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1.
Background
Whole genome amplification (WGA) promises to eliminate practical molecular genetic analysis limitations associated with genomic DNA (gDNA) quantity. We evaluated the performance of multiple displacement amplification (MDA) WGA using gDNA extracted from lymphoblastoid cell lines (N = 27) with a range of starting gDNA input of 1–200 ng into the WGA reaction. Yield and composition analysis of whole genome amplified DNA (wgaDNA) was performed using three DNA quantification methods (OD, PicoGreen® and RT-PCR). Two panels of N = 15 STR (using the AmpFlSTR® Identifiler® panel) and N = 49 SNP (TaqMan®) genotyping assays were performed on each gDNA and wgaDNA sample in duplicate. gDNA and wgaDNA masses of 1, 4 and 20 ng were used in the SNP assays to evaluate the effects of DNA mass on SNP genotyping assay performance. A total of N = 6,880 STR and N = 56,448 SNP genotype attempts provided adequate power to detect differences in STR and SNP genotyping performance between gDNA and wgaDNA, and among wgaDNA produced from a range of gDNA templates inputs.Results
The proportion of double-stranded wgaDNA and human-specific PCR amplifiable wgaDNA increased with increased gDNA input into the WGA reaction. Increased amounts of gDNA input into the WGA reaction improved wgaDNA genotyping performance. Genotype completion or genotype concordance rates of wgaDNA produced from all gDNA input levels were observed to be reduced compared to gDNA, although the reduction was not always statistically significant. Reduced wgaDNA genotyping performance was primarily due to the increased variance of allelic amplification, resulting in loss of heterozygosity or increased undetermined genotypes. MDA WGA produces wgaDNA from no template control samples; such samples exhibited substantial false-positive genotyping rates.Conclusion
The amount of gDNA input into the MDA WGA reaction is a critical determinant of genotyping performance of wgaDNA. At least 10 ng of lymphoblastoid gDNA input into MDA WGA is required to obtain wgaDNA TaqMan® SNP assay genotyping performance equivalent to that of gDNA. Over 100 ng of lymphoblastoid gDNA input into MDA WGA is required to obtain optimal STR genotyping performance using the AmpFlSTR® Identifiler® panel from wgaDNA equivalent to that of gDNA.2.
Aydir Cecília Marinho Monteiro Carlos Magno Castelo Branco Fortaleza Adriano Martison Ferreira Ricardo de Souza Cavalcante Alessandro Lia Mondelli Eduardo Bagagli Maria de Lourdes Ribeiro de Souza da Cunha 《Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials》2016,15(1):45
Background
Bloodstream infections are responsible for thousands of deaths each year. The rapid identification of the microorganisms causing these infections permits correct therapeutic management that will improve the prognosis of the patient. In an attempt to reduce the time spent on this step, microorganism identification devices have been developed, including the VITEK® 2 system, which is currently used in routine clinical microbiology laboratories.Methods
This study evaluated the accuracy of the VITEK® 2 system in the identification of 400 microorganisms isolated from blood cultures and compared the results to those obtained with conventional phenotypic and genotypic methods. In parallel to the phenotypic identification methods, the DNA of these microorganisms was extracted directly from the blood culture bottles for genotypic identification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing.Results
The automated VITEK® 2 system correctly identified 94.7 % (379/400) of the isolates. The YST and GN cards resulted in 100 % correct identifications of yeasts (15/15) and Gram-negative bacilli (165/165), respectively. The GP card correctly identified 92.6 % (199/215) of Gram-positive cocci, while the ANC card was unable to correctly identify any Gram-positive bacilli (0/5).Conclusions
The performance of the VITEK® 2 system was considered acceptable and statistical analysis showed that the system is a suitable option for routine clinical microbiology laboratories to identify different microorganisms.3.
Dimitrios J. Floros Paul R. Jensen Pieter C. Dorrestein Nobuhiro Koyama 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2016,12(9):145
Introduction
Natural products from culture collections have enormous impact in advancing discovery programs for metabolites of biotechnological importance. These discovery efforts rely on the metabolomic characterization of strain collections.Objective
Many emerging approaches compare metabolomic profiles of such collections, but few enable the analysis and prioritization of thousands of samples from diverse organisms while delivering chemistry specific read outs.Method
In this work we utilize untargeted LC–MS/MS based metabolomics together with molecular networking to inventory the chemistries associated with 1000 marine microorganisms.Result
This approach annotated 76 molecular families (a spectral match rate of 28 %), including clinically and biotechnologically important molecules such as valinomycin, actinomycin D, and desferrioxamine E. Targeting a molecular family produced primarily by one microorganism led to the isolation and structure elucidation of two new molecules designated maridric acids A and B.Conclusion
Molecular networking guided exploration of large culture collections allows for rapid dereplication of know molecules and can highlight producers of uniques metabolites. These methods, together with large culture collections and growing databases, allow for data driven strain prioritization with a focus on novel chemistries.4.
Roberto Stella Gaud Dervilly-Pinel Davide Bovo Eleonora Mastrorilli Anne-Lise Royer Roberto Angeletti Bruno Le Bizec Giancarlo Biancotto 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2017,13(7):80
Introduction
The surveillance of illegal anabolic practices in bovine meat production is necessary to guarantee consumers’ health. Screening strategies based on the recognition of indirect biological effects are considered by the community as promising tools to overcome some limitations of classical analytical methods and might therefore concur to ensure safer food for the consumer.Objectives
The present work aims at characterizing the metabolic profile induced in liver by administration of anabolic steroids, and at identifying potential disturbances in the hepatic metabolism.Methods
A total of 32 liver samples, 16 from untreated bulls and 16 from bulls treated with an ear implant (Revalor-XS®) containing trenbolone acetate (200 mg) and β-estradiol (40 mg), were analyzed following a LC–MS-based metabolomic analysis combining RP and HILIC chromatographic separations. Different multivariate statistical tools were applied to the datasets to select common metabolites that may be considered as potential markers based on their significant changes in concentrations after administration of sexual steroids.Results
Eight candidate markers were identified. Moreover, a subset of four markers was also validated by a different laboratory that performed the same analysis using an independent instrumental and elaboration platform, confirming the robustness of the results achieved.Conclusion
This study was performed mimicking experimental conditions that may be used during a potential misuse practice. It is promising in the objective of setting up an analytical strategy to highlight sexual steroids abuse in livestock animals.5.
Marie GB Hansen Mette Christoffersen Line R Thuesen Morten R Petersen Anders M Bojesen 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2010,52(1):3
Background
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum are able to infect horses. However, the extend to which Danish horses are infected and seroconvert due to these two bacteria is unknown. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of B. burgdorferi sensu lato and A. phagocytophilum in Danish horses.Methods
A total of 390 blood samples collected from all major regions of Denmark and with a geographical distribution corresponding to the density of the Danish horse population were analyzed. All samples were examined for the presence of antibodies against B. burgdorferi sensu lato and A. phagocytophilum by the use of the SNAP®4DX ® ELISA test.Results
Overall, 29.0% of the horses were seropositive for B. burgdorferi sensu lato whereas 22.3% were seropositive for A. phagocytophilum.Conclusions
Antibodies against B burgdorferi sensu lato and A. phagocytophilum are commonly found among Danish horses thus showing that Danish horses are frequently infected by these organisms.6.
Background
The objective of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic profile of a novel, once-daily, controlled-release formulation of hydromorphone (OROS® hydromorphone) under fasting conditions with that immediately after a high-fat breakfast in healthy volunteers. The effect of the opioid antagonist naltrexone on fasting hydromorphone pharmacokinetics also was evaluated.Methods
In an open-label, three-way, crossover study, 30 healthy volunteers were randomized to receive a single dose of 16 mg OROS® hydromorphone under fasting conditions, 16 mg OROS® hydromorphone under fed conditions, or 16 mg OROS® hydromorphone under fasting conditions with a naltrexone 50-mg block. Plasma samples taken pre-dose and at regular intervals up to 48 hours post-dose were assayed for hydromorphone concentrations. Analysis of variance was performed on log-transformed data; for mean ratios of 0.8 to 1.2 (20%), differences were considered minimal. Bioequivalence was reached if 90% confidence intervals (CI) of treatment mean ratios were between 80% and 125%.Results
The mean geometric ratios of the fed and fasting treatment groups for maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-t; AUC0-∞) were within 20%. Confidence intervals were within 80% to 125% for AUC0-t and AUC0-∞ but were slightly higher for Cmax (105.9% and 133.3%, respectively). With naltrexone block, the hydromorphone Cmax increased by 39% and the terminal half-life decreased by 4.5 hours. There was no significant change in Tmax, AUC0-t or AUC0-∞.Conclusion
Standard bioavailability measures show minimal effect of food on the bioavailability of hydromorphone from OROS® hydromorphone. Naltrexone co-administration results in a slight increase in the rate of absorption but not the extent of absorption.Trial Registration
Clinical Trials.gov NCT003992957.
Izabella Surowiec Erik Johansson Frida Torell Helena Idborg Iva Gunnarsson Elisabet Svenungsson Per-Johan Jakobsson Johan Trygg 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2017,13(10):114
Introduction
Availability of large cohorts of samples with related metadata provides scientists with extensive material for studies. At the same time, recent development of modern high-throughput ‘omics’ technologies, including metabolomics, has resulted in the potential for analysis of large sample sizes. Representative subset selection becomes critical for selection of samples from bigger cohorts and their division into analytical batches. This especially holds true when relative quantification of compound levels is used.Objectives
We present a multivariate strategy for representative sample selection and integration of results from multi-batch experiments in metabolomics.Methods
Multivariate characterization was applied for design of experiment based sample selection and subsequent subdivision into four analytical batches which were analyzed on different days by metabolomics profiling using gas-chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC–TOF–MS). For each batch OPLS-DA® was used and its p(corr) vectors were averaged to obtain combined metabolic profile. Jackknifed standard errors were used to calculate confidence intervals for each metabolite in the average p(corr) profile.Results
A combined, representative metabolic profile describing differences between systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and controls was obtained and used for elucidation of metabolic pathways that could be disturbed in SLE.Conclusion
Design of experiment based representative sample selection ensured diversity and minimized bias that could be introduced at this step. Combined metabolic profile enabled unified analysis and interpretation.8.
Kristin L. M. Boylan Kate Geschwind Joseph S. Koopmeiners Melissa A. Geller Timothy K. Starr Amy P. N. Skubitz 《Clinical proteomics》2017,14(1):34
Background
Currently, there are no FDA approved screening tools for detecting early stage ovarian cancer in the general population. Development of a biomarker-based assay for early detection would significantly improve the survival of ovarian cancer patients.Methods
We used a multiplex approach to identify protein biomarkers for detecting early stage ovarian cancer. This new technology (Proseek® Multiplex Oncology Plates) can simultaneously measure the expression of 92 proteins in serum based on a proximity extension assay. We analyzed serum samples from 81 women representing healthy, benign pathology, early, and advanced stage serous ovarian cancer patients.Results
Principle component analysis and unsupervised hierarchical clustering separated patients into cancer versus non-cancer subgroups. Data from the Proseek® plate for CA125 levels exhibited a strong correlation with current clinical assays for CA125 (correlation coefficient of 0.89, 95% CI 0.83, 0.93). CA125 and HE4 were present at very low levels in healthy controls and benign cases, while higher levels were found in early stage cases, with highest levels found in the advanced stage cases. Overall, significant trends were observed for 38 of the 92 proteins (p < 0.001), many of which are novel candidate serum biomarkers for ovarian cancer. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for CA125 was 0.98 and the AUC for HE4 was 0.85 when comparing early stage ovarian cancer versus healthy controls. In total, 23 proteins had an estimated AUC of 0.7 or greater. Using a naïve Bayes classifier that combined 12 proteins, we improved the sensitivity corresponding to 95% specificity from 93 to 95% when compared to CA125 alone. Although small, a 2% increase would have a significant effect on the number of women correctly identified when screening a large population.Conclusions
These data demonstrate that the Proseek® technology can replicate the results established by conventional clinical assays for known biomarkers, identify new candidate biomarkers, and improve the sensitivity and specificity of CA125 alone. Additional studies using a larger cohort of patients will allow for validation of these biomarkers and lead to the development of a screening tool for detecting early stage ovarian cancer in the general population.9.
N. Cesbron A.-L. Royer Y. Guitton A. Sydor B. Le Bizec G. Dervilly-Pinel 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2017,13(8):99
Introduction
Collecting feces is easy. It offers direct outcome to endogenous and microbial metabolites.Objectives
In a context of lack of consensus about fecal sample preparation, especially in animal species, we developed a robust protocol allowing untargeted LC-HRMS fingerprinting.Methods
The conditions of extraction (quantity, preparation, solvents, dilutions) were investigated in bovine feces.Results
A rapid and simple protocol involving feces extraction with methanol (1/3, M/V) followed by centrifugation and a step filtration (10 kDa) was developed.Conclusion
The workflow generated repeatable and informative fingerprints for robust metabolome characterization.10.
Justine Leenders Antoine Buemi Michel Mourad Pascal de Tullio François Jouret 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2017,13(8):94
Introduction
Pre-analytical processing significantly affects tissue metabolomes. Since most frozen kidney samples are stored after embedding, standardization of cryoprotective medium removal before metabolomics is essential.Objectives
We used rodent and human kidney samples to develop an easy and robust pre-analytical procedure compatible with 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics.Methods
In mice, renal ischemia was induced for 30 min, followed by 48-h reperfusion (I/R, n?=?6). Right kidneys were transversally cut in two fragments, and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen (LN2) or in Optimal Cutting Temperature ® (OCT) fixative. In man, double kidney biopsies were simultaneously obtained before transplantation (n?=?15), and snap-frozen in LN2 or OCT.Results
1H-NMR spectrum of pure OCT highlighted two major peaks, i.e. from 3.4 to 4.2 ppm (47.2%) and from 1.2 to 2.2 ppm (42.5%). 1H-NMR spectra of mouse OCT kidneys were biased at 3.7. By contrast, 1H-NMR analyses of mouse OCT kidneys iteratively rinsed in saline significantly discriminated sham versus I/R groups, with Q² at 0.695 (to be compared with Q² at 0.866 for LN2 sham vs. I/R kidneys). Discriminant metabolites were analogous in both OCT and LN2 kidneys, with a correlation coefficient of 0.83. In man, iteratively rinsing OCT kidneys in saline eliminated the spectral 3.7-peak, thereby making metabolomes of OCT kidneys interpretable and similar to LN2 samples, with a correlation coefficient of 0.73.Conclusion
NMR metabolomics using OCT-frozen kidney samples is valuable in mouse and man, following standardized OCT removal. This may help use residual biobanked human tissues to better understand renal pathophysiology.11.
Mark Daley Greg Dekaban Robert Bartha Arthur Brown Tanya Charyk Stewart Timothy Doherty Lisa Fischer Jeff Holmes Ravi S. Menon C. Anthony Rupar J. Kevin Shoemaker Douglas D. Fraser 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2016,12(12):185
Introduction
Concussions are a major health concern as they cause significant acute symptoms and in some athletes, long-term neurologic dysfunction. Diagnosis of concussion can be difficult, as are the decisions to stop play.Objective
To determine if concussions in adolescent male hockey players could be diagnosed using plasma metabolomics profiling.Methods
Plasma was obtained from 12 concussed and 17 non-concussed athletes, and assayed for 174 metabolites with proton nuclear magnetic resonance and direct injection liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Data were analysed with multivariate statistical analysis and machine learning.Results
The estimated time from concussion occurrence to blood draw at the first clinic visit was 2.3 ± 0.7 days. Using principal component analysis, the leading 10 components, each containing 9 metabolites, were shown to account for 82 % of the variance between cohorts, and relied heavily on changes in glycerophospholipids. Cross-validation of the classifier using a leave-one out approach demonstrated a 92 % accuracy rate in diagnosing a concussion (P < 0.0001). The number of metabolites required to achieve the 92 % diagnostic accuracy was minimized from 174 to as few as 17 metabolites. Receiver operating characteristic analyses generated an area under the curve of 0.91, indicating excellent concussion diagnostic potential.Conclusion
Metabolomics profiling, together with multivariate statistical analysis and machine learning, identified concussed athletes with >90 % certainty. Metabolomics profiling represents a novel diagnostic method for concussion, and may be amenable to point-of-care testing.12.
D. Jacob C. Deborde M. Lefebvre M. Maucourt A. Moing 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2017,13(4):36
Introduction
Concerning NMR-based metabolomics, 1D spectra processing often requires an expert eye for disentangling the intertwined peaks.Objectives
The objective of NMRProcFlow is to assist the expert in this task in the best way without requirement of programming skills.Methods
NMRProcFlow was developed to be a graphical and interactive 1D NMR (1H & 13C) spectra processing tool.Results
NMRProcFlow (http://nmrprocflow.org), dedicated to metabolic fingerprinting and targeted metabolomics, covers all spectra processing steps including baseline correction, chemical shift calibration and alignment.Conclusion
Biologists and NMR spectroscopists can easily interact and develop synergies by visualizing the NMR spectra along with their corresponding experimental-factor levels, thus setting a bridge between experimental design and subsequent statistical analyses.13.
Jimmy Lin 《BMC bioinformatics》2008,9(1):270
Background
Graph analysis algorithms such as PageRank and HITS have been successful in Web environments because they are able to extract important inter-document relationships from manually-created hyperlinks. We consider the application of these techniques to biomedical text retrieval. In the current PubMed® search interface, a MEDLINE® citation is connected to a number of related citations, which are in turn connected to other citations. Thus, a MEDLINE record represents a node in a vast content-similarity network. This article explores the hypothesis that these networks can be exploited for text retrieval, in the same manner as hyperlink graphs on the Web.Results
We conducted a number of reranking experiments using the TREC 2005 genomics track test collection in which scores extracted from PageRank and HITS analysis were combined with scores returned by an off-the-shelf retrieval engine. Experiments demonstrate that incorporating PageRank scores yields significant improvements in terms of standard ranked-retrieval metrics.Conclusion
The link structure of content-similarity networks can be exploited to improve the effectiveness of information retrieval systems. These results generalize the applicability of graph analysis algorithms to text retrieval in the biomedical domain.14.
Background
Transcutaneous neurostimulation (TNS) at extracephalic sites is a well known treatment of pain. Thanks to recent technical progress, the Cefaly® device now also allows supraorbital TNS. During observational clinical studies, several patients reported decreased vigilance or even sleepiness during a session of supraorbital TNS. We decided therefore to explore in more detail the potential sedative effect of supraorbital TNS, using standardized psychophysical tests in healthy volunteers.Methods
We performed a double-blind cross-over sham-controlled study on 30 healthy subjects. They underwent a series of 4 vigilance tests (Psychomotor Vigilance Task, Critical Flicker Fusion Frequency, Fatigue Visual Numeric Scale, d2 test). Each subject was tested under 4 different experimental conditions: without the neurostimulation device, with sham supraorbital TNS, with low frequency supraorbital TNS and with high frequency supraorbital TNS.Results
As judged by the results of three tests (Psychomotor Vigilance Task, Critical Flicker Fusion Frequency, Fatigue Visual Numeric Scale) there was a statistically significant (p < 0.001) decrease in vigilance and attention during high frequency TNS, while there were no changes during the other experimental conditions. Similarly, performance on the d2 test was impaired during high frequency TNS, but this change was not statistically significant.Conclusion
Supraorbital high frequency TNS applied with the Cefaly® device decreases vigilance in healthy volunteers. Additional studies are needed to determine the duration of this effect, the underlying mechanisms and the possible relation with the stimulation parameters. Meanwhile, this effect opens interesting perspectives for the treatment of hyperarousal states and, possibly, insomnia.15.
Bernard H Schmidt Ute Dribusch Peet C Delport Jürgen M Gropp F Josef van der Staay 《BMC veterinary research》2012,8(1):14
Background
Tolerability and efficacy of the intestinal phosphate binder Lantharenol® (lanthanum carbonate octahydrate) were tested in two prospective, randomized and negative controlled laboratory studies with healthy adult cats fed commercial maintenance diets non-restricted in phosphorus. In the first study, the maximal tolerated dose was determined. Starting from a dose of 0.125 g/kg body weight mixed with the daily feed ration, the dose of Lantharenol® was doubled every other week until signs of intolerability were observed (N = 10 cats compared to 5 untreated controls). In the second study, the effects of feed supplementation for two weeks with approximately 2, 6, and 20% of the maximal tolerated dose on phosphorus excretion patterns and balance were assessed (N = 8 cats per group).Results
Lantharenol® was found to be safe and well tolerated up to the dose of 1 g/kg bodyweight, corresponding to a concentration of 84 g Lantharenol®/kg complete feed, defined as dry matter with a standard moisture content of 12%. Feed supplementation for two weeks with approximately 2-20% of this dosage (i.e., 1.6, 4.8, and 16 g/kg complete feed) resulted in a shift from urinary to faecal phosphorus excretion. Apparent phosphorus digestibility was dose-dependently reduced compared to the control group fed with diet only (N = 8).Conclusions
The feed additive was well accepted and tolerated by all cats. Therefore, Lantharenol® presents a well tolerated and efficacious option to individually tailor restriction of dietary phosphorus as indicated, for instance, in feline chronic kidney disease.16.
Background
We present a probabilistic topic-based model for content similarity called pmra that underlies the related article search feature in PubMed. Whether or not a document is about a particular topic is computed from term frequencies, modeled as Poisson distributions. Unlike previous probabilistic retrieval models, we do not attempt to estimate relevance–but rather our focus is "relatedness", the probability that a user would want to examine a particular document given known interest in another. We also describe a novel technique for estimating parameters that does not require human relevance judgments; instead, the process is based on the existence of MeSH ® in MEDLINE ®.Results
The pmra retrieval model was compared against bm25, a competitive probabilistic model that shares theoretical similarities. Experiments using the test collection from the TREC 2005 genomics track shows a small but statistically significant improvement of pmra over bm25 in terms of precision.Conclusion
Our experiments suggest that the pmra model provides an effective ranking algorithm for related article search.17.
Background
Some studies indicate that the commonly recommended 30 s application time for the post contamination treatment of hands may not be necessary as the same effect may be achieved with some formulations in a shorter application time such as 15 s.Method
We evaluated the bactericidal activity of an ethanol-based hand gel (Sterillium® Comfort Gel) within 15 s in a time-kill-test against 11 Gram-positive, 16 Gram-negative bacteria and 11 emerging bacterial pathogens. Each strain was evaluated in quadruplicate.Results
The hand gel (85% ethanol, w/w) was found to reduce all 11 Gram-positive and all 16 Gram-negative bacteria by more than 5 log10 steps within 15 s, not only against the ATCC test strains but also against corresponding clinical isolates. In addition, a log10 reduction > 5 was observed against all tested emerging bacterial pathogens.Conclusion
The ethanol-based hand gel was found to have a broad spectrum of bactericidal activity in only 15 s which includes the most common species causing nosocomial infections and the relevant emerging pathogens. Future research will hopefully help to find out if a shorter application time for the post contamination treatment of hands provides more benefits or more risks.18.
19.
Background
Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) are widely used to diagnose malaria. The present study evaluated a new RDT, the Clearview® Malaria pLDH test targeting the pan-Plasmodium antigen lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH).Methods
The Clearview® Malaria pLDH test was evaluated on fresh samples obtained in returned international travellers using microscopy corrected by PCR as the reference method. Included samples were Plasmodium falciparum (139), Plasmodium vivax (22), Plasmodium ovale (20), Plasmodium malariae (7), and 102 negative.Results
Overall sensitivity for the detection of Plasmodium spp was 93.2%. For P. falciparum, the sensitivity was 98.6%; for P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae, overall sensitivities were 90.9%, 60.0% and 85.7% respectively. For P. falciparum and for P. vivax, the sensitivities increased to 100% at parasite densities above 100/μl. The specificity was 100%. The test was easily to perform and the result was stable for at least 1 hour.Conclusion
The Clearview® Malaria pLDH was efficient for the diagnosis of malaria. The test was very sensitive for P. falciparum and P. vivax detection. The sensitivities for P. ovale and P. malariae were better than other RDTs20.