of maximal accumulation toward basal regions. We showed that this shift was due to the combined effect of reductions in growth and in total amounts of COMT. Several other enzymes involved in lignin and/or flavonoid synthesis (caffeoyl-CoA 3-O-methyltransferase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, and several isoforms of S-adenosyl-l-methionine synthase and methionine synthase) were highly correlated with COMT, reinforcing the hypothesis that the zone of maximal accumulation corresponds to a zone of lignification. According to the accumulation profiles of the enzymes, lignification increases in leaves of control plants when their growth decreases before reaching their final size. Lignin levels analyzed by thioacidolysis confirmed that lignin is synthesized in the region where we observed the maximal accumulation of these enzymes. Consistent with the levels of these enzymes, we found that the lignin level was lower in leaves of plants subjected to water deficit than in those of well-watered plants.