Improving the activity and stability of GL-7-ACA acylase CA130 by site-directed mutagenesis

In the present study, glutaryl-7-amino cephalosporanic acid acylase from Pseudomonas sp. strain 130 (CA130) was mutated to improve its enzymatic activity and stability. Based on the crystal structure of CA130, two series of amino acid residues, one from those directly involved in catalytic function and another from those putatively involved in surface charge, were selected as targets for site-directed mutagenesis. In the first series of experiments, several key residues in the substrate-binding pocket were substituted, and the genes were expressed in Escherichia coli for activity screening. Two of the mutants constructed, Y151alphaF and Q50betaN, showed two- to threefold-increased catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) compared to wild-type CA130. Their K(m) values were decreased by ca. 50%, and the k(cat) values increased to 14.4 and 16.9 s(-1), respectively. The ability of these mutants to hydrolyze adipoyl 6-amino penicillinic acid was also improved. In the second series of mutagenesis, several mutants with enhanced stabilities were identified. Among them, R121betaA and K198betaA had a 30 to 58% longer half-life than wild-type CA130, and K198betaA and D286betaA showed an alkaline shift of optimal pH by about 1.0 to 2.0 pH units. To construct an engineered enzyme with the properties of both increased activity and stability, the double mutant Q50betaN/K198betaA was expressed. This enzyme was purified and immobilized for catalytic analysis. The immobilized mutant enzyme showed a 34.2% increase in specific activity compared to the immobilized wild-type CA130.     

假单胞菌sp.130 GL-7-ACA酰化酶的核苷酸和蛋白质序列分析

对来源于假单胞菌sp.130的戊二酰-7-氨基头孢烷酸（GL－7－ACA）酰化酶结构基因的全序列及所编码蛋白质的α,β亚基的N末端和C末端的氨基酸序列进行了测定。将蛋白质序列与其他同类的GL－7－ACA酰化酶进行了同源性比较,结果显示该酶与来源于假单胞菌GK16和C427的酰化酶的序列有较高同源性,而与其它同类酰化酶的同源性较低。这些酶的α亚基N－末端差别较大,但是β－亚基的N－末端有较高的保守性。     

产GL-7-ACA酰化酶重组大肠杆菌的构建和表达

为了实现GL-7-ACA酰化酶在大肠杆菌中的成功表达,将GL-7-ACA酰化酶基因用PCR的方法去除其信号肽序列,并将其连接到质粒pET-28a,通过筛选得到了表达GL-7-ACA酰化酶的重组菌B121(DE3),pET-ACY。分别考察了诱导温度、菌浓(OD600)、诱导剂IFrG的用量等因素对重组菌表达GL-7-ACA酰化酶的影响。在优化条件下,GL-7-ACA酰化酶酶活可达266U／L。GL-7-ACA酰化酶经一步DEAE-Sepharose纯化即可达到80％的纯度,酶活收率为50％。     

GL-7-ACA酰化酶发酵培养基的均匀优化设计

采用国产原料,应用均匀设计优选试验方法,对GL-7-ACA酰化酶生产用的发酵培养基配方进行了优化,取得了良好的效果,最终摇瓶效价达3919．03U／L。     

通过定点突变提高纳豆激酶纤溶活性和热稳定性

纳豆激酶（Nattokinase, NK）是一种纤溶酶，可溶解血栓，常用于治疗心血管疾病（CVDs）。然而，野生型NK往往表现出很少的纤溶能力和较低的热稳定性，针对如何提高NK的热稳定性和活性开展研究。使用重叠延伸PCR法将NK中位于194位的Ser替换为Pro，为验证突变后的热稳定性，将野生型NK和突变体S194P均在不同温度下孵育相同时间，使用纤维蛋白板法测定二者酶活，验证热稳定性。成功构建了pET-26b-NK_S194P，测量酶活结果显示，野生型NK和突变体S194P酶活分别达到101.30 IU/mL和123.23 IU/mL，结果表明突变体S194P的酶活比野生型NK高（18.10±2）%，将野生型NK和突变体S194P在60~65 ℃温度下孵育30 min后测量酶活，野生型NK在63 ℃时丧失酶活，突变体S194P在65 ℃时丧失酶活，耐热温度提高2 ℃。结果表明，突变体S194p的蛋白结构在突变后发生了改变，使NK提高了耐热温度。     

GL-7ACA酰化酶基因工程菌(Escherichia coli MMR204/pZC1)批式补糖发酵条件优化

戊二酰-7-氨基头孢烷酸(GL-7-ACA)酰化酶(3．1．5．11)可有效催化GL-7ACA分子中戊二酰基侧链水解,形成7-氨基头孢烷酸(7-ACA)而成为两步酶法生产7-ACA的重要工业用酶之一。在已构建的GL-7ACA酰化酶基因(acy)重组质粒pZC1基础上,进一步对酰化酶基因工程菌Escherichia coli MMR204／pZC1的产酶发酵条件进行了考察。研究表明,工程菌的最佳发酵温度为33℃,pH7．5～8．5的微碱条件有利于酶的生成。LB培养基补加适量葡萄糖(1～5g／L),可提高发酵生物量和产酶水平,但葡萄糖的过量补加(6g／L以上),则导致发酵液偏酸(低至pH4．0)而完全抑制酰化酶生成,并证明工程菌生长和产酶对乙酸的抑制效应较为敏感。同时通过5L自控发酵罐的批式补糖试验,对恒速流加、pH反馈控制和指数流加等三种补糖模式的发酵产酶进程进行了比较。结果发现,三种方式的补糖条件下,acy基因在tac启动子控制下,呈组成型表达,细胞生长与产酶同步,无需诱导;其中,以指数流加方式得到的生物量和产酶水平最高。而从acy基因的表达效率,即比酶活看,pH反馈的补料方法略高于恒速或指数流加模式。     

定点突变提高青霉素G酰化酶的稳定性

以大肠杆菌青霉素G酰化酶的晶体结构为模板 ,用软件PMODELING同源模建巨大芽孢杆菌青霉素G酰化酶的三维结构。在此基础上 ,将 β亚基 4 2 7位 (突变A)和 4 3 0位 (突变B)赖氨酸残基突变为丙氨酸 ,降低了该酶的等电点 ,增加了疏水性 ,从而提高其在酸性和有机溶剂环境中的稳定性。两个突变体与亲本相比 ,比活力和Km相近 ,最适pH减少了 0 .5个单位 ,突变B在 pH 5 .2的溶液中的稳定性明显提高。突变A和B在 15 %DMF中的半衰期分别比亲本酶提高了 60 %和 166%     

头孢菌素C乙酰化酶的半理性改造及7-ACA的生物合成

CPC乙酰化酶是一步酶法制备7-ACA的关键酶,针对它的研究具有重大的经济价值。为了获得对CPC具有更高催化活性的CPC乙酰化酶,以Pseudomonas sp SE 83来源的Ⅲ型CPC乙酰化酶CA Ⅲ为亲本,借助分子对接的手段确定了它与CPC结合的关键氨基酸残基,并确定将这些关键氨基酸残基突变为侧链基团更小的氨基酸残基,对CA Ⅲ的编码基因利用多点定点突变试剂盒完成定点突变后借助p ET32a质粒在E.coli BL21(DE3)中实现了可溶性表达,获得了对CPC催化活性更高的重组突变体reCA Ⅲ~M,其比酶活为26.7 IU/mg,较原酶提高了3.44倍。此外,初步研究了利用reCA Ⅲ~M进行一步酶法生产7-ACA的工艺,40 IU/g CPC的加酶量、25℃的条件下反应12 h,CPC的转化率和7-ACA的得率分别可达96.3%和63.4%,表明该酶具有良好的应用前景。CPC乙酰化酶的分子改造上取得的较为理想的结果,为该酶进一步的分子改造及应用奠定了坚实的基础,也为其它酶的分子改造提供了可资借鉴的经验。     

Improving the Thermostability and Catalytic Efficiency of Bacillus deramificans Pullulanase by Site-Directed Mutagenesis

Pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) is a well-known starch-debranching enzyme. Its instability and low catalytic efficiency are the major factors preventing its widespread application. To address these issues, Asp437 and Asp503 of the pullulanase from Bacillus deramificans were selected in this study as targets for site-directed mutagenesis based on a structure-guided consensus approach. Four mutants (carrying the mutations D503F, D437H, D503Y, and D437H/D503Y) were generated and characterized in detail. The results showed that the D503F, D437H, and D503Y mutants had an optimum temperature of 55°C and a pH optimum of 4.5, similar to that of the wild-type enzyme. However, the half-lives of the mutants at 60°C were twice as long as that of the wild-type enzyme. In addition, the D437H/D503Y double mutant displayed a larger shift in thermostability, with an optimal temperature of 60°C and a half-life at 60°C of more than 4.3-fold that of the wild-type enzyme. Kinetic studies showed that the K_m values for the D503F, D437H, D503Y, and D437H/D503Y mutants decreased by 7.1%, 11.4%, 41.4%, and 45.7% and the K_cat/K_m values increased by 10%, 20%, 140%, and 100%, respectively, compared to those of the wild-type enzyme. Mechanisms that could account for these enhancements were explored. Moreover, in conjunction with the enzyme glucoamylase, the D503Y and D437H/D503Y mutants exhibited an improved reaction rate and glucose yield during starch hydrolysis compared to those of the wild-type enzyme, confirming the enhanced properties of the mutants. The mutants generated in this study have potential applications in the starch industry.     

GL-7ACA酰化酶表达检测系统的建立

戊二酰－7－氨基头孢烷酸（GL－7ACA）酰化酶能够催化GL－7ACA分解生成7－ACA,后者是工业半合成生产头孢类抗菌素所需的重要前体。为了准确地检测GL－7ACA酰化酶及其突变体的表达,本研究通过构建一系列质粒载体,建立了两个简便有效地测定GL－7ACA酰化酶基因acy表达量的系统,从而可对酶的比活力进行定量。我们将两个报告基因,即儿茶酚双加氧酶基因（xylE)和β－半乳糖苷酶基因（lacZ)分别置于acy基因的下游,使之与acy基因共用一个启动子,进行串联表达,各自构成一个多顺反子系统。实验证明,基因融合后的儿茶酚双加氧酶或β－半乳糖苷酶的活力可以间接反映acy的表达量。     

头孢菌素酰化酶基因在大肠杆菌中的表达规律

假单孢菌sp .130头孢菌素酰化酶催化戊二酰 7 氨基头孢烷酸的水解反应 ,生成 7 氨基头孢烷酸。 7 氨基头孢烷酸是医药工业合成大多数头孢菌素衍生物的起始原料。在 6种大肠杆菌表达质粒上构建了表达该酶的不同载体 ,得到了不同表达结果的大肠杆菌转化子。这些质粒有各自的特点 ,适用于不同的场合。     

Improving the Thermostability of Raw-Starch-Digesting Amylase from a Cytophaga sp. by Site-Directed Mutagenesis

A heat-stable raw-starch-digesting amylase (RSDA) was generated through PCR-based site-directed mutagenesis. At 65°C, the half-life of this mutant RSDA, which, compared with the wild-type RSDA, lacks amino acids R178 and G179, was increased 20-fold. While the wild type was inactivated completely at pH 3.0, the mutant RSDA still retained 41% of its enzymatic activity. The enhancement of RSDA thermostability was demonstrated to be via a Ca²⁺-independent mechanism.     

Computer-Aided Design of the Stability of Pyruvate Formate-Lyase from Escherichia coli by Site-Directed Mutagenesis

Using computer-aided design of single-site mutations, three amino acid residues determined by changes in folding free energy between wild-type (wt) and mutant proteins were exchanged to enhance the stability of pyruvate formate-lyase (PFL). The mutant enzymes were tested for properties such as optimum temperature, optimum pH, kinetic parameters, and stability to temperature. There were two mutant variants, Glu336Cys and Glu400Ile, that exhibited increased thermostability as compared to the wt enzyme. The melting temperatures (T _m, the temperature at which 50% inactivation occurs after heat treatment for 20 min) of Glu336Cys and Glu400Ile increased by 3.7 and 2.2 respectively. They also showed an increase in half life of about 1.80 and 2.21-fold, whereas Ala273Cys showed a slight decrease as compared with the wt enzyme.     

定点突变提高醇脱氢酶LkTADH催化制备他汀关键手性砌块的酶活

(S)-6-氯-3-羰基-5-羟基己酸叔丁酯[(S)-CHOH]是他汀类药物合成的关键手性中间体。利用醇脱氢酶催化6-氯-3,5-二羰基己酸叔丁酯不对称合成(S)-CHOH是很有潜力的制备路线,目前存在的主要问题是醇脱氢酶催化活性较低。首先对来源于Lactobacillus kefir DSM 20587的醇脱氢酶的四点突变体LkTADH(A94T/F147L/A202L/L199H)进行回复突变,确定了关键位点147和202,并获得比酶活提高1倍的突变体MF147L-A202L。对这两个位点进行饱和突变,获得比酶活比LkTADH提高1.47倍的突变体MF147I-A202L。其比酶活为10.17U/mg,为目前文献报道最高水平。通过动力学分析和分子对接,分析了突变位点对酶活影响的机制,为后续研究奠定了良好的基础。     

Stabilization of Penicillin G Acylase from Escherichia coli: Site-Directed Mutagenesis of the Protein Surface To Increase Multipoint Covalent Attachment

Three mutations on the penicillin acylase surface (increasing the number of Lys in a defined area) were performed. They did not alter the enzyme's stability and kinetic properties; however, after immobilization on glyoxyl-agarose, the mutant enzyme showed improved stability under all tested conditions (e.g., pH 2.5 at 4°C, pH 5 at 60°C, pH 7 at 55°C, or 60% dimethylformamide), with stabilization factors ranging from 4 to 11 compared with the native enzyme immobilized on glyoxyl-agarose.     

具有抗HIV活性的突变型天花粉蛋白TCSYFF-KR的构建及原核表达

目的：构建具有抗HIV活性的突变型天花粉蛋白（TCS）,并将其在原核系统内进行表达与纯化。方法：借助计算机预测TCS分子上可能的抗原决定簇（YFF81-83和KR173-174）,并依此设计适当的突变引物;以栝楼基因组DNA为模板,利用重组PCR技术扩增双突变型TCS全长基因,经BamHI和EcoRI双酶切后与原核表达载体pRSET-A连接,转化感受态大肠杆菌DH5α,提取质粒进行酶切鉴定及测序;将所获阳性重组质粒转化感受态大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）,经IPTG诱导表达后,对表达产物进行Western印迹鉴定;用Ni-NTA亲和层析柱对所获突变型TCS蛋白进行纯化。结果：构建了突变型TCSYFY-KR,并获得了该蛋白在大肠杆菌内的可溶性高效表达;经Ni-NTA亲和层析柱纯化,产生大量均一的突变型TCS蛋白。结论：TCS的定点突变及其在原核系统内的表达,为基因工程方法改造TCS提供了一条新途径。     

The Role of the Disulfide Bridge in the Stability and Structural Integrity of Ovalbumin Evaluated by Site-Directed Mutagenesis

To provide a molecular explanation of the role of the disulfide (SS) bridge in the thermostability and structural integrity of ovalbumin (OVA), we prepared SS-mutated OVAs in which SS-forming residues were replaced by Ala or Ser (C73A, C73S, C120A, and C73/120A), and compared the conformation, thermostability, susceptibility to elastase, and formation of heat-stable OVA (S-OVA) with those of the wild-type. The circular dichroism (CD) and tryptophan fluorescence spectra revealed that the SS-mutated OVAs assumed a native-like conformation similar to the wild-type. The thermal denaturation temperature for the SS-mutated OVAs was significantly lower than that for the wild-type. C73S, C120A, and C73/120A mutants converted to S-OVA on alkaline treatment. Analyses for elastase digestion fragments showed that a non-native SS bridge was generated in all SS-mutated OVAs, but non-native SS-pairing did not contribute to thermostability. Hence, we concluded that the presence of the original SS bridge in OVA contributes to conformational stability but is not directly related to the conversion to S-OVA.     

Site-Directed Mutagenesis,Heterologous Expression of Cyanamide Hydratase Gene and Antimicrobial Activity of Cyanamide

Site-directed mutagenesis on a recombinant plasmid, pUC8, that contained the cah gene, was conducted and confirmed by sequence analysis. Single base substitution, G to A at nucleotide position 81 or T to C at nucleotide position 84 of cah gene does not change the amino acid sequence of cah enzyme but eliminates the HindIII site. The wild-type cah and its mutants were cloned and overexpressed in pQE-60 Escherichia coli expression system. Western blot analysis confirmed the production of 27.7-kDa cah enzyme by all the recombinants. The mutated cah gene devoid of HindIII site was used to generate a recombinant plant transformation vector (pCAMBIA-cah). Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was performed in Nicotiana tabaccum cv. Samsun plants by employing the leaf-disc method. The integration and expression of cah gene in transgenic plants were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction, Southern and Western blot analyses. Antimicrobial activity of cyanamide against phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria was determined. Cyanamide can be used as fertilizer as well as an antimicrobial salt against phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. The present investigation reports the heterologous expression of the cah marker gene. Due to its innate ability to convert cyanamide to urea and the broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of cyanamide, the cah gene can be used to facilitate plant growth promotion and biocontrol of phytopathogens.     

Analysis of the Two-Peptide Bacteriocins Lactococcin G and Enterocin 1071 by Site-Directed Mutagenesis

The two peptides (Lcn-α and Lcn-β) of the two-peptide bacteriocin lactococcin G (Lcn) were changed by stepwise site-directed mutagenesis into the corresponding peptides (Ent-α and Ent-β) of the two-peptide bacteriocin enterocin 1071 (Ent), and the potencies and specificities of the various hybrid constructs were determined. Both Lcn and, to a lesser extent, Ent were active against all the tested lactococcal strains, but only Ent was active against the tested enterococcal strains. The two bacteriocins thus differed in their relative potencies to various target cells, despite their sequence similarities. The hybrid combination Lcn-α+Ent-β had low potency against all strains tested, indicating that these two peptides do not interact optimally. The reciprocal hybrid combination (i.e., Ent-α+Lcn-β), in contrast, was highly potent, indicating that these two peptides may form a functional antimicrobial unit. In fact, this hybrid combination (Ent-α+Lcn-β) was more potent against lactococcal strains than wild-type Ent was (i.e., Ent-α+Ent-β), but it was inactive against enterococcal strains (in contrast to Ent but similar to Lcn). The observation that Ent-α is more active against lactococci in combination with Lcn-β and more active against enterococci in combination with Ent-β suggests that the β peptide is an important determinant of target cell specificity. Especially the N-terminal residues of the β peptide seem to be important for specificity, since Ent-α combined with an Ent-β variant with Ent-to-Lcn mutations at positions 1 to 4, 7, 9, and 10 was >150-fold less active against enterococcal strains but one to four times more active against lactococcal strains than Ent-α+Ent-β. Moreover, Ent-to-Lcn single-residue mutations in the region spanning residues 1 to 7 in Ent-β had a more detrimental effect on the activity against enterococci than on that against lactococcal strains. Of the single-residue mutations made in the N-terminal region of the α peptide, the Ent-to-Lcn mutations N8Q and P12R in Ent-α influenced specificity, as follows: the N8Q mutation had no effect on activity against tested enterococcal strains but increased the activity 2- to 4-fold against the tested lactococcal strains, and the P12R mutation reduced the activity >150-fold and only ~2-fold against enterococcal and lactococcal strains, respectively. Changing residues in the C-terminal half/part of the Lcn peptides (residues 20 to 39 and 25 to 35 in Lcn-α and Lcn-β, respectively) to those found in the corresponding Ent peptides did not have a marked effect on the activity, but there was an ~10-fold or greater reduction in the activity upon also introducing Lcn-to-Ent mutations in the mid-region (residues 8 to 19 and 9 to 24 in Lcn-α and Lcn-β, respectively). Interestingly, the Lcn-to-Ent F19L+G20A mutation in an Lcn-Ent-β hybrid peptide was more detrimental when the altered peptide was combined with Lcn-α (>10-fold reduction) than when it was combined with Ent-α (~2-fold reduction), suggesting that residues 19 and 20 (which are part of a GXXXG motif) in the β peptide may be involved in a specific interaction with the cognate α peptide. It is also noteworthy that the K2P and A7P mutations in Lcn-β reduced the activity only ~2-fold, suggesting that the first seven residues in the β peptides do not form an α-helix.     

Functional Analysis of Conserved Histidines in Choline Acetyltransferase by Site-Directed Mutagenesis

Abstract: The choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) reaction involves the transfer of the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA to choline, in which an active site histidine is believed to act as a general acid/base catalyst. A comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of the enzyme from Drosophila , pig, rat, and Caernohabditis elegans revealed three conserved histidines: Drosophila His²⁶⁸, His³⁹³, and His⁴²⁶. Each of these histidines was replaced by a leucine and a glutamine, and the kinetic properties of each of the recombinant mutant enzymes were determined. The mutations yielded active His²⁶⁸Leu-ChAT, His^Z68Gln-ChAT, and His³⁹³Gln-ChAT and inactive His³⁹³Leu-ChAT, His⁴²⁶Leu- ChAT, and His⁴²⁶Gln-ChAT. The kinetic constants K_m(CoA), K_{m(acetyloholine)}. and V_max were essentially the same for all of the active mutants. When the integrity of the CoASAc binding site was investigated in the inactive mutants, the data suggested that the binding site in His³⁹³Leu-ChAT is disrupted but conserved in His⁴²⁶Leu-ChAT and His⁴²⁶Gln- ChAT. These results suggest that His⁴²⁶ is an essential catalytic residue and could serve as an acid/base catalyst.