RNA干扰技术及其在植物研究中的应用

RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)是最近几年发现和发展起来的一门新兴的在转录水平上的基因阻断技术,它是生物体内由双链RNA(double-stranded RNA,dsRNA)介导同源mRNA降解的现象。RNAi广泛存在于从真菌到高等植物、从无脊椎动物到哺乳动物各种生物中。研究表明通过转入目的基因序列的双链RNA可以诱导产生基因沉默现象。同时,RNAi能监控异常的或外源的遗传物质在机体内的水平,并调控基因的表达,是生物体抵御外在感染的一种重要的保护机制,这使得RNA干扰技术具有十分诱人的应用前景。介绍了RNAi的研究历史、作用机制、特点及其在植物研究中的应用。     

RNAi的抗病毒机制及应用

RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)能够在转录水平、翻译水平和转录后水平上抑制病毒的复制,这为临床治疗病毒性疾病奠定了理论基础。近年来,RNAi技术发展迅速,使得RNAi技术应用于病毒性疾病的治疗成为可能。本文从RNAi抗病毒的作用机制及RNAi在抗动物病毒性疾病方面的应用等方面进行综述,并对RNAi在抗病毒方面的应用前景进行展望。     

RNA干扰技术及其应用

RNA干扰（RNAi)是利用具有同源性的双链RNA诱发序列特异的转录后基因沉默的现象。它可以通过抑制蛋白表达模拟基因敲除技术,从利用体外合成双链RNA到通过质粒稳定表达小型干扰RNA诱发RNA干扰现象,这项技术被不断完善,并被广泛的应用,尽管RNAi的作用机制仍不清楚,但实验证实在RNA干扰过程中,外源的双链RNA在体内会被切割成小片段,新的双链RNA被合成,从而RNAi的作用机制假说正被逐步修正,由于RNAi技术的高效性和特异性,它已经成为基因功能研究的一种新方法。     

RNAi一分子免疫系统

RNA干扰（RNA interference,RNAi）或RNA沉默是广泛存在于从植物到哺乳动物的真核生物体中小RNA诱导的基因沉默机制。该领域新的研究进展清楚表明在植物和动物中RNAi起着天然抗病毒作用。因此,RNAi常被视为有效的分子免疫系统。深入理解该分子免疫系统非常有助于揭示一些病毒病的致病机制和开发有效的抗病毒疗法。因此,就该分子免疫系统的研究进展作以综述。     

RNA干扰的研究进展

RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)是一种由双链RNA诱发的转录后水平的基因沉默现象,是近几年发展起来的基因表达调节新机制。RNAi广泛存在于真菌、植物和动物中,这种调控可以由siRNA、shRNA及miRNA等小分子RNA参与。在此主要对RNAi的研究进展如背景、分子调控机制、存在的问题和应用前景等进行了综述。     

依赖RNA的RNA聚合酶介导RNA干扰的扩增效应

RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)是一种非常高效的基因沉默效应,RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶(RNA—de—pendent RNA polymerase,RdRP)介导的扩增作用可能是RNAi具有高效性的一个主要原因。了解RdRP在生物体中存在的证据、RdRP及其复合体的结构、次级siRNA的产生及转移性RNAi的发生机制等问题,对深入理解RNAi的作用机制和促进RNAi的临床应用有重要意义。     

细胞核内RNA干扰途径研究进展

RNA干扰(RNAi)是双链RNA分子在mRNA水平关闭相应序列基因表达的过程。RNAi的分子机制及功能仍然有待深入研究与阐明,但已经在基因组结构与功能研究中得到广泛运用。我们简要综述RNAi的作用机制,及已发现的细胞核内干扰途径——RNA指导的DNA甲基化、异染色质、DNA切除和减数分裂性沉默等相关研究进展。     

RNA干涉的分子机制及技术研究进展

RNA干涉(RNA interference,RNAi)现象广泛存在于从真菌到植物、从无脊椎动物到哺乳动物的各种生物中,属于转录后水平的基因沉默(PTGS)。它利用双链RNA(dsRNA)特异性地降解相应序列的mRNA成为siRNA,从而特异性地阻断相应基因的表达,本重点介绍了RNA干涉的分子机制及技术应用等方面的进展,RNA干涉在后基因组时代的基因功能研究和药物开发中将具有广阔的发展前景。     

RNA干涉与干细胞

RNA干涉(RNAi)现象普遍存在于生物体细胞中,在理论上已清楚其分子机制,为干细胞研究提供了新的方法。现从RNAi的分子机制、干细胞中的RNAi现象、研究干细胞RNAi效应的方法以及小分子干涉RNA(siRNA)干涉干细胞特异功能基因的检测方法等方面进行了综述。表明应用RNAi技术研究基因功能和干细胞维持及定向分化的调控具有广阔的发展前景。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.