红花玉兰花色形成的初步研究

对红花玉兰不同花色花瓣中营养元素、基础代谢物、花色素苷含量及苯丙氨酸转氨酶(PAL)、苯基苯乙烯酮黄烷酮异构酶(CHI)活性差异进行比较分析,以探讨花色形成的生理机制.结果显示:(1)随着花色的加深,全氮、硝态氮、磷、钾、游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白含量逐渐降低,铁、锌、可溶性糖和花色素苷含量逐渐升高,PAL和CHI的活性增强.全氮、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖和花色素苷含量在不同花色花瓣中差异显著.(2)相关性分析表明,可溶性糖含量、PAL和CHI的活性与花色素苷含量变化之间呈极显著正相关;钾、锌、铁含量变化与花色素苷含量之间呈显著正相关;全氮、磷、硝态氮含量变化与花色素苷含量之间呈极显著负相关;游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白质含量与花色素苷含量之间呈显著负相关.研究表明,全氮、游离氨基酸含量降低,可溶性糖、花色素苷含量增加可显著促进花色加深;钾、磷、锌,铁、PAL、CHI通过参与一定的生理代谢,调节花色素苷的形成而影响红花玉兰花色色调的改变.     

二乔玉兰开花过程中花色变化的生理生化机制

以4年生二乔玉兰不同花期外层花瓣为试材,测定其在开花过程中花瓣色度值、花色苷、类黄酮、可溶性糖含量、细胞pH值以及相关酶活性的变化,以探讨二乔玉兰花色呈色机理。结果显示:(1)随着花期的推移,苯丙氨酸解胺酶(PAL)和查尔酮异构酶(CHI)活性逐渐减弱,细胞pH值逐渐变大,可溶性糖、花色苷、类黄酮含量不断降低,而花瓣明亮度增强,红色度以及彩色度减弱,且不同花期各参数值之间差异显著。(2)花瓣可溶性糖含量、PAL和CHI的活性与其花色素苷、类黄酮含量变化之间呈显著正相关关系,花瓣pH值的变化、明亮度L*值与花色素苷、类黄酮含量之间呈显著负相关,色相值a*与花色苷含量的变化呈显著正相关。研究表明,二乔玉兰花瓣花色苷和类黄酮含量的高低可以影响其花色的深浅,可溶性糖含量、PAL和CHI活性、细胞pH通过参与一定的生理代谢来调节花色素的形成,进而引起二乔玉兰花色色调的改变。     

UV-B对不同发育时期离体蓝莓主要果实品质及相关酶活性的影响

该研究以幼果期、白果期、转色期的离体‘北陆’蓝莓果实为试材,设置0(CK)、5、10、15min紫外光辐照处理,24h后取样分析蓝莓果实中可溶性糖、总酚、类黄酮和花青苷含量,以及苯丙氨酸裂解酶(PAL)和查尔酮异构酶(CHI)活性的变化,探究UV-B紫外照射处理对不同发育时期蓝莓主要果实品质及相关酶活的影响。结果显示:(1)对于幼果期蓝莓,5min UV-B处理可显著增加果实内可溶性糖含量;10min UV-B处理果实PAL活性增加效果最为显著;15min UV-B处理对果实总酚和花青苷积累的促进作用最大,但显著降低了类黄酮含量和CHI活性。(2)对于白果期蓝莓,5min UV-B处理显著增加了果实类黄酮含量和CHI活性,10min处理使果实可溶性糖和总酚含量较对照分别增加25%和18%;15min处理对果实花青苷含量和PAL活性影响作用最大。(3)对于转色期蓝莓,各处理除果实可溶性糖及类黄酮含量降低外,其余物质含量均显著增加。(4)UV-B处理并未改变果实发育过程中可溶性糖、总酚、类黄酮和花青苷含量及PAL、CHI酶活性的积累规律。(5)蓝莓果内PAL活性与其可溶性糖、总酚和类黄酮的积累呈极显著正相关关系,而CHI活性仅与其可溶性糖呈极显著正相关。研究表明,UV-B辐照处理促进了幼果期和白果期可溶性糖的积累,也能促进不同发育时期蓝莓果实总酚和花青苷及白果期类黄酮的积累,对蓝莓果实主要品质能够产生积极的影响。     

凤仙花中花色素苷累积与苯丙氨酸解氨酶的关系

在MS、White、B_5、SH 4种培养基中,White对花色素苷累积较有利。色素产量随继代次数增加而降低。2,4—D抑制PAL活性及花色素苷累积,在一定浓度范围内 BA的效果与之相反。不同糖源、温度对花色素苷含量有影响,但与PAL活性无正相关性。     

蜡梅‘美人醉’花色变化过程中生理生化特性研究

该研究以成年乔种蜡梅‘美人醉’[Chimonanthus praecox(L.)Link‘Meirenzui’]5个时期(蕾期、萌动期、初花期、盛花期和末花期)的花瓣内被片为材料,考察开花过程中花瓣色度值、花色素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量及其超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性的变化,并探讨各指标之间的相关性,以揭示蜡梅花色变化过程中生理生化指标的变化特征。结果显示:(1)‘美人醉’花瓣的色度值从蕾期到末花期,花瓣红度a^(*)值急剧减小,亮度L^(*)值、黄度b^(*)值和彩度C^(*)值、色相角h°值逐渐增大。(2)在‘美人醉’开花过程中,花瓣类黄酮、花色苷、叶绿素含量逐渐减少,类胡萝卜素含量先增加后减少。(3)‘美人醉’花瓣可溶性蛋白含量在萌动期和盛花期显著下降,而可溶性糖含量在初花期降到最低值。(4)‘美人醉’花瓣PAL活性随着开花进程呈先下降后上升的趋势,而SOD活性先显著上升,后保持平稳。(5)‘美人醉’花瓣色度值与其类黄酮、叶绿素、花色苷、可溶性蛋白含量以及PAL活性均具有显著相关关系。研究表明,蜡梅‘美人醉’花色变化是花色苷、类黄酮、叶绿素共同作用的结果,但花色苷含量的变化起着最直接的作用;花瓣可溶性蛋白、SOD、PAL通过一定的生理代谢途径对花色变化起着间接的影响。     

3种卫矛属植物叶片秋冬季转色期生理生化特征研究

以疏花卫矛(Euonymus laxiflorus)、丝棉木(E.maackii)和卫矛(E.alatus)3种卫矛属植物为试验材料,测定叶片转色期叶色参数和相关生理生化指标,探讨各项指标的变化规律和内在联系,为优良色叶植物的筛选提供依据。结果表明:(1)转色期,疏花卫矛的明亮度参数L~*和色素参数b~*(黄/蓝)呈上升趋势,色素参数a~*(红/绿)变化不大;丝棉木的L~*和b~*呈先上升后下降的单峰曲线,a~*呈上升趋势;卫矛的L~*和b~*变化不大,a~*呈上升趋势。(2)3种植物的叶绿素含量在转色期呈明显下降趋势;疏花卫矛的花色素苷相对含量、花色素苷/叶绿素的值较为平稳,类胡萝卜素/叶绿素的值呈上升趋势;丝棉木和卫矛的花色素苷相对含量、花色素苷/叶绿素的值均呈上升趋势,类胡萝卜素/叶绿素的值保持平稳。(3)3种植物苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性呈下降趋势,查尔酮异构酶(CHI)活性呈先上升后下降的单峰曲线;卫矛的过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性保持平稳,疏花卫矛和丝棉木的POD活性呈上升趋势,疏花卫矛的PPO活性保持平稳,丝棉木的PPO活性呈下降趋势。(4)疏花卫矛和卫矛的可溶性糖和淀粉的质量分数呈先上升后下降的单峰曲线,丝棉木的可溶性糖和淀粉的质量分数呈上升趋势。(5)相关性分析显示,疏花卫矛呈现黄色主要是因为叶绿素的分解,丝棉木和卫矛呈现红色是因为花色素苷的合成,可溶性糖、淀粉、CHI对花色素苷的合成有一定作用,POD对叶片呈现红色有促进作用,PAL和PPO活性对花色素苷的合成无显著影响。     

欧洲卫矛秋冬转色期叶色变化的生理机制

以3个欧洲卫矛(Euonymus europaea)品种‘矮生’(Euonymus europaea‘Pumilis’)、‘八仙花’(E.europaea‘Aldenhamensis’)和‘白果’(E.europaea‘Albus’)为试验材料,测定其秋冬转色期叶色参数及各项生理指标的变化,分析色素与叶色参数、可溶性糖、相关酶的关系,探讨欧洲卫矛转色期叶片的呈色机理,为后期园林应用提供依据。结果表明:(1)‘八仙花’、‘白果’叶片明度参数L*值、色素参数b*值(黄/蓝)呈先升后降的单峰曲线,‘矮生’的L*值、b*值呈先降后升的单峰曲线,3个品种色素参数a*值(红/绿)在转色期间均不断上升。(2)各品种叶片叶绿素含量随生育期整体呈下降的趋势,主要是叶绿素a减少,叶绿素b与类胡萝素下降较为平稳;花色素苷含量、花色素苷/叶绿素比值呈上升趋势,类胡萝素/叶绿素比值整体呈下降的趋势。(3)各品种叶片可溶性糖含量随生育期呈先升后降的单峰曲线,它们的PAL活性呈波动上升趋势,POD活性整体呈下降趋势,PPO活性呈缓慢上升趋势。(4)相关性分析显示,3个品种叶色参数a*值与花色素苷含量均呈极显著正相关关系,‘矮生’花色素苷含量与叶绿素、类胡萝素含量呈显著负相关关系,‘八仙花’、‘白果花’的花色素苷含量与叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量呈不显著负相关关系。研究发现,影响欧洲卫矛秋冬转色期叶片变红的主要因素是叶绿素、花色素苷和可溶性糖相对含量及PAL、PPO活性,类胡萝卜素含量对叶片变红的贡献不大,POD活性对叶片变红无直接影响。     

增强UV-B辐射和氮对谷子叶光合色素及非酶促保护物质的影响

以谷子(Setaria italica(L)Beauv.)为对象,从拔节期开始持续给予低氮(1.875 mmol/L)和高氮(15 mmol/L)两种氮供应条件并从抽穗期开始进行26 d两种强度(4.29、7.12 kJ·m-2·d-1)的增强UV-B辐射处理,研究了谷子叶中光合色素含量、类黄酮含量和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性的变化.结果表明:与高氮供应条件相比,低氮供应条件明显降低了谷子叶中光合色素含量但提高了类胡萝卜素/叶绿素含量比值;在开花期中段和灌浆期中段,高氮供应条件下谷子叶中光合色素含量对增强UV-B辐射比低氮供应条件下的谷子更敏感.从灌浆期开始到处理结束,两种影响因子对谷子叶中类黄酮含量均有显著影响,增强UV-B辐射导致谷子叶中类黄酮含量逐渐升高,且相同增强UV-B辐射强度下低氮供应条件下的谷子叶中类黄酮含量明显高于高氮供应条件下的谷子.谷子叶中PAL活性对两种影响因子的响应较类黄酮含量更加敏感,低氮供应条件使谷子叶中PAL活性明显提高.结合上述指标的相关性分析结果可知,低氮供应条件加强了处于繁殖期主要阶段的谷子叶中类黄酮的积累,并使谷子叶中的类胡萝卜素/叶绿素含量比值明显提高,进而有助于维持谷子叶中光合色素含量在增强UV-B辐射条件下的相对稳定性,对植株抵抗UV-B辐射伤害有利.     

遮荫对紫叶李幼苗叶片色素含量及光合速率的影响

以露地栽培的1年生紫叶李和绿叶李为试材,研究了全光照(CK)、中度遮荫(透光率为43%)、重度遮荫(透光率为27%)处理下叶片色素含量及净光合速率的变化.结果表明:在夏季,各处理紫叶李幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量随遮荫时间的延长逐渐升高,花色素苷含量、花色素苷含量/叶绿素含量比值降低;在秋季,各处理紫叶李幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量先升高后降低,而花色素苷含量、花色素苷含量/叶绿素含量比值则先降低后升高.在夏秋两季,紫叶李3种色素含量均高于绿叶李,全光照下的紫叶李叶片花色素苷含量、花色素苷含量/叶绿素含量比值及净光合速率日积分值均高于遮荫处理.紫叶李具备一定的喜光性,全光照环境有利于其彩色的呈现和光合性能的发挥.     

不同颜色果袋对‘云红梨2号’果皮色泽形成的影响

研究了不同颜色果袋对‘云红梨2号’果实着色的影响,比较了不同套袋处理下果皮外观着色、叶绿素、类黄酮、总酚、花色素苷含量以及花色素苷合成相关酶活性的差异.结果表明: 发育期的黑暗处理有利于解袋后梨果皮着色;不同套袋处理中,采前解袋自然光照射下梨果皮中花色素苷含量最高,着色最好,白色纸袋次之.不同套袋处理显著影响果皮中叶绿素、类黄酮、总酚和花色素苷含量,从而影响梨果皮的外观色泽.不同套袋处理的花色素苷合成酶活性差异显著;相关性分析表明,果皮中花色素苷含量与二氢黄酮醇-4-还原酶(DFR)和类黄酮3-O-葡萄糖基转移酶(UFGT)活性呈显著正相关,而与苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性相关性不显著.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.