流行病学在疫苗政策中的作用

在预防接种计划发展的全过程中,流行病学方法的运用都是重要的。薪疫苗获准之前,必须精心设计临床试验,确定其安全与效力。之后,为了阐明适宜的疫苗发送策略,需要对疾病进行流行病学评价。一旦疫苗投入常规使用,疫苗及预防接种计划都需继续评价;还应建立监测计划,以便发观疫苗安全与效力的变化,检测目标人群的覆盖率。任何重要改变,都应有专门研究进一步评价。疫苗获准之后,疫苗及预防接种计划的评价,在英国的疫苗政策形成中仍起重要作用。     

中国兽类学会理事会、《兽类学报》编委会联席会议在西宁召开

中国兽类学会理事会、《兽类学报》编委会于1987年8月4-7日在西宁联合召开会议。18位理事、编委出席。 会议由理事长、主编夏武平教授主持。会上,《兽类学报》编辑部主任、常务编委杨正本同志首先对学报在编委会领导下近两年来的工作,主要从稿件处理、审稿、编辑加工、国内外发行以及存在问题和改进工作的设想等方面做了汇报。     

DNA条形码技术在青海海东地区小型兽类鉴定中的应用

为弥补传统形态分类方法的不足,探究应用DNA条形码技术进行分子生物学鉴定的可行性,本研究用DNA条形码技术检测了青海省海东地区3目6科14属18种110只小型兽类的COI基因部分序列。分析所测COI基因序列可知:种内遗传距离≤3%,种间遗传距离5-10%,属间遗传距离12-19%,种间遗传距离显著大于种内遗传距离。NJ树显示同种个体聚为有很高支持度的单一分支。有6个个体(4只黄胸鼠、2只小家鼠)在现场鉴定中被误定为其他种类。研究结果表明使用条形码技术能纠正形态学鉴定中的错误,也说明动物线粒体COI基因是一个有效的DNA条形码标准基因。     

红外相机技术在珍稀兽类活动模式研究中的应用

2011年11月—2013年3月,使用40台红外相机调查卧龙自然保护区核桃坪区域的兽类物种组成及相对丰富度。重点分析相对丰富度前4位的珍稀野生兽类:水鹿Cervus unicolor、大熊猫Ailuropoda melanoleuca、小熊猫Ailurus fulgens、金丝猴Rhinopithecus roxellanae的昼夜活动规律、季节活动模式及不同生境类型的出现频率特征。通过红外相机监测数据分析发现,4种兽类昼夜活动规律特征与先前的研究结果基本一致。冬季,大熊猫和小熊猫在溪谷生境的出现频率很高,表明它们对水源的依赖程度强,而水鹿和金丝猴在冬季未表现出对水源地明显的依赖。根据具体研究目的来设置红外相机位点,可以更有效地进行相关的野生动物行为生态和保护生物学研究。     

中国兽类学会常务理事会和《兽类学报》编委会在威海召开

中国兽类学会常务理事会、《兽类学报》编委会于2012年7月19日至22日在山东大学威海校区召开,会议由山东大学海洋学院李玉春教授承办、刘公岛国家森林公园协办。兽类学会副理事长,中国科学     

兽类的死亡率

本文共收集了３３种兽类的年均死亡率数据。求得陆生兽类的死亡率和体重的回归模型为： Ｄｔ＝０．６９５－０．０９７３ｌｎ Ｗｔ（ｒ２＝０．８６５,ｐ＜０．００１） Ｄｈ＝０．７３２－０．１００ｌｎ Ｗｈ（ｒ２＝０．８９１,ｐ＜０．００１） Ｄｃ＝０．６１９－０．０９０８ｌｎ Ｗｃ（ｒ２＝０．８６９,ｐ＜０．００１）这里,Ｄｔ、Ｄｈ和 Ｄｃ分别为陆生兽类、食植兽类和食肉兽类的年均死亡率;Ｗｔ、Ｗｈ和 Ｗｃ则分别是它们的体重（公斤）。研究发现：陆生兽类的体重决定了年均死亡率８６％以上的变异：食肉兽类比同样体重的食植兽类的年均死亡率小;飞行兽类比同样体重的陆生兽类的年均死亡率小。兽类死亡率的这一变异规律被认为和能量限制有关。     

雷兽类在新疆的首次发现

1993年6月22日,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所和美国宾州匹兹堡市卡内基自然历史博物馆的科学工作者在新疆吐鲁番盆地大步火车站以南40余公里处（古脊椎所野外编号：93011）发现一破碎雷兽头骨。首先看到这块化石的是克里斯托弗·毕尔德博士。由于风化严重,仅获一右P3（长／宽：26．6／31．0毫米）（V10772）。就地测量,头骨长57．5厘米,颧弓宽42．00厘米,机键宽门．00厘米。化石产自一小山丘底部之发白色含细砾的砂岩（未见底）中（l）,在砂岩之上尚有厚约5—6本的土黄色淡水灰岩层（2）,再上为网格状红色泥岩层,厚约10米（…     

香港的兽类

香港包括香港岛和九龙半岛,属大陆性岛和半岛。主要植被为栎树和月桂混交林。历史上曾记载有华南虎、豹等大型猛兽,随着都市化的演替、狩猎、徒步旅行和野营等人为因素的影响,迄今已有6种大中型兽类绝迹。现存的兽类有7目10科25种,其区系除8种广布外全属东洋界种类。其中有10种属有害的啮齿类;属国家Ⅱ级保护的有穿山甲、水獭、大灵猫和小灵描,以及国际保护的食蟹猴;属毛皮猎用的有南狐、鼬獾、豹猫、野猪和小麂;农林益兽有灰麝鼯、臭鼯、皱唇幅、普通伏翼;其他有短吻犬蝠。这些兽类除揭家鼠等栖居市区及郊外住宅外,其它栖息于郊外田野、荒地草灌、林灌、河溪、湿地和船坞等环境。随着都市化的矿展,野生动物保护事业的发展和公众对环境意识的提高,现有兽类的组成格局不会有太大变化．而人们宠爱的中小型兽类,或因逃逸,或因放生,将会增加,逐渐趋于人类与大自然融洽共处。     

陕西省兽类新纪录

陕西省的兽类,解放前外国人作过零星的调查采集;解放后陕西省的高等院校同志进行过调查研究。西北大学生物系动物专业师生,结合教学及科研,自1956年以来,在陕西的榆林、关中、陕南等地区进行了调查采集工作,共采到兽类84种(及亚种),其中23种     

THE TROPHIC ROLE OF MARINE MAMMALS IN THE NORTHERN GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE

The trophic role of apex predators was evaluated in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence ecosystem. An Ecopath model was developed for the period 1985–1987 prior to the collapse of commercially exploited demersal fish stocks in this area. Marine mammal trophic levels were estimated by the model at 4.1 for cetaceans, 4.4 for harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus), 4.7 for hooded seals (Cystophora cristata), 4.5 for gray seals (Halichoerus grypus), and 4.3 for harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). Harp seals were the third most important predator on vertebrate prey following large Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and redfish (Sebastes spp.). Different seal species preyed on different levels of the food chain. Harp seals preyed on most trophic groups, whereas larger seals, such as gray seals and hooded seals, mainly consumed higher trophic levels. The model suggested that apex predators had a negative effect on their dominant prey, the higher trophic level fish, but an indirect positive feedback on the prey of their preferred prey, mainly American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides), flounders, skates, and benthic invertebrates. Our results suggest that both marine mammals and fisheries had an impact on the trophic structure.     

THE OCCURENCE OF SMALL MAMMALS IN DISCARDED BOTTLES

It has been found that discarded bottles often contain the remains of small mammals. The phenomenon is of widespread occurrence in the British Isles and involves at least ten species.
Mammals appear to be trapped in bottles because of their differential abilities to enter and exit through the neck. Entry is probably in response to feeding or exploratory drives, exit is prevented by a number of different factors. While shrews tend to occur in all bottle sizes, rodents are found more often in those bottles with the wider necks.
The practice of examining discarded bottles is indicated as an important tool in the collection of mammal distribution records.     

MELATONIN CIRCADIAN RHYTHM IN THE RETINA OF MAMMALS

Melatonin has been traditionally considered to be derived principally from the pineal gland. However, several investigations have now demonstrated that melatonin synthesis occurs also in the retina (and in other organs as well) of several vertebrate classes, including mammals. As in the pineal, melatonin synthesis in the retina is elevated at night and reduced during the day. Since melatonin receptors are present in the retina and retinal melatonin does not contribute to the circulating levels, retinal melatonin probably acts locally as a neuromodulator. Melatonin synthesis in the retinas of mammals is under control of a circadian oscillator located within the retina itself, and circadian rhythms in melatonin synthesis and/or release have been described for several species of rodents. These rhythms are present in vivo, persist in vitro, are entrained by light, and are temperature compensated. The recent cloning of the gene responsible for the synthesis of the enzyme arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (the only enzyme unique to the melatonin synthetic pathway) will facilitate localizing the cellular site of melatonin synthesis in the retina and investigating the molecular mechanism responsible for the generation of retinal melatonin rhythmicity. Melatonin has been implicated in many retinal functions, and the levels of melatonin and dopamine appear to regulate several aspects of retinal physiology that relate to light and dark adaptation. In conclusion, it seems that retinal melatonin is involved in several functions, but its precise role is yet to be understood. (Chronobiology International, 17(5), 599–612, 2000)     

ON THE QUESTION OF LONG-LIVED RNA IN MAMMALS

RNA was isolated from various mouse tissues 126 days after the injection of ¹⁴C-uridine and 37 days after the injection of ³H-uridine. Calculations based on a small but definite residual amount of ¹⁴C-labeled RNA suggest the existence of an RNA with a half-life in excess of 10 days. Independent calculations based on the ratio of ³H and ¹⁴C dpm in chromatographically isolated UMP suggest a minimum half-life of about 30 days.     

新疆伊犁地区兽类调查报告

1　自然概况伊犁地区位于新疆维吾尔自治区西部边境 ,西与哈萨克斯坦接壤。天山山脉主峰汗腾格里峰雄居于南 ,天山的主脉蜿蜒向东 ,与北部的天山支脉婆罗克努山相聚于依连哈比尔尕山 ,谷地中央又有拔地而起的克特绵山 ,这些崇山峻岭孕育了高山冰川和积雪 ,加上充沛的地形雨 ,使谷地水系纵横 ,支流众多 ,汇集注入著名的伊犁河。统计谷地中央霍城、巩留和伊宁 1 0年气象资料 ,年平均气温 7 5～9 1℃ ,年平均降水量 2 1 9 2～ 465 8ｍｍ ,年平均蒸发量 1 31 8 5～ 1 60 4 1ｍｍ ,年平均无霜期 1 42 8～ 1 47 1ｄ。2　研究简史涉及到伊犁地区…