鱼藤酮对松墨天牛产卵和取食行为的影响

为探索松墨天牛防治的新方法,实验了鱼藤酮对松墨天牛产卵和取食行为的影响及鱼藤酮对松墨天牛5龄幼虫的触杀作用。结果表明,鱼藤酮对松墨天牛具有显著的产卵忌避作用和成虫取食的干扰作用。产卵忌避作用和拒食作用随鱼藤酮浓度的增大而增强,处理浓度为1 000 mg/L时,鱼藤酮对成虫的产卵忌避率为75.63 %,处理后12 h松墨天牛的选择性和非选择性拒食率分别为72.91%和69.50%。鱼藤酮对松墨天牛5龄幼虫的触杀作用不明显。因此,利用鱼藤酮防治松墨天牛,一方面可以通过抑制其取食减少松材线虫的传播;另一方面通过忌避产卵可减少下代虫口。     

福建龙岩新罗区松墨天牛成虫活动规律初步研究

利用福建农林大学研发的APF-Ⅰ型松墨天牛持久型诱芯和专用配套ZM-808型诱捕器诱捕松墨天牛成虫,摸清其在福建龙岩市新罗区的活动规律,为松材线虫病的防控提供依据。结果表明,新罗区松墨天牛成虫在3月下旬开始活动,为活动初期;活动盛期在5月中旬至7月中旬;7月下旬至11月上旬为活动末期;11月中旬至翌年3月上旬无松墨天牛成虫活动。5个诱捕器全年共收集松墨天牛成虫824头,其中雌虫701头,雄虫123头,雌雄比为1:0.18,收集到的松墨天牛成虫雌虫数量多于雄虫数量。根据松墨天牛成虫的活动规律,在松材线虫病防控工作中,松墨天牛诱捕器诱杀应在3月下旬至10月中下旬进行;每年3月底前应将不明原因枯死松树清理干净,同时加强林间松墨天牛成虫防治工作,杜绝传播隐患。     

松墨天牛在秦巴林区不同寄主上的危害规律

松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus是次期性蛀干害虫,也是松材线虫病的主要传播媒介,廓清该害虫在秦巴林区不同寄主上的危害程度和发生规律,对于控制松材线虫病的扩散蔓延具有重要意义.本研究对秦巴林区遭受松材线虫病严重危害的3种主要松树(油松Pinus tabuliformis、华山松P.armandii和马尾松P.massoniana)进行了冬季疫木野外解析,并在统计不同胸径、不同高度疫木树干上松墨天牛侵入孔和幼虫数量的基础上,采用聚集度指标分析方法,对该害虫在不同寄主上的危害差异进行了比较研究.结果表明,松墨天牛在3种寄主上的危害程度具有显著差异,以华山松受害最重,其次分别为马尾松和油松;越冬幼虫在油松上主要危害皮下1～2 cm的边材;在华山松和马尾松上危害比较多样,以髓心部位受害最重,其后依次为心材、边材和树皮;在油松和华山松上,松墨天牛主要在树干7m以下部分危害,而在马尾松上主要危害树干7m以上部分,且虫口数量均与寄主胸径呈显著正相关.松墨天牛侵入孔和越冬幼虫在不同寄主树干上均呈聚集性分布.本研究揭示了松墨天牛在秦巴林区3种主要寄主上的危害规律,对于进一步开展大尺度地理范围松墨天牛的寄主选择性及危害规律研究提供了基础信息,也为秦巴林区松墨天牛的有效防治和松材线虫病的蔓延控制提供了新的重要信息.     

室内条件下莱氏猛叩甲对松墨天牛和黄粉虫的捕食能力

【目的】本研究旨在明确莱氏猛叩甲Tetrigus lewisi老熟幼虫分别对黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor和松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus末龄幼虫和蛹的捕食量的差异,评估莱氏猛叩甲的捕食能力,为松墨天牛M.alteratus的有效治理找到潜在的高效生物防治因子。【方法】于2014年11月在浙江富阳昌东村马鞍山砍下松墨天牛虫害木,通过林间野外调查,明确松墨天牛和莱氏猛叩甲的发生情况;将野外采集到的莱氏猛叩甲幼虫带回室内,分别饲喂黄粉虫和松墨天牛的末龄幼虫和蛹,每天记录捕食量,确定莱氏猛叩甲的捕食能力。【结果】野外调查中,我们在松墨天牛幼虫蛀食的坑道中发现了莱氏猛叩甲幼虫和松墨天牛幼虫被取食后的残体;在采集到1 094头松墨天牛幼虫的危害木内,共采得莱氏猛叩甲末龄幼虫36头,约为松墨天牛幼虫数量的3%。室内捕食实验表明,5 d内莱氏猛叩甲捕食黄粉虫幼虫总量为3.2头,平均每天捕食约0.6头,而捕食松墨天牛幼虫总量为8.0头,平均每天捕食约1.6头,莱氏猛叩甲对松墨天牛的总捕食量显著高于对黄粉虫幼虫的总捕食量(P0.0001);4 d内莱氏猛叩甲捕食黄粉虫蛹总量为5.6头,平均每天捕食约1.4头,而捕食松墨天牛蛹总量为7.8头,平均每天捕食约2.0头,莱氏猛叩甲对松墨天牛蛹的捕食量显著高于黄粉虫蛹(P=0.028)。回归分析还表明,莱氏猛叩甲幼虫的捕食量不受叩甲个体大小的影响。【结论】莱氏猛叩甲普遍分布在松墨天牛发生区,同时发现松墨天牛被取食后的残体,表明莱氏猛叩甲是松墨天牛的捕食性天敌。莱氏猛叩甲均能捕食黄粉虫和松墨天牛的幼虫和蛹;相比于捕食黄粉虫,莱氏猛叩甲对松墨天牛的幼虫和蛹具有更好的捕食效率,具有很好的生物防治前景,是未来松墨天牛治理潜在高效生物防治因子。     

孢悬液浓度和宿主体型大小对球孢白僵菌对松墨天牛幼虫的致病力的影响

【目的】球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana是一种被广泛用于害虫生物防治的生防菌。本研究探讨了孢悬液浓度和宿主体型大小对球孢白僵菌对松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus 幼虫的致病力的影响,旨在为松墨天牛的生物防治提供科学基础。【方法】分别用0.5% 吐温-80(CK)以及1×10⁵, 1×10⁶, 1×10⁷, 1×10⁸和1×10⁹孢子/mL的球孢白僵菌孢悬液接种松墨天牛4龄幼虫,统计接种后15 d内幼虫死亡率和染菌率。同时用最佳浓度(1×10⁹孢子/mL)的球孢白僵菌孢悬液接种体型大小分别为100~150, 200~220, 300~320, 400~420, 500~520和600~650 mg/头的松墨天牛幼虫,测定接种后20 d内幼虫的死亡率和染菌率。【结果】接种1×10⁵~1×10⁹孢子/mL的球孢白僵菌后,松墨天牛4龄幼虫起初活动自如,后在头部出现烧灼状伤并且体色逐渐变红,最后周身长满菌丝。不同浓度下,随球孢白僵菌孢子浓度升高,松墨天牛4龄幼虫校正死亡率和校正染菌率增加。接种1×10⁶~1×10⁹孢子/mL球孢白僵菌孢悬液15 d的松墨天牛4龄幼虫累计校正死亡率均可达到100%,1×10⁷, 1×10⁸和1×10⁹孢子/mL浓度下,松墨天牛达到100%校正死亡率所需时间最少。接种0 (CK), 1×10⁵, 1×10⁶, 1×10⁷, 1×10⁸和1×10⁹孢子/mL球孢白僵菌孢悬液的松墨天牛4龄幼虫校正染菌率在第15天分别为0, 20.00%, 86.67%, 90.00%, 96.67%和100.00%,表现为白僵菌孢子浓度越高,染菌率越高。1×10⁹孢子/mL的接种浓度下,松墨天牛幼虫个体越大,天牛幼虫死亡率和染菌率越高。表现在第20天时,体型大小为100~150, 200~220, 300~320, 400~420, 500~520和600~650 mg/头的幼虫的死亡率分别为76.67%, 76.67%, 66.67%, 93.33%, 100.00%和100.00%,染菌率分别为60.00%, 63.33%, 60.00%, 86.67%, 96.67%和100.00%。【结论】球孢白僵菌悬浮液浓度对松墨天牛幼虫的死亡和侵染有显著影响,表现为随孢子浓度的增加而增加;同时,松墨天牛幼虫个体越大,死亡率和染菌率越高。研究结果对开展利用球孢白僵菌防治松墨天牛具重要借鉴和指导意义。     

孢悬液浓度和宿主体型大小对球孢白僵菌对松墨天牛幼虫的致病力的影响

【目的】球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana是一种被广泛用于害虫生物防治的生防菌。本研究探讨了孢悬液浓度和宿主体型大小对球孢白僵菌对松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus幼虫的致病力的影响,旨在为松墨天牛的生物防治提供科学基础。【方法】分别用0.5%吐温-80(CK)以及1×10~5, 1×10~6, 1×10~7, 1×10~8和1×10~9孢子/mL的球孢白僵菌孢悬液接种松墨天牛4龄幼虫,统计接种后15 d内幼虫死亡率和染菌率。同时用最佳浓度(1×10~9孢子/mL)的球孢白僵菌孢悬液接种体型大小分别为100～150, 200～220, 300～320, 400～420, 500～520和600～650 mg/头的松墨天牛幼虫,测定接种后20 d内幼虫的死亡率和染菌率。【结果】接种1×10~5～1×10~9孢子/mL的球孢白僵菌后,松墨天牛4龄幼虫起初活动自如,后在头部出现烧灼状伤并且体色逐渐变红,最后周身长满菌丝。不同浓度下,随球孢白僵菌孢子浓度升高,松墨天牛4龄幼虫校正死亡率和校正染菌率增加。接种1×10~6～1×10~9孢子/mL球孢白僵菌孢悬液15 d的松墨天牛4龄幼虫累计校正死亡率均可达到100%,1×10~7, 1×10~8和1×10~9孢子/mL浓度下,松墨天牛达到100%校正死亡率所需时间最少。接种0 (CK), 1×10~5, 1×10~6, 1×10~7, 1×10~8和1×10~9孢子/mL球孢白僵菌孢悬液的松墨天牛4龄幼虫校正染菌率在第15天分别为0, 20.00%, 86.67%, 90.00%, 96.67%和100.00%,表现为白僵菌孢子浓度越高,染菌率越高。1×10~9孢子/mL的接种浓度下,松墨天牛幼虫个体越大,天牛幼虫死亡率和染菌率越高。表现在第20天时,体型大小为100～150, 200～220, 300～320, 400～420, 500～520和600～650 mg/头的幼虫的死亡率分别为76.67%, 76.67%, 66.67%, 93.33%, 100.00%和100.00%,染菌率分别为60.00%, 63.33%, 60.00%, 86.67%, 96.67%和100.00%。【结论】球孢白僵菌悬浮液浓度对松墨天牛幼虫的死亡和侵染有显著影响,表现为随孢子浓度的增加而增加;同时,松墨天牛幼虫个体越大,死亡率和染菌率越高。研究结果对开展利用球孢白僵菌防治松墨天牛具重要借鉴和指导意义。     

寄主植物对松墨天牛幼虫体内酶系活性的影响

室内采用在马尾松、黑松、火炬松、湿地松和雪松皮下接入松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus Hope幼虫的方法,探明5种寄主植物对松墨天牛幼虫的存活、钻蛀取食及纤维素酶、酯酶、羧酸酯酶活性的影响。结果表明,5种寄主植物对松墨天牛幼虫存活和钻蛀取食有显著影响,接种于马尾松的天牛幼虫存活率100%;接种于雪松的松墨天牛幼虫存活率仅55.56%。松墨天牛取食不同寄主后,其体内纤维素酶、酯酶和羧酸酯酶活性存在显著差异。其中以取食火炬松的Cx酶活性最高,为(4.5754±0.1975)μmol·g-1(FW)·min-1,C1酶和β-l,4-葡萄糖苷酶活性以取食马尾松的松墨天牛幼虫消化道中最高,分别为(2.8199±0.0510)μmol·g-1(FW)·min-1与(3.0793±0.1733)μmol·g-1(FW)·min-1;而以取食黑松和马尾松的酯酶、羧酸酯酶活性最高,分别为1372.74mmoD/min·μg和744.82mmoD/min·μg。     

感染松墨天牛的金龟子绿僵菌菌株的初步筛选

松墨天牛是松材线虫病的主要媒介昆虫,本文对分离自松墨天牛的6株金龟子绿僵菌,以及从光肩星天牛、大蜡螟、伊藤厚丝角叶蜂和土蝽上分离的各1个菌株,共10个菌株的产孢情况、孢子萌发率进行研究;在此基础上选出金龟子绿僵菌1291、1349和2049三个菌株及球孢白僵菌F-263菌株,采用成虫跗节接种法和幼虫浸渍法进行室内松墨天牛及大蜡螟的毒力测定比较。结果表明,供试绿僵菌菌株对松墨天牛幼虫在接种15天后的感染僵虫率为76.9％～93.1％(1×10⁷孢子/mL);成虫在接种20天后的僵虫率亦达57.9％～75.0％(6.5×10⁵～3.4×10⁶孢子/成虫);2049菌株表现尤其突出;对应的球孢白僵菌F-263对幼虫和成虫的僵虫率分别是96.3％(1×10⁷孢子/mL)和55％(9.7×10⁵孢子/成虫)。但这3个金龟子绿僵菌菌株对大蜡螟的毒力较低,存在较明显的寄主专化性。这3个菌株今后在防治松墨天牛方面具有较大开发应用价值。     

松墨天牛成虫雌雄体型差异及蛹和成虫大小与越冬幼虫体重的关系

【目的】本研究旨在明确松墨天牛 Monochamus alteratus 成虫及越冬幼虫体型大小的差异,探讨该虫越冬后成虫体型大小和越冬幼虫体重大小关系及原因。【方法】于2014年5月1日至10月31日在浙江富阳野外诱捕松墨天牛,通过测量野外诱捕到的松墨天牛成虫体长、体宽,确定林间松墨天牛成虫体型的差异;松墨天牛越冬幼虫的采集和称重测量明确越冬幼虫的组成和体重大小差异;进而通过对越冬幼虫单头跟踪饲养至化蛹、羽化,确定越冬幼虫体重大小与发育所得蛹和成虫大小的关系,阐明林间松墨天牛成虫体型差异的原因。【结果】浙江富阳野外诱捕发现,松墨天牛的活动期间很长,从5月中旬到10月初一直能诱捕到松墨天牛成虫,高峰期在6和7月份。松墨天牛雌雄成虫体型差异很大,雌虫平均体长和体宽分别为20.59±0.19和6.59±0.06 mm;雄虫平均体长和体宽分别为19.90±0.26 和6.44±0.08 mm; 雌虫的平均体长明显高于雄虫,但二者体宽没有显著差异;并且雌雄成虫体长和体宽呈显著正相关。越冬幼虫的头宽测定表明头宽的变化很大,最小为2.20 mm,最大为4.24 mm,经比对越冬幼虫由4龄和5龄幼虫组成;幼虫体重差异大,平均体重为304.2 mg, 介于71.6~858.0 mg之间,其中5龄越冬幼虫显著重于4龄越冬幼虫。进一步将越冬幼虫单管饲养跟踪研究发现,越冬幼虫体重大小决定蛹和羽化后的成虫的大小,二者存在显著的正相关,并且由4龄越冬幼虫发育所得的蛹和成虫显著轻于由5龄幼虫发育所得的蛹和成虫。【结论】松墨天牛成虫体型差异很大,这与越冬幼虫体重差异相关;越冬幼虫的体重大小决定了其化蛹后的蛹重和羽化后成虫的体型和体重的大小;造成越冬幼虫体重差异的可能原因包括松墨天牛成虫扬飞周期长导致的产卵期长而使得天牛发育进度不一致以及寄主不同部位营养的差异。     

冷驯化对松墨天牛幼虫脂代谢的影响

【目的】在低温环境下,昆虫会启用体内的生理调控机制稳定自身代谢,脂肪代谢在昆虫抵御低温的过程中发挥重要作用。本研究旨在探究松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus幼虫脂肪代谢在低温条件下的变化及其对耐寒性的影响。【方法】将室内25℃下饲养的松墨天牛4龄幼虫分别置于25℃(对照)和4℃(冷驯化)恒温培养箱,7 d后解剖幼虫,收集其脂肪体,观察冷驯化后脂滴变化,测定脂肪体内脂肪含量;利用气相色谱 质谱分析,检测脂肪体内游离脂肪酸组分及含量;并用RT-qPCR方法检测脂肪体内脂肪酸β-氧化关键酶(CPT1, 4KCT, VLCAD, ECH和3HCD-1)基因的相对表达量。【结果】冷驯化(4℃)7 d后松墨天牛4龄幼虫脂肪体中脂滴较对照变小,密度降低,脂肪含量下降;但其脂肪酸组成种类未变,对照组和冷驯化组主要脂肪酸均为C16∶0, C16∶1, C18∶0, C18∶1和C18∶2,其中C18∶2的相对含量在两组中均最高,由未驯化时的31.83%±8.82%降至冷驯化后的25.16%±2.88%。冷驯化后,松墨天牛4龄幼虫脂肪体中C16∶0,C16∶1和C18∶2脂肪酸含量减少,C18∶0与C18∶1的相对含量上升。在5种主要脂肪酸中,冷驯化后各脂肪酸的相对丰度较对照均有所减少,其中C16∶0, C16∶1及C18∶2的相对丰度则显著下降。但冷驯化后松墨天牛4龄幼虫脂肪体中游离脂肪酸的双键指数较对照上升3.88%。且冷驯化组脂肪体中VLCAD基因表达量较对照组显著上调。【结论】低温环境中松墨天牛幼虫通过消耗脂肪维持基本代谢,幼虫脂肪体的脂肪酸分解代谢水平提高;不饱和脂肪酸在松墨天牛的耐寒性中起关键作用。脂代谢调控为松墨天牛应对低温的重要生存策略。     

云南切梢小蠹对云南松树的蛀干危害及致死机理

蛀干危害是云南切梢小蠹致死云南松树的关键环节。通过控制云南切梢小蠹蛀干密度,对云南切梢小蠹在自然条件下蛀干行为与危害进行了首次探讨。结果表明,云南切梢小蠹蛀干密度与云南松存活率呈负相关,蛀干密度直接决定云南松死亡或存活。研究发现,蛀干密度115坑/m2是云南松树的最低致死密度阈值,云南松树在蛀干密度低于26.4坑/m2情况下存活,在26.4-115坑/m2有部分存活,超过115坑/m2以后将被害致死。云南切梢小蠹对树干攻击形成有卵和无卵两类坑道。形成无卵坑道的蛀干攻击可导致树势衰弱,形成有卵坑道的蛀干危害严重破坏了韧皮组织,是导致云南松死亡的直接原因。     

Effects of green tree retention, prescribed burning and soil treatment on pine weevil (Hylobius abietis and Hylobius pinastri) damage to planted Scots pine seedlings

1 Feeding damage and mortality caused to planted Scots pine seedlings by the pine weevils Hylobius abietis and Hylobius pinastri were studied on burned and unburned sites with 0, 10 and 50 m³ per hectare levels of green tree retention from the second to the fourth summer after logging and burning of the sites. 2 The rate of severe feeding damage to pine seedlings caused by pine weevils was higher on burned clearcut sites than on unburned ones, whereas burning did not increase the feeding damage rate on sites with groups of retention trees. The damage rate in the fourth summer was approximately the same on burned and unburned sites. 3 Pine weevil feeding was the major cause of mortality of freshly planted pine seedlings on unburned sites. On burned sites, mortality was higher than the rate of severe feeding damage, particularly in the second summer after burning, possibly owing to fungal attack and abiotic factors. 4 At a retention tree level of 50 m³, feeding damage to the seedlings was lower than on clearcuts and at a 10 m³ retention tree level. Furthermore, on sites with 50 m³ of retention trees, scarification of the soil was found to decrease feeding damage more effectively than on clearcuts and 10 m³ sites. If the seedlings were situated in the centre of scarified patches, scarification alone was as effective as insecticide treatment on unscarified soil for decreasing feeding damage and mortality. 5 The results suggest that when burning is applied as silvicultural treatment after clear‐cuts, retention of trees is recommended to reduce the damages caused by pine weevils on pine seedlings.     

Relationship of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Population Density to Mortality of Pinus sylvestris

Seven-month-old Scots pine seedlings were inoculated with water or culture filtrate (controls), with 10,000, or 20,000 (experiment 1), and with 2,500 (experiment 2) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus B.C. isolate nematodes and maintained under defined experimental conditions. Controls did not develop pine wilt disease over a 2-month period. In experiment 1, less than 50% of the inoculum was recovered from the nematode-inoculated seedlings in the first 48 hours, after which the nematode population of both treatments increased exponentially resulting in pine death and approximately equal populations at 216 hours after inoculation. In the second experiment, plant mortality, which was always preceded by 2-3 days of chlorosis and associated stem vascular necrosis, first occurred 14 days after inoculation. The nematode population increased until about day 40 after inoculation and declined thereafter. Nematodes extracted from the roots 2 weeks after inoculation accounted for ca.15% of the total number of nematodes per pine. The study indicates that the rate of nematode reproduction is a factor in pine wilt disease. However, the lack of a linear correlation between the number of nematodes and the timing of pine mortality suggests that the timing of pine death may also depend on the location of nematode damage to the host tissue.     

A review of factors affecting the population dynamics of jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus pinus Freeman)

Jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus pinus Free.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a native insect that periodically defoliates areas of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) in the subboreal forests of North America east of the Rocky Mountains. Outbreaks of jack pine budworm generally occur at 6- to 12-year intervals and collapse after 2–4 years. Periodicity of outbreaks varies and is associated with site-related factors. Survival of early-instar larvae during spring dispersal is tied to the abundance of pollen cones (microsporangiate strobili), which provide a refuge for larvae until current-year needles expand. Jack pine trees that have been heavily defoliated produce few pollen cones in the following year, often resulting in high mortality of early-stage larvae. A diverse guild of generalist parasitoids attack jack pine budworm, but only a few species account for most mortality in any area. Collapsing jack pine budworm populations are characterized by sharp declines in early instar survival, coupled with an increased rate of parasitism in the late larval and pupal stages. The reciprocal interaction between heavy defoliation and low pollen cone production, and increased parasitism of late-stage larvae or pupae, are consistent with second-order density dependence factors identified in analysis of a long-term population data set. Since the 1950s, several jack pine budworm outbreaks have been roughly synchronous over a large geographic area, suggesting that Moran effect processes, as well as moth dispersal or other factors, may be involved in jack pine budworm dynamics. Although the short duration of outbreaks enables most trees to recover, over time dead trees and top-killed trees accumulate in jack pine stands. Jack pine is well adapted to fire and when fires ignite, the accumulation of dead trees and woody debris often leads to intense wildfires followed by prolific regeneration. The three-way interaction of jack pine, jack pine budworm, and fire ultimately serves to maintain vigorous stands and ensures continued hosts for jack pine budworm. Received: October 1, 1999 / Accepted: September 22, 2000     

Secondary transmission of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus ofNeodiprion taedae linearis [Hym.: Diprionidae] between larval colonies on loblolly pine

Transmission of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NtNPV) of the loblolly pine sawfly,Neodiprion taedae linearis Ross was examined in larval populations on loblolly pine. NtNPV infection of larvae in one colony resulted in transmission to other colonies in the tree. Mortality in untreated colonies was highest when the treated and untreated colonies were located in the upper canopy and when small larvae were treated with virus (42.6–61.9%). Levels of mortality from NtNPV in the untreated colonies were low (2.8–25.0%) when the treated colony was located low in the canopy. Larvae from untreated colonies in the tree were usually large at death. Mortality in untreated larval colonies collected from nearby trees was much less (0.0–27.7%) than that in the trees containing the treated colony. Published with the approval of the Director, Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station. Use of a trade name does not imply endorsement or guarantee of the product or the exclusion of other products of similar nature.     

Population dynamics of Monochamus carolinensis (Col., Cerambycidae) under laboratory conditions

The study of life history dynamics of the pine sawyer beetle Monochamus carolinensis (Olivier) is of interest because the beetles are vectors for the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle, the causal agent of pine wilt in susceptible pine trees. Previous observation of a laboratory colony of M. carolinensis suggested numbers of adult beetles reared from logs varied little in relation to oviposition densities among individual logs. Logs in laboratory colonies are routinely subjected to artificially high oviposition rates. The objectives of this study were to examine the relationship between initial oviposition rate, holding time (time between log cut and oviposition), log volume and area and adult survivorship in laboratory colony. This study examined the number of eggs, larvae, adults and generation survivorship in logs over a 2‐year period. The number of adults emerged per log was not related to the number of eggs laid. Late larval and adult numbers were significantly correlated with log size. Only 12% of the initial cohort completed development and emerged as adults. We attribute the high within‐log mortality of beetles to intraspecific competition and cannibalism.     

Breeding performance of Tomicus destruens at different densities: the effect of intraspecific competition

In many bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), intraspecific competition is a limiting factor governing their population dynamics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing infestation densities on the breeding performance of Tomicus destruens (Wollaston), one of the main pests of Mediterranean pine forests. Six densities (ranging from 0.25 to 1.50 females   dm⁻²) were tested under laboratory conditions on stone pine logs, assessing the mortality of eggs, larvae, and pupae, and recording the number of emerging adults. Density significantly affected the fertile tract of the maternal galleries, i.e., those containing eggs, which was shorter at densities higher than 0.75. Numbers of eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults per female decreased markedly when density increased from 0.25 to 1.5, although differences were statistically significant only at a density of 0.75 and higher. The lowest mortality was found in larvae reared at a density of 0.25 (17.7%) and the highest in pupae at 1.5 (84.8%). Increasing density affected the pre-emergence stages in different ways, with pupae and larvae suffering the highest increases in mortality (39.5 and 163.6%, respectively). The breeding performance of T. destruens (number of eggs laid reaching adulthood) progressively decreased from 17 to 4% with increasing densities, although at low infestation, the mean number of emerging adults per dm² of bark increased with density, showing a positive trade-off between female fecundity and female density. In conclusion, breeding densities higher than 0.75 female dm⁻² decreased female fecundity and elicited high mortality, mainly in larvae.     

Effect of pine foliage damage on the incidence of larval diapause in the pine caterpillar Dendrolimus punctatus (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

The pine caterpillar Dendrolimus punctatus (Walker) with a larval facultative diapause is one of the most destructive insect pests of the pine tree Pinus massoniana in China. The larvae feeding on pine trees with different damage levels were studied to determine the induction of diapause under both laboratory and field conditions. Developmental duration of larvae before the third instar was the longest when fed with 75%–90% damaged needles, followed by 25%–40% damaged needles and intact pine needles, whereas mortalities did not differ among different treatments under the conditions of 25° and critical photoperiod 13.5:10.5 L:D. At 25°, no diapause was induced under 15:9 L:D, whereas 100% diapause occurred under 12:12 L:D regardless of the levels of needle damage. Incidences of larvae entering diapause when they were fed with intact, 25%–40% and 75%–90% damaged pine needles were 51.7%, 70.8% and 81% under 13.5:10.5 L:D, respectively. Similar results were obtained in the field experiment. Incidence of diapause was significantly different among the pine needle damage levels of pine trees when the photoperiod was close to the critical day length, indicating that the effect of host plants on diapause induction was dependent on the range of photoperiod. The content of amino acid and sugar decreased and tannin increased in pine needles after feeding by the pine caterpillars, suggesting that changed levels of nutrients in damaged needles or a particular substance emitted by damaged pine trees was perhaps involved in the diapause induction of the pine caterpillar.     

THE STUDY OF THE ECONOMIC THRESHOLD OF TOMICUS PINIPERDA (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDEA) ON YUNNAN PINE

Abstract By careful and long period field investigation of the population density of Tomicus piniperda L. and the growth of Yunnan pine ( Pinus yunnanensis French.), and improved regression analysis, the economic threshold of Tomicus piniperda on Yunnan pine is determined: When the death rate of the trees is not more than 0.52%, the natural control factors can prevent the density of the bark beetle from increasing and no control measure is needed. When the death rate of the trees reaches 0.5%, the corresponding rate of shoots attacked is 0.61% and the mean of invading holes per tree 0.66, the cost for control is equal to the economic loss saved. So, considering both the economic justification and the prevention of the pest density from increasing, when the death rate of the trees is more than 0.5%, the corresponding rate of shoots attacked more than 0.61% and the mean of invading holes per tree more than 0.66, control measure should be taken. The paper also gives formulae for different Yunnan pine forest areas to calculate their own economic threshold according to their special situations.     

为害云南松的纵坑切梢小蠹 (Tomicus piniperda)经济阈值的研究(英文)

经过对纵坑切梢小蠹 (TomicuspiniperdaL .)种群密度和云南松 (PinusyunnanensisFranch .)生长状况的长期、仔细的调查 ,加上改进的回归分析方法 ,得出了为害云南松的纵坑切梢小蠹防治上的经济阈值 :当林木枯死率不超过 0 .5 2 %时 ,自然控制因子能控制纵坑切梢小蠹种群不向高密度方向发展 ,因而可以不必防治。当林木枯死率达到 0 .5 0 % ,对应的枯捎率为 0 .6 1 % ,以及对应的平均每株侵入孔数为 0 .6 6时 ,防治费用和挽回损失价值相当。所以 ,若既考虑到经济上的合理性 ,又考虑到控制其种群不向高密度方向发展 ,当林木枯死率超过 0 .5 % ,对应的枯梢率超过 0 .6 1 % ,以及对应的平均每株侵入孔数超过 0 .6 6时 ,就有了进行防治的必要。本文还给出了各云南松林区可以用来根据自己的具体情况计算出适合自己的经济阈值的公式。