Anatomical and nutlet differentiation between <Emphasis Type="Italic">Teucrium montanum</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">T. polium</Emphasis> from Turkey

Teucrium montanum L. and T. polium L. are the two closest Teucrium L. species from sect. Polium (Mill.) Schreb in Turkey. In addition, they are sympatric for some part of their range in Turkey. In this study, comparative anatomical and micromorphological studies of the two species are carried out. They have been investigated by their leaf and stem anatomical features, as well as nutlet micromorphological characteristics. The results of anatomical studies show that the anatomical characters of both taxa are observed to be similar to the general features of the family Lamiaceae anatomy, except for lacking rich collenchyma at the corners. Both taxa are similar in stem anatomy and their leaves exhibit xeromorphy. However, trichome morphology on the stems and the leaves appear to have a taxonomic value in segregation of the two taxa. Light and scanning electron microscope studies on the nutlets also show that nutlet shapes, measures and surface micromorphologies are different in the two species. Whereas nutlet surfaces are bireticulate in both species, the nutlets are larger and primary sculpturing is more distinct in T. polium than in T. montanum. Moreover, the nutlets are oblong to oblong-ovoid and larger in T. polium, but ovoid and smaller in T. montanum.     

Nutlet micromorphology of Carex section Rhomboidales sensu Kükenthal (Cyperaceae) and its systematic implications

The sectional delimitation of Carex section Rhomboidales sensu Kükenthal (1909) is problematic and, here, we provide contributions to a systematic understanding of nutlet micromorphology in section Rhomboidales. Nutlet micromorphology of 87 samples representing 71 taxa was investigated using scanning electron microscopy and nine nutlet types were recognized. Although some closely related taxa show similarities, nutlet morphology in section Rhomboidales is stable at the species level and is reliable for species identification. Based on the nutlet characters, section Rhomboidales is delimited and emended as having nutlet rhombic–ovoid, trigonous; beaks conspicuous, erect, rarely curved or coiled; periclinal walls of epidermal cells straight, with zero to two silica bodies. The species with nutlets of the C. harlandii‐type and C. thibetica‐type are included, and species of the C. chinensis‐type and C. macrandrolepsis‐type are ascribed to section Mitratae and section Infossae, respectively. Carex longirostrata and C. pseudolongirostrata (= C. nodaeana), formerly ascribed to section Careyanae or section Depauperatae, are well supported as members of section Rhomboidales. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 175 , 123–143.     

Nutlet morphology in Hemigenia R.Br. and Microcorys R.Br. (Lamiaceae)

Nutlets of Hemigenia R.Br. and Microcorys R.Br. were examined using SEM. Significant variation, mainly useful at the infrageneric level, was found in nutlet shape, nature of the attachment scar, nature of surface sculpturing, exocarp cell shape and sculpturing, and nature of the indumentum. Typical nutlets are ovoidal, strongly reticulate or rugose. The exocarp cells are isodiametric and convex to papillate. Also common are cylindrical nutlets, often with longitudinal ridging and papillate exocarp cells. Surface pitting and concave exocarp cells are rare. A cladistic analysis of nutlet characters suggests both Hemigenia and Microcorys are polyphyletic, and Microcorys paraphyletic with respect to Westringia Sm. Notwithstanding that, the infrageneric classification of Hemigenia was largely supported, while in Microcorys, there was support for sect. Hemigenioides, but sects Anisandra and Microcorys were not resolved as distinct.     

Anatomy, palynology and nutlet micromorphology of Turkish endemic Teucrium sandrasicum (Lamiaceae)

In this study, the anatomical features of the leaf and stem, besides the pollen and nutlet characteristics of Teucrium sandrasicum are investigated. T. sandrasicum, belonging to sect. Teucrium, is an endemic perennial herb growing on serpentine around Muğla province. The anatomical studies on T. sandrasicum revealed that the stem shares the general characteristics of the Labiatae family. The leaves clearly exhibit xeromorphy due to features such as the distribution of stomata on the lower surface (hipostomatic), the occurrence of guard cells below the epidermis (xeromorphic type), inrolled margins, thick cuticle layer, thick outer epidermal cell wall, a high density of trichomes and thick palisade layer of the mesophyll. The anatomical studies showed that the upper epidermal cells of the leaf include many spherocrystals. The pollen grains are prolate, medium in size, 3-colpate with verrucate ornamentation. The nutlets are ellipsoid with a reticulate-verrucate surface. The results have proven that T. sandrasicum is different from the other species of the sect. Teucrium because of the branched trichomes on the stem and the lack of eglandular trichomes on the nutlets.     

VARIATION IN NUTLET MORPHOLOGY OF LIMNANTHES

Morphological features of nutlets of all members of the genus Limnanthes were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Eight distinct nutlet types are recognized on the basis of presence or absence, size, shape, density, and color of tubercles and associated filamentous or globular background structures. Some taxa (e.g., L. macounii, L. bakeri) display only one nutlet type, some (e.g., L. floccosa floccosa) have different types in different populations, and others (e.g., L. alba, L. striata) have two or more types within populations. Four classes of nutlets are designated as subtypes on the basis of their forms varying between the eight types recognized. The relationships among various taxa on the basis of nutlet types are schematically diagrammed and compared with other classification schemes. Results suggest that the proposed details of nutlet morphology should be considered in an identification key. Preliminary evidence indicates that certain highly sculptured (tuberculate) nutlet types with large surface areas occur more often in wetter habitats and that variation in this trait in different Limnanthes species might be adaptively associated with geographical distribution patterns.     

Nutlet morphology in the tribe Elsholtzieae (Lamiaceae)

A comprehensive study on nutlet morphology on 46 taxa from the tribe Elsholtzieae was conducted using stereomicroscopy, light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The objectives were to evaluate the nutlet characteristics in a systematics context and to provide additional evidence for taxon delimitation. The nutlet shape varied from elliptical, widely elliptical, spheroidal and ovate to pyriform. The size ranged from 0.50 to 2.70 mm in length and 0.34 to 2.65 mm in width. The three types of trichomes included simple non-glandular trichomes (Collinsonia punctata), clavate non-glandular trichomes (Elsholtzia cephalantha) and peltate glandular trichomes (Mosla grosseserrata and M. chinensis). We also report the presence of a mucilaginous reaction in nine species of the genus Elsholtzia in Elsholtzieae for the first time. Four types (undulate, papillae-like projection, thorn-like pattern and reticulate) and three subtypes (reticulate, reticulate-cellular and supra-reticulate) of nutlet surface patterns in the mid-ventral region were recognized in Elsholtzieae based on the differences in cell outline, outer periclinal walls and dentations of the anticlinal walls. These nutlet micromorphological results may serve as a reference for future hypotheses on the classification of the tribe Elsholtzieae.     

杭州石荠苧(唇形科)小坚果的散布生物学研究

报道了杭州石荠（ＭｏｓｌａｈａｎｇｃｈｏｕｅｎｓｉｓＭａｔｓｕｄａ）的种子散布机制和特点,结合其它方面的研究结果,为迁地保护提供理论依据。杭州石荠小坚果的散布机制是被动弹力散布,植株、花萼和小坚果三者联合参与,风、雨、动物触动是能量来源。初级散布距离在实验条件下,在３０～３５ｃｍ的区域小坚果最多,此后,随面积的增加而减少,密度峰值出现在１０～１５ｃｍ的区间。杭州石荠的小坚果表面具旋涡状凹陷,凹陷中有细密的突起,这种结构有一定的拒水性,下沉速率小,适于以水为载体的次级散布,也具有较强的保水抗旱能力,能够确保杭州石荠在干旱的生境中世代延续。作者认为,杭州石荠的分布特性和比较特殊的生物学和生态学特点限制了居群的扩展是其濒危的重要原因。     

Comparative anatomical and micromorphological studies on Teucrium creticum and Teucrium orientale var. orientale (T. sect. Teucrium, Lamiaceae)

Teucrium creticum L. and T. orientale L. var. orientale are two related taxa in Teucrium sect. Teucrium . In this study, the value of anatomical and micromorphological characters for distinguishing between these two taxa is analysed. Transverse sections of the stem, as well as both transverse and surface sections of the leaves were examined anatomically. According to the data obtained, collenchyma and sclerenchyma do grow more in T. creticum than in T. orientale var. orientale . The leaves of T. creticum are hypostomatic and have a characteristic hypodermis, which is under the upper epidermis, as well as abundant spherocrystals in the upper epidermis. The leaves of T. orientale var. orientale are amphistomatic, yet no spherocristals exists in epidermal cells and the hypodermis is absent. The results obtained from studies carried out under scanning electron microscope (SEM) shows that the nutlet micromorphology varies between the two taxa. In both taxa, the nutlet surfaces are reticulate and glandular. Eglandular hairs do occur. However, in T. orientale var. orientale , 20–60 μm long eglandular hairs with scabrid surface occur only along the margins of the nutlets, whereas the ¾ dorsal sides of the nutlets in T. creticum are all covered with 90–500 μm long, smooth-surfaced hairs. Additionally, while the glandular hairs on the nutlets of T. creticum are subsessile, those on the nutlets of T. orientale var. orientale are capitate and distinctly stalked.     

Nutlet micromorphology of Iranian Nepeta (Lamiaceae) species

To evaluate nutlets characteristics for systematic relationships, a comprehensive morphological and micro‐morphological study of the nutlets of 16 Iranian taxa of Nepeta (Lamiaceae) was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Differences in surface ornamentation, size, shape and color were observed between the species. The studied taxa were categorized in two basic types based on surface ornamentation: non‐sculptured (smooth‐type) and sculptured nutlets. The non‐sculptured nutlets type could be further divided into four sub‐types, including smooth, granulate, undulate‐cellular and reticulate. In the sculptured nutlets, three subtypes of tuberculate, tuberculate‐cellular and verrucate were recognized. The shape of nutlets were described as oblong, ovoid‐oblong, oblong‐linear, to elliptic‐oblong and their size range are 1.2–2.0 mm in length and 0.5–2.0 mm in width. Based on micrographs, the areole form and location were defined as bi‐lobed, straight, basal, sub‐basal or lateral. Nutlet micromorphological characteristics such as surface ornamentation can be useful for classification and identification of e.g. medicinal species of Nepeta in Iran.     

Nutlet sculpturing of selectedTeucrium species (Lamiaceae): A character of taxonomic significance

Nutlet sculpturing of 23Teucrium species belonging to six sections was studied. The nutlets of analysed species were characterized by the presence of the oil glands of various density. SectionTeucrium is well defined by very densely distributed trichomes and oil glands on nutlets. Trichomes on nutlets were absent in all other species, except inT. marum from sect.Chamaedrys. Sect.Polium is a homogeneous group, distinguished from the other sections. There are some similarities of this sect. with sect.Scordium. Species of sect.Chamaedrys are heterogeneous and overlap according to the surface sculpturing characters with the other sections. The significance of nutlet microcharacters as additional taxonomical markers in the infrageneric classification of the genusTeucrium is discussed.     

The anatomical and micromorphological properties of three endemic and medicinal Salvia species (Lamiaceae) in Erzincan (Turkey)

In this study, we comparatively investigated three endemic Salvia species spreading in Erzincan (Turkey) in terms of anatomy and micromorphology. For anatomical investigation, cross sections taken from stems and leaves of the species were examined under light microscope. For micromorphological investigation, epidermal surface and nutlet structure were examined using scanning electron microscopy. The S. euphratica and S. divaricata species were examined anatomically and micromorphologically for the first time, and S. hypargea was examined micromorphologically for the first time. In anatomical examinations, it was seen that stem and leaf structures of the species were similar. In micromorphological analyses, it has been seen that hairiness of the nutlet surface and nutlet ornamentations (verrucate and rugose type) created a difference between the species.     

Taxonomic reinstatement of Teucrium andrusi from T. paederotoides based on morphological and anatomical evidences

Teucrium andrusi, described by Post from Mardin province, Turkey, was synonimized with T. paederotoides in the flora of Turkey. According to the records in the flora of Turkey T. paederotoides was a steno‐endemic species, only known from the type locality in Gaziantep and from Mardin province. Specimens of T. paederotoides s.l. were collected from both localities and a detailed comparison of the plants from Gaziantep with those from Mardin revealed that the two populations were sufficiently distinct from each other to be recognised as separate species. Thus, T. andrusi Post is reinstated from the synonymy with T. paederotoides. Teucrium andrusi is morphologically different from T. paederotoides s.s. in terms of its general indumentum, leaf margin, bract and calyx shape, corolla colour and nutlet macro–micromorphology. It can be anatomically distinguished from T. paederotoides s.s. by stoma type, stomatal distribution on the leaf surface, crystal content in the cells and cuticula thickness. Ecological data related with the accompanying species also support species status for T. andrusi. While the two taxa are very similar in pollen and nutlet morphology, trichome density on the nutlets are different.     

Development and morphology of the gynoecium and nutlet in two South-American Bulbostylis (Cyperaceae) species

The anatomy and ontogeny of the gynoecium and nutlets of two Bulbostylis species with different micro-morphology, Bulbostylis capillaris sensu Barros and B. major, were analyzed. The specific aim of this work was to identify which part of the pericarp determines the differences in the nutlet surface between these two species. We found that pre-fertilization development is the same in both species, with differences between species appearing only after fertilization. In the nutlet of B. major, the exocarp forms a tuberculate primary sculpture that has nipple-like protuberances consisting of one conoidal silica body per cell, whereas the secondary sculpture is micro-granulose and is constituted by the cuticle. In the nutlet of B. capillaris, the primary sculpture is granulose and is formed by the presence of starch granules in the exocarp that do not degrade, whereas the secondary sculpture is smooth.     

Ultrastructural features of the nutlet surface in species of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mentha</Emphasis>

The surface of nutlets and the ultrasculpture of еру pericarp were studied for the first time using a scanning electron microscopy in nine species of the genus Mentha, growing in Russia and neighboring countries. Three types of primary and four types of secondary seed surface sculptures were identified. It was found that the ultrasculptural features of the nutlet pericarp can be used in the taxonomy of the genus at the level of species and for identifying the relationship between taxa.     

Nutlet micro‐morphology of the genus Microula (Boraginaceae) from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau,and its systematic implications

The micro‐morphology of nutlets in 30 taxa (28 species and 2 varieties) of Microula Benth. (Boraginaceae) was surveyed by light and scanning electron microscopy. A principal coordinate‐based ordination analysis (PCO) (8 morphological and 14 micro‐morphological characters) was applied to explore whether taxa clustered according to the current sectional taxonomy. The nutlet epidermis showed three major features: trichomes, papillae and lamellae. Two basic trichome types could be identified: branched and unbranched. Stellate trichomes (STT) and stipitate stellate trichomes (SST) can be considered as two subtypes of branched trichomes based on shape and branching location. Three kinds of unbranched trichomes were recognized by their shapes: slender trichomes (SLT), spear‐like trichomes (SPT) and conical trichomes (CT). Four types of papillae were revealed in this genus: central apiculate papillae (CAP), debris‐covered convex papillae (DCP), rugous papillae (RP) and tabular papillae (TP). The lamellae was classified in five types: glossy lamellae (GL), thread‐like lamellae (TL), rugous lamellae (RL), interrupted lamellae (IL) and debris‐covered lamellae (DCL). The variation in the nature of surface sculpturing, nutlet shape and size, dorsal aperture shape, and attachment scar positions proved useful diagnostic characters. Taxa belonging to the same section generally clustered together in the PCO analysis. A key based on the morphology and micro‐morphology of nutlets is provided to distinguish the sections of Microula. The presence of SLT, STT, DCP and DCL is consistent with the macro‐morphological classification and provides additional evidence for the subgeneric delimitations. The SST, SLT, CAP, DCP, RP, DCL, GL and RL are useful in discriminating species in Microula. Additionally, the distribution of some trichomes, papillae and lamellae types is correlated with the altitudinal distribution of the species.     

Nutlet sculpturing inScutellaria sect.Resinosa (Lamiaceae) and its taxonomic utility

Nutlet sculpturing of 22 taxa ofScutellaria sect.Resinosa, representing 18 of its 19 species, and the monotypic genusSalazaria was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nutlets of sect.Resinosa, while remarkably variable among themselves, differed from hypothetically closely related sections in lacking circumferential banding and sessile glands. Species could be grouped by surface sculpturing into seemingly meaningful phenetic clusters.Scutellaria potosina var.platyphylla was sufficiently distinct micromorphically so as to be elevated to specific status asScutellaria platyphylla comb. and stat. nov. The significance of nutlet microcharacters within sect.Resinosa is discussed, especially as compared to closely related sections. The genusSalazaria had nutlet sculpturing quite different from all taxa belonging to sect.Resinosa.     

Salvia siirtica sp. nov. (Lamiaceae) from Turkey

Salvia siirtica Kahraman, Celep & Do?an sp. nov.(Lamiaceae) is described and illustrated as a new species from the northern part of Siirt province in southeast Anatolia, Turkey, where it was found growing in open forests of Quercus. It is morphologically similar to S. indica L., but differs by having densely glandular pilose to villous stems and petioles, close verticillasters, smaller flowers, clearly concave calyx apices, entirely white corollas and smaller nutlets. Salvia siirtica and S. indica are also distinguished by their nutlet and pollen micromorphologies, illustrated by SEM images. The nutlet surface of S. siirtica is very finely wrinkled and its pollen has 3–4 primary lumina per 25 μm², compared to 5–8 in S. indica. Conservation status assessment, distribution map, and notes on biogeography and ecology of the new species are provided.