Comparative study of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical techniques for the detection of human papillomavirus in lesions of the uterine cervix.

Among the techniques currently used for the detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) in genital lesions, only two correlate HPV with the histopathological findings of the lesion: immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Consequently, we were prompted to carry out a comparative study on both techniques to check their utility and efficacy as routine diagnostic methods. 52 biopsy specimens of uterine cervix diagnosed histopathologically as condylomas and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia+koilocytosis were studied by immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization techniques using a polyclonal antibody against the common antigen of the HPV capsid and three biotinylated DNA probes specific to HPV types 6/11, 16/18 and 31/35/51. Immunohistochemistry detected 21 positive cases (40.38%), whereas in situ hybridization detected 40 positive cases (76.92%); of the latter, 30 were positive for HPV types 6/11, 3 for HPV types 16/18 and 11 for HPV types 31/35/51. The results suggest that in situ hybridization is a more sensitive technique than immunohistochemistry. However, we recommend the use of both techniques in the case of potentially malignant lesions since better prognostic information can be obtained from joint analysis of both results.     

Detection of human papillomavirus in cervical smears. A comparison of in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry and cytopathology

A comparison of different methods for the detection of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection was made on patients attending the cervical dysplasia clinic. Cytomorphology, immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization were compared for their ability to detect HPV. Separate cervicovaginal smears from 50 patients were tested for HPV types 6/11, 16 and 18 by in situ hybridization using 35S-labeled DNA probes. Duplicate smears from the same patients were Papanicolaou stained and evaluated for evidence of condylomatous and dysplastic changes. Twenty-five matching cervical biopsies were immunostained for HPV capsid antigen and tested by in situ hybridization for HPV DNA. The cytologic smears of 20 patients (40%) were positive for HPV DNA. Six patients had HPV 6/11, ten had HPV 16, three had HPV 18, and one had both HPV 6/11 and HPV 16. There was a high correlation between condylomatous cytopathology and antigen and DNA detection. One-third of the specimens with condylomatous changes were DNA negative by the tested probes, suggesting the presence of other HPV types in the genital tract.     

Presence of human papillomavirus genome in human tumor cell lines and cultured cells.

A series of 47 human carcinoma cell lines and their cultured cells were examined for human papillomavirus (HPV) genomes with the use of an HPV detection kit (DNA-RNA hybridization, mixed HPV DNA probe of types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33 and 35). Four of 8 cases of mild dysplasia, 3 of 9 cases of severe dysplasia, 3 of 7 cases of carcinoma in situ, 3 of 15 cases of uterine carcinoma and 5 of 6 cases of condyloma acuminatum were shown to contain the HPV DNA genome in primary cultured cells, while HPV was not detected in the third-passage cells except for the three cases of large cell, nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma. HPV was also not detected in such normal tissues as uterine cervical squamous epithelium, uterine cervical columnar epithelium and endometrium. The presence of HPV DNA genomes was detected consistently in the passages of three lines (SKG-II, HKMUS and HKTUS; large cell nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinomas of the uterine cervix) with the use of the Southern Blot method (DNA-DNA hybridization, mixed HPV probe of types 6, 11, 16 and 18). HPV type 16 DNA was detected in HKTUS, and HPV type 18 DNA was found in SKG-II and HKMUS. The other 44 cell lines, including ovarian carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, sarcoma, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer and rectal cancer, were negative for the HPV-6, HPV-11, HPV-16, HPV-18, HPV-31, HPV-33 and HPV-35 genomes under stringent hybridization conditions.     

Human papillomavirus DNA detection in Papanicolaou-stained cervical smears with a nonradioactive, in situ hybridization assay.

Archived Papanicolaou-stained cervical smears from women with different cervical pathologies were processed for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA detection and typing with an in situ hybridization (ISH) assay that employed commercial biotinylated HPV DNA probes. Two HPV DNA probes were utilized: one included HPV genotypes 6/11 and the other, 16/18. The method yielded positive results for HPV DNA 6/11 in 5 cases with condylomata acuminata (100%) and in 2 of 47 with flat warty lesions (4.2%), whereas HPV DNA 16/18 was detected in 29/47 of the latter group (61.7%). In cases with cervical intraepithelial III or invasive squamous cell carcinoma the yield was lower: positive results for HPV DNA 16/18 were obtained in only one of the five cases with one or the other cervical pathology (20%). An analysis of the results showed that the sensitivity of the assay correlated with evidence in the Papanicolaou specimens of pathognomonic cell injury from HPV infection. In the presence of such cytologic features, HPV DNA typing was possible in 37/52 cases (65.4%). In view of the modest difficulty and relatively quick execution of the nonradioactive ISH assay, the authors believe that Papanicolaou cervical smears with cytologic changes of HPV infection could be processed by this method in order to acquire information on the HPV type or types involved in the cervical infection.     

Human papillomavirus prevalence among women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia III and invasive cervical cancer from Goiânia,Brazil

This study estimated the prevalence and distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) types among women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade III and invasive cervical cancer from Goi s (Brazil Central Region). Seventy-four cases were analyzed and consisted of 18 CIN III, 48 squamous cell carcinomas, 4 adenocarcinomas, 1 adenosquamous carcinoma and 3 undifferentiated carcinomas. HPV-DNA sequences were examined in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues using primers from L1 region GP5+/GP6+. Polymerase chain reaction products were typed with dot blot hybridization using probes for HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 54, 6/11, 42/43/44, 51/52, 56/58. The prevalence of HPV was estimated to be 76% (56/74). HPV 16 was the most frequently found type, followed by HPV 33, 18 and 31. The prevalence of untyped HPV was 6%; 79% percent of the squamous cell carcinoma cases and 61% percent of the CIN III were positive for HPV and the prevalence rate of HPV types was the same for the total number of cases. According to other studies, HPV type 16 is the most prevalent virus in all Brazilian regions, but there is variation regarding to other types. Type 18 is the second most prevalent HPV in North, Southeast and South Brazil regions and types 31 and 33 are the second most prevalent HPV in Northeast and Central Brazil, respectively.     

Study of stringency conditions for human papillomavirus DNA detection on cell lines,frozen and paraffin-embedded tissue sections by in situ hybridization with biotinylated probes

Summary In situ hybridization was mainly used for typing human papillomavirus (HPV) in paraffin-embedded or frozen sections under stringent conditions (SC). We tested 5 different conditions of stringency with biotinylated HPV 1, 2, 16 and 18 probes on 3 cell lines (Siha and CaSki with HPV16, HeLa with HPV18) by varying the concentration of formamide in the hybridization mixture and washings in order to determine the stringency conditions to be used to assess the presence of HPV and its typing: A-low stringency, hybridization at 35° C below the melting temperature of DNA (Tm-35° C) and washings without formamide; B-low stringency, hybridization and washings at Tm-35° C; C-medium stringency, hybridization at Tm-35° C and washings at Tm-12° C; D-high stringency, hybridization at Tm-12° C and washing without formamide; E-very high stringency, hybridization and washings at –12° C. This study showed that HPV typing required a high stringency. On the contrary, under non stringent conditions (NSC), each cell line was positive with the heterologous probes.When 3 to 5 stringency conditions were assayed on 4 frozen samples, similar results were obtained. Typing required high stringency conditions whereas NSC allowed HPV detection. Furthermore, this study demonstrated the specificity of the reaction in lesions positive with more than one type.Stringent (Tm-12° C) and non stringent (Tm-35° C) conditions of hybridization were further applied to 57 biopsy sections (17 frozen and 40 paraffin-embedded specimens) from typical wart lesions and lesions suspected of HPV. Nineteen samples were totally negative under both NSC and SC, and considered as non-infected by HPV. In 22 specimens positive, under both NSC and stringent conditions (SC), the HPV type was identified. Ten specimens reacted with 1, 2 or 3 HPV types under NSC but the HPV DNA was not typed with the probes used. Six lesions were negative under NSC but were typed under SC. Most paraffin sections were labeled only with one HPV probe under NSC, whereas frozen sections were often labeled with 2 or 3 HPV probes. The HPV probe positive under SC was usually positive under NSC in both frozen and paraffin sections. HPV type 1 probe was more frequently positive under NSC in paraffin- embedded sections than the others and the 4 probes tested were equally positive in frozen sections.These findings show the interest of in situ hybridization in low stringency conditions since 17% of our lesions (10/57) were positive only under NSC: HPV DNA was detected but not typed with the probes used. Frozen sections were more frequently positive than paraffin sections, suggesting a loss of DNA accessibility in the latter, due to the fixation or processing before hybridization.     

Detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) in genital warts and carcinomas by DNA in situ hybridization in Chinese patients

A series of 51 genital biopsies from normal epithelium, condylomata acuminata, leucoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma from Chinese male and female patients were analysed for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16 and 18 by DNA in situ hybridization. All of the nine genital condyloma acuminata were positive for HPV DNA, in which HPV 6 was found in six cases, HPV 11 in two cases and HPV 18 in one case. Twelve out of the 21 cases (57.1% of the total) of cervical squamous cell carcinoma were shown to contain HPV DNA; HPV 16 was found in nine cases, HPV 18 in two cases and HPV 16/18 in one case. Present results support the earlier concept that HPV 6/11 are closely associated with benign genital lesions, and HPV 16/18 are mostly confined to higher grade of intra-epithelial neoplasias and carcinoma.     

乳头瘤病毒及协同因子与宫颈癌的关系

本研究旨在探讨宫颈癌前病变和宫颈癌的发生发展与人乳头瘤病毒及协同因子（HSV,CMV）的关系。 对81例不同宫颈病变组织进行HPV16/18和HPV6/11原位杂交,同时对103例不同宫颈病变组织用DNA扩增法检测HPV、HSV 和CMV。结果表明病毒DNA原位杂交信号的分布与HE染色中挖空细胞的分布一致。HPV16/18与不同宫颈病变组织原位杂交阳性率平均为51%,HPV6/11的则为64%。经PCR检测,HPV16/18、HPV6/11、HSV、 CMV在不同宫颈病变组织中的阳性率分别为21%、4%、23%和0%。HSV可协同HPV16/18恶性转化宫颈上皮细胞,并对其协同机制进行了细胞及分子生物学的探讨。 Abstract:The carcinogenesis of the human cervical precancerous lesion,cervical carcinoma is known closely associated with human papillomavirus (HPV).The purpose of this article is to identify whether HSV and CMV play as co factor role in the carcinogenesis.Eighty one cases of various cervical lesions were analyzed by HPV6/11,HPV16/18 in situ hybridization.Meanwhile,HPV,HSV and CMV were determined in 103 cases of various cervical lesions.The results show that the distribution of positive hybridization signal was consistent with the distribution of Koilocytic cells in HE stain.Of these cervical specimens investigated,the positive rates of HPV16/18 and HPV6/11 using ISH were 51% and 64%,respectively,the infection rates of HPV16/18,HPV6/11,HSV and CMV using PCR were 21%,4% 23% and 0%,respectively.The co operation effect of HPV and HSV occurred in the oncogenesis of human cervical carcinoma,and moreover,the cellular and molecular biological mechanisms were discussed.     

Comparison of the detection of cervical human papillomavirus infection by filter DNA hybridization of cytologic specimens and by in situ DNA hybridization of tissues

Cellular samples and subsequent cone biopsy samples from the same site in 18 patients were screened for infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 (HPV 16/18) by DNA hybridization. Filter hybridization of cells collected using cervical swabs was significantly less sensitive (with only 4 positive results) in detecting HPV 16/18 DNA sequences than was in situ hybridization of tissue sections (with 16 positive results). The in situ hybridization results correlated well with the cytologic and histologic findings of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grades II (mild dysplasia) and III (severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ).     

Study of stringency conditions for human papillomavirus DNA detection on cell lines, frozen and paraffin-embedded tissue sections by in situ hybridization with biotinylated probes

In situ hybridization was mainly used for typing human papillomavirus (HPV) in paraffin-embedded or frozen sections under stringent conditions (SC). We tested 5 different conditions of stringency with biotinylated HPV 1, 2, 16 and 18 probes on 3 cell lines (Sihà and CaSki with HPV16, HeLa with HPV18) by varying the concentration of formamide in the hybridization mixture and washings in order to determine the stringency conditions to be used to assess the presence of HPV and its typing: A-low stringency, hybridization at 35 degrees C below the melting temperature of DNA (Tm-35 degrees C) and washings without formamide; B-low stringency, hybridization and washings at Tm-35 degrees C; C-medium stringency, hybridization at Tm-35 degrees C and washings at Tm-12 degrees C; D-high stringency, hybridization at Tm-12 degrees C and washing without formamide; E-very high stringency, hybridization and washings at -12 degrees C. This study showed that HPV typing required a high stringency. On the contrary, under non stringent conditions (NSC), each cell line was positive with the heterologous probes. When 3 to 5 stringency conditions were assayed on 4 frozen samples, similar results were obtained. Typing required high stringency conditions whereas NSC allowed HPV detection. Furthermore, this study demonstrated the specificity of the reaction in lesions positive with more than one type. Stringent (Tm-12 degrees C) and non stringent (Tm-35 degrees C) conditions of hybridization were further applied to 57 biopsy sections (17 frozen and 40 paraffin-embedded specimens) from typical wart lesions and lesions suspected of HPV.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

In situ hybridization with human papillomavirus using biotinylated DNA probes on archival cervical smears.

We report a method of in situ hybridization (ISH) of 10-year-old archival cervical smears with a cocktail of nick-translated human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA types 6, 11, 16, 18, and 31. The method, which does not require destaining, results in excellent preservation of morphological detail with only 2% cell loss. Methods of smear treatment and detection of the biotinylated probe with a multistep avidin-biotin-immunoperoxidase method are described. Biotinylated PBR 322 plasmid and biotinylated human DNA were used as negative and positive controls in each run. Twenty-nine of 50 smears (58%) showing changes consistent with CIN I-II were positive for HPV. Fourteen corresponding cervical biopsies were also studied by ISH, seven corresponding to HPV-positive smears and seven to HPV-negative smears. HPV DNA was demonstrated in six of seven biopsies (87%) from the positive group but none could be demonstrated in the negative group. We conclude that retrospective study can be performed on routine alcohol-fixed, Papanicolaou-stained cervical smears with biotinylated HPV probes with excellent cell preservation, minimal cell loss, and high degrees of specificity.     

Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in genital lesions by enzymatic in situ hybridization with Fast Red and laser scanning confocal microscopy

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection with potentially oncogenic types 16 or 18 is common in genital lesions especially in uterine carcinomas. In such lesions, in situ hybridization with non-radioactive probes is a powerful tool for the histopathologist to detect and type HPV DNA either on cell deposits or on tissue sections. The use of an immunohistochemical method involving alkaline phosphatase and Fast Red TR salt/naphthol AS-MX phosphate is proposed for use with conventional bright-field or fluorescence microscopy as well as by laser scanning confocal microscopy. The alkaline phosphatase-Fast Red reaction has the advantage of producing a red precipitate that permits the detection of in situ hybridization signals by bright-field microscopy, and of obtaining a strong red fluorescence characterized by a lack of bleaching when excited by a green light. Therefore, the alkaline phosphatase-Fast Red reaction is well adapted for observations by fluorescence and confocal microscopy, the latter method allowing the detection, in tissue sections of cervical intraepithelial lesions, of small punctate and large diffuse hybridization signals, considered as integrated and episomal states of HPV DNA respectively. The combination of in situ hybridization with the alkaline phosphatase-Fast Red reaction and confocal microscopy is particularly convincing when hybridization signals are of small size and/or of low fluorescence intensity, especially if they are present in various focal planes; in such conditions, infected cells are easily detected by three-dimensional reconstruction. Therefore, this combination is a suitable method for identifying and characterizing HPV DNA in cells and tissue sections This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Comparison of 35S and biotin as labels for in situ hybridization: use of an HPV model system.

Colorimetric in situ hybridization is a method of potential importance in diagnosis and research. The largest criticism of the method has been a perceived loss of sensitivity compared with autoradiographic techniques. Our more positive experience with automation of colorimetric in situ hybridization led us to undertake a direct comparison of the sensitivity of 35S- and biotin-labeled probes. Serial sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cell pellets from four human cervical carcinoma cell lines with known copies of HPV (CaSki, 400-600 copies HPV 16; HeLa, 10-50 copies HPV 18; SiHa, 1-2 copies HPV 16; HTB31, no known copies HPV) were hybridized with protocols optimized for autoradiographic or colorimetric detection. Both methods gave comparable results, with differences in each technique seen at the limits of sensitivity. The 1-2 copies of HPV 16 per SiHa cell can be detected with both methods; however, grain counting is required for interpretation of the autoradiographic result. This degree of sensitivity for colorimetric in situ hybridization in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material is achieved through careful optimization of probe size and labeling, adequate tissue digestion, and removal of background. Autoradiography may be preferred in situations where quantitation is required, but colorimetric detection retains the advantages of speed, potential for automation, and improved localization of signal with comparable sensitivity.     

Computer-assisted analysis of p53 and PCNA expression in oral lesions infected with human papillomavirus

OBJECTIVE: To carry out a retrospective study to determine whether human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and immunohistochemical expression of p53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) are related to the risk of oral cancer. STUDY DESIGN: Fifty-seven oral biopsies, consisting of 30 oral squamous papillomas (OSPs) and 27 oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) were tested for the presence of HPV 6/11 and 16/18 by in situ hybridization using catalyzed signal amplification and in situ hybridization. p53 And PCNA expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and evaluated quantitatively by image analysis. RESULTS: Nineteen of the 57 oral lesions (33.3%) were positive for HPV. HPV 6/11 was found in 6 of 30 (20%) OSPs and 1 of 27 (3.7%) OSCCs. HPV 16/18 was found in 10 of 27 (37%) OSCCs and 2 of 30 (6.7%) OSPs. Sixteen of the 19 HPV-positive cases (84.2%) were p53 negative; 5 (9%) were HPV 6/11 and 11 (19%) HPV 16/18, with an inverse correlation between the presence of HPV DNA and p53 expression (P = .017, P < .05). PCNA expression appeared in 18 (94.7%) of HPV positive cases, showing that HPV 16/18 was associated with intensity of PCNA expression and with OSCCs (P = .037, P < .05). CONCLUSION: Quantitative evaluation of p53 by image analysis showed an inverse correlation between p53 expression and HPV presence, suggesting protein degradation. Image analysis also demonstrated that PCNA expression was more intense in HPV DNA 16/18 OSCCs. These findings suggest involvement of high-risk HPV types in oral carcinogenesis.     

反向点杂交法快速检测HPV基因型的临床应用

应用反向点杂交法(RDB)的原理,针对HPV 6B, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33和35设计了7条序列作为未标记的特异性寡核苷酸(SSO)探针,分别固定在尼龙膜条上,形成7个点,再与经PCR扩增的样品DNA序列杂交,即可在一个膜条上分辨出这7型HPV中的任一型.此法快速简便,特异性高,不存在假阳性;且因PCR灵敏度高,亦不易出现假阴性.用PCR-RDB法检测保存的宫颈癌组织石蜡包埋标本32例,结果:HPV16阳性22例(68.8%),HPV18阳性5例(15.6%),HPV16/18双重感染2例(6.3%),阴性仅3例(9.3%).     

Cervical smears in assessment of the natural history of human papillomavirus infections in prospectively followed women

The value of cervical (Papanicolaou) smears in monitoring the natural history of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infections was assessed in a series of 513 women prospectively followed since 1981. On each clinic visit, the patients were subjected to colposcopy accompanied by cervical smears and/or punch biopsies. The latter were analyzed by light microscopy for concomitant cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for HPV particles as well as for HPV structural proteins. The stromal immunocompetent cell (ICC) infiltrates were phenotypically characterized using monoclonal antibodies for T-cell subsets, NK and K cells and Langerhans cells. HPV DNA typing was accomplished by Southern blot, spot and in situ hybridization using probes for HPV 6, 11, 16, 18 and 31. Lesions showing only changes consistent with HPV infection (HPV-NCIN) were associated with less severe atypia in cervical smears than were lesions with coexistent CIN (HPV-CIN). Normal smears were observed, however, in 24.7% of the cases with HPV-NCIN lesions, in 11.5% of cases with HPV-CIN I lesions but only exceptionally in cases with HPV-CIN II and III lesions (2.2% and 3.3%). The percentages of the different ICC phenotypes did not correlate with the atypia in cervical smears, but there was a shift towards the lower values of the T-helper/T-suppressor (OKT4+/OKT8+) cell ratio in parallel with increasing atypia. The possibility of latent HPV infection was suggested by the detection of viral particles, HPV antigens and HPV DNA in lesions shedding normal cells in the smears. The high-risk HPV types 16 and 18 were associated with the highest frequency of severely atypical cells; in the majority of cases, the low-risk types HPV 6 and 11 presented with less severe atypia. The first cervical smear seems to be of value as a predictor of the natural history of HPV lesions, as indicated by the fact that regression was inversely and progression directly related to initial cellular atypia. The present results confirm the intimate association between HPV infections and CIN. Although the biologic potential of the HPV infections seems to be dependent on multiple factors, routine cervical smears, because of their potential value in monitoring the natural history of this infection, should constitute an important means in the prospective follow-up of these patients.     

Identification of multiple HPV types on spermatozoa from human sperm donors

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) may cause sexually transmitted disease. High-risk types of HPV are involved in the development of cervical cell dysplasia, whereas low-risk types may cause genital condyloma. Despite the association between HPV and cancer, donor sperm need not be tested for HPV according to European regulations. Consequently, the potential health risk of HPV transmission by donor bank sperm has not been elucidated, nor is it known how HPV is associated with sperm. The presence of 35 types of HPV was examined on DNA from semen samples of 188 Danish sperm donors using a sensitive HPV array. To examine whether HPV was associated with the sperm, in situ hybridization were performed with HPV-6, HPV-16 and -18, and HPV-31-specific probes. The prevalence of HPV-positive sperm donors was 16.0% and in 66.7% of these individuals high-risk types of HPV were detected. In 5.3% of sperm donors, two or more HPV types were detected. Among all identified HPV types, 61.9% were high-risk types. In situ hybridization experiments identified HPV genomes particularly protruding from the equatorial segment and the tail of the sperm. Semen samples from more than one in seven healthy Danish donors contain HPV, most of them of high-risk types binding to the equatorial segment of the sperm cell. Most HPV-positive sperm showed decreased staining with DAPI, indicative of reduced content of DNA. Our data demonstrate that oncogenic HPV types are frequent in men.     

A new type of papillomavirus DNA, its presence in genital cancer biopsies and in cell lines derived from cervical cancer.

DNA of a new papillomavirus type was cloned from a cervical carcinoma biopsy. Two EcoRI clones of 7.8 and 6.9 kb in length were obtained, the latter contained a 900-bp deletion. The BamHI fragments of both clones were used to characterize the DNA. It represents a distinct type of papillomavirus as determined by its size, its cross-hybridization with DNA of other papillomavirus types under conditions of low stringency only, the co-linear alignment of its genome with HPV 6 and HPV 16 prototypes and its occasional occurrence as oligomeric episomes. We tentatively propose to designate it as HPV 18. DNA hybridizing with HPV 18 under stringent conditions was detected in 9/36 cervical carcinomas from Africa and Brazil, in 2/13 cervical tumors from Germany and 1/10 penile carcinomas. Benign tumors (17 cervical dysplasias, 29 genital warts), eight carcinomata in situ and 15 biopsies of normal cervical tissue were devoid of detectable HPV 18 DNA. HPV 18-related DNA was found, however, in cells of the HeLa, KB and C4-1 lines all derived from cervical cancer. The state of the viral DNA was investigated in four cervical cancer biopsies. The data reveal that the DNA might be integrated into the host cell genome. One tumor provided evidence for head to tail tandem repeats some of which persisted as circular episomes.     

Development of a bead-based multiplex genotyping method for diagnostic characterization of HPV infection

The accurate genotyping of human papillomavirus (HPV) is clinically important because the oncogenic potential of HPV is dependent on specific genotypes. Here, we described the development of a bead-based multiplex HPV genotyping (MPG) method which is able to detect 20 types of HPV (15 high-risk HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68 and 5 low-risk HPV types 6, 11, 40, 55, 70) and evaluated its accuracy with sequencing. A total of 890 clinical samples were studied. Among these samples, 484 were HPV positive and 406 were HPV negative by consensus primer (PGMY09/11) directed PCR. The genotyping of 484 HPV positive samples was carried out by the bead-based MPG method. The accuracy was 93.5% (95% CI, 91.0-96.0), 80.1% (95% CI, 72.3-87.9) for single and multiple infections, respectively, while a complete type mismatch was observed only in one sample. The MPG method indiscriminately detected dysplasia of several cytological grades including 71.8% (95% CI, 61.5-82.3) of ASCUS (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance) and more specific for high grade lesions. For women with HSIL (high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion) and SCC diagnosis, 32 women showed a PPV (positive predictive value) of 77.3% (95% CI, 64.8-89.8). Among women >40 years of age, 22 women with histological cervical cancer lesions showed a PPV of 88% (95% CI, 75.3-100). Of the highest risk HPV types including HPV-16, 18 and 31 positive women of the same age groups, 34 women with histological cervical cancer lesions showed a PPV of 77.3% (95% CI, 65.0-89.6). Taken together, the bead-based MPG method could successfully detect high-grade lesions and high-risk HPV types with a high degree of accuracy in clinical samples.     

Cloning and characterization of the DNA of a new human papillomavirus from a woman with dysplasia of the uterine cervix.

A previous analysis of 121 female genital tract lesions from the United States and South America had revealed that a large number contained DNA sequences that were weakly homologous to a panel of human papillomavirus (HPV) probes. The DNA sequences of one of these viruses have been molecularly cloned and shown to be a new type of HPV which is called HPV 31. Among the cloned HPV genomes, HPV 31 is most closely related to HPV 16. Although absent from all genital condylomas studied, HPV 31 was present in approximately 20% of the mild and moderate dysplasias and in 6% of the invasive cervical cancers