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长江中下游江豚种群现状评价 总被引:50,自引:10,他引:50
作者根据近年在长江中下游对江豚进行考察的资料和收集到的标本,系统分析评价了长江中下游江豚的种群现状,主要结果如下:1.长江江豚上至宜昌(距河口1669公里),下至长江口,以及洞庭湖、鄱阳湖均有分布。分布型式是沿长江纵向呈集群性分布,横向呈趋岸性分布;2.长江中下游江豚种群数量估计为2700头。其数量冬季最高,夏季最低。夏季的SPUE值仅为冬季的48.7%—58.6%;3.长江中下游江豚群体以1—5头最为常见,占88%;4.理论推算长江中下游每年新产生个体为539头,年出生率为20%;5.通过分析比较长江中下游和中国沿海以及日本Inland Sea江豚种群数量变动趋势,推测长江中下游江豚很可能进行“江—海”、“海—江”长距离大规模的迁移,这种迁移与生殖有关。 相似文献
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陈宇维;杨依宁;李佳;段鹏翔;王丁;梅志刚;王克雄 《生物资源》2022,44(3):257-266
2018年8月和12月,在长江南京以下12.5m深水航道整治二期工程所涉及四个航道(仪征、和畅洲、口岸直和福姜沙)周边渔民社区,针对航道整治工程对长江江豚分布的影响,开展了渔民问卷调查。共计调查了以码头和渔港为主的22个地点,回收240份有效问卷。采用统计学方法,分析了渔民的主要作业类型和作业区域、渔获物情况,以及作业过程中目击江豚的区域和数量等;结合工程点的地理信息系统(GIS)数据,分析了长江江豚在四个水道施工前后的分布变化情况。结果表明,航道整治过程中长江江豚有避开部分施工水域的行为,但在整治工程结束后,江豚又逐渐返回;在栖息地选择上,长江江豚有向非施工水域扩散的趋势。建议通过优化工程设计和改进施工方式等措施,减缓航道工程施工对相关水域鱼类和长江江豚的扰动,以避免长江江豚自然栖息地质量下降,甚至丧失。 相似文献
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RIVER BANK HABITAT ASSESSMENT OF THE YANGTZE FINLESS PORPOISE IN THE MAIN STEM OF MIDDLE-LOWER YANGTZE RIVER北大核心CSCD
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Habitat quality can directly affect population abundance and distribution of the Yangtze finless porpoise. This study investigated habitat status of both south and north banks of the main stem of the Yangtze River by taking high-resolution digital photos systematically during the 2017 Yangtze Freshwater Dolphin Expedition from 10th November to 17th December, 2017. The survey area covered the entire middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River from Yichang to Shanghai (1669 km in length) and a total of 794 photo samples were collected. We recorded 318 sightings with 631 individuals of the Yangtze finless porpoise. The Chi-squared goodness of fit test revealed that proportions of observed frequency are significantly higher than the expected frequency in natural river banks (χ2=69.81, P<0.001). Whereas the result is opposite in the semi-natural and solidified river banks (χ2=39.26, P<0.001; χ2=12.15, P<0.001), indicating that the natural river banks were the preferred habitat of the Yangtze finless porpoise. The length of the semi-natural river and solidified banks accounted for 45.47% of the total length of the river bank, which intermingled with the patches of the natural river banks, demonstrating that the natural habitat was severely degraded and highly fragmented to impact the distribution of the Yangtze finless porpoise. Our study suggested that habitat degradation and fragmentation pose a significant threat to the survival of the Yangtze finless porpoise. Future conservation research and practice should focus on habitat restoration of the solidified river banks to reestablish and enhance habitat connectivity. © 2019, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. 相似文献
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长江江豚是中国长江中下游特有物种,近两次长江淡水豚生态考察中其种群数量出现止跌回升,但仍处于极度濒危状态。为进一步稳固江豚种群数量增长态势,维持优良生境成为开展后续相关保护措施的基础。然而,长江下游水文条件复杂,航道整治、岸线开发利用、十年禁渔等工程和管理措施可能对江豚生境造成影响。因此,开展长江下游江豚调查和生境评估具有重要意义。通过船只调查结合环境DNA监测,明晰了长江宁镇段江豚的种群分布、活动特征及主要活动区域的环境特征;综合水深、流速、岸线和饵料多种关键生境因子,构建了长江下游南京-镇江段江豚物理生境模型,模拟分析了江豚生境适宜度。结果表明,船只调查和环境DNA监测结果均显示出研究区域内江豚主要分布在南京保护区,非保护区次之,镇江保护区较少。其中江豚序列丰度在绿水湾公园点位最高,占比7.77%;基因拷贝数在烈山点位最多,达22.56拷贝数/μL。观察到江豚出现频率和丰度较高的点位均在模型中显示出较适宜的生境,耦合多种关键生境因子的模型可以较好的模拟江豚生境适宜性。总体来说,南京江段生境适宜度较高,范围较大。最后,针对南京下游深水航道工程下江豚生境保护,建议在后续航道整治工程中充分采用生态措施,以支撑长江大保护和长江经济带国家战略协同发展。 相似文献
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长江江豚种群衰退机理研究进展 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
长江江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)是生活于我国长江中下游的一种独特的淡水小型鲸类,1996年被收录为IUCN濒危物种。在过去的三十年间,其种群数量呈快速下降趋势。数据显示,20世纪90年代以来,其种群下降速率约为每年6.3%。2006年考察发现长江干流中其种群数量少于1 200头,与15年前相比减少了50%以上。为了深入了解造成长江江豚种群快速衰退的机理,课题组从种群生态学、生物声学和种群遗传学三个方面开展研究工作。综述了该项目的研究进展,并对下一步的研究计划进行了展望。相关研究不仅能促进长江江豚保护生物学理论的发展,也有助于深化对白鱀豚衰退和灭绝过程的反思,并为其他长江水生生物资源的保护提供理论借鉴。 相似文献
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A preliminary study was carried out to investigate diurnal changes of behavior of three, one adult male, one adult female, and one juvenile female, Yangtze finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis) in captivity. The respiration and behavior of the porpoises were recorded for 222 hr across 42 days. Behavioral data were recorded for eight general categories: aerial display and fast swimming, begging for fish, playing, nonsexual socializing, sexual behavior, resting, rubbing, and miscellaneous (i.e., other behaviors not included in the above categories). Each behavioral category was scored using one‐zero sampling with 10‐min intervals. The adult male showed shorter mean respiratory intervals at night (19:00–7:00 h), whereas the mean respiratory intervals of the females were shorter during the day (7:00–19:00 h). Begging for fish of all individuals, playing of the juvenile female, nonsexual socializing, and miscellaneous behavior of the adult female and resting of the male were observed more easily in the day, and aerial display and fast swimming of the adults and resting of the females were observed more easily at night. No significant diurnal difference was found, however, in the remaining categories of each individual. Each of the three porpoises therefore showed a distinct diurnal pattern, but none was obviously more active in the daytime than during the nighttime. Results suggest that daytime‐only feeding schedules may be insufficient to meet the energetic needs of marine mammals that show a 24‐hr activity cycle, and that nighttime feeding may be a worthwhile addition to husbandry routines. Zoo Biol 0:1–11, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
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鲸类微卫星引物对长江江豚的适用性研究 总被引:5,自引:4,他引:5
微卫星在长江江豚 (Neophocaenaphocaenoidesasiaeorientalis)中的应用研究还未见报道。本研究采用已发表的来自 6个鲸种的 2 3对微卫星引物对一个长江江豚群体DNA样本进行了微卫星扩增。结果表明其中有 7对引物在此群体中的扩增产物是稳定且多态的 ,序列分析结果表明这 7对引物的扩增产物都具有AC或GT两碱基重复单元 ,从而证明了扩增的有效性。研究结果表明用从其他鲸类分离出的微卫星引物可以快速筛选到适用于长江江豚指纹分析的引物 相似文献
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李寒姝;杨连东;孟明辉;许攀;范飞;王丁;郑劲松 《水生生物学报》2025,49(5):052508-1-052508-9
研究采用生物信息学方法, 首次对长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis )和东亚江豚(N. a. sunameri )的染色体水平基因组(大小分别为2.62和2.50 Gb)的微卫星分布特征进行了分析和比较。结果表明, 在长江江豚和东亚江豚基因组中分别发现888424和867792个完美型微卫星, 总长度分别为15340771和14724482 bp, 均占基因组序列总长度的0.59%。在长江江豚和东亚江豚基因组中, 六种重复类型微卫星的数量分布模式基本一致: 单碱基微卫星最为丰富, 其次是二碱基、六碱基、四碱基、三碱基和五碱基重复微卫星; 数目最多的6种微卫星重复单元分别是A、AC、AT、CCCTAA、AGGGTT和C。研究还着重分析了长江江豚和东亚江豚Y染色体微卫星分布特征, 分别在两个亚种Y染色体基因序列中发现6195和5024个完美型微卫星。在Y染色体6种重复类型微卫星中, 单碱基是最丰富的碱基重复类型, 然后依次是二碱基、四碱基、三碱基、五碱基和六碱基重复。在Y染色体不同类别的完美型微卫星中, 以A、AC、AAT等为重复单元的微卫星最为丰富。研究分析了长江江豚和东亚江豚染色体水平基因组微卫星分布特征和差异, 为后续微卫星遗传标记的开发与利用奠定了重要基础。 相似文献
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长江航运业的快速发展导致长江中船舶数量激增,相应的水体噪声污染可能对同水域的长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis)产生一定的负面影响,本研究采用宽频录音设备对长江和畅洲北汊非正式通航江段的各类常见大型船舶(长>15m且宽>5m)的航行噪声进行了记录,并分析其峰值-峰值声压级强度(SPLp-p)和功率谱密度(PSD)等。结果表明,大型船舶的航行噪声能量分布频率范围较广(>100kHz),但主要集中于中低频(<10kHz)部分,各频率(20Hz~144kHz)处的均方根声压级(SPLrms)对环境背景噪声在该频率处的噪声增量范围为3.7~66.5dB。接收到的1/3倍频程声压级(TOL)在各频率处都大于70dB,在8~140kHz频段内都高于长江江豚的听觉阈值。说明大型船舶的航行噪声可能会对长江江豚个体间的声通讯及听觉带来不利影响,如听觉掩盖。 相似文献
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唐斌;龚成;王睿龙;周昊杰;陈宇维;毛峻峰;高文娟;张婷玉;梅志刚;郝玉江;王克雄;王丁 《水生生物学报》2025,49(5):052504-1-052504-11
为了准确掌握长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis a. )重点保护水域长江石首段的生态系统状况及长江江豚种群状况, 研究建立了长江石首段Ecopath生态系统能量流动模型, 并以此模型为基础评估了长江江豚环境容纳量。研究结果显示, 长江石首段生态系统有效营养级范围为1.000—3.153, 长江江豚处于最高营养级, 其次是蒙古鲌功能组。食物网的能量流动主要有3条途径, 包括2条牧食食物链和1条碎屑食物链。各营养级能量流动总体呈金字塔形分布, 但系统总转化效率较低, 仅为2.63%。基于模型生态系统成熟度和稳定性指标分析, 提示长江石首段生态系统处于未成熟状态, 稳定性也需进一步提高。基于模型能量流动平衡原理, 评估长江石首段长江江豚环境容纳量为0.055 t/km2, 约107头。通过进一步的模型模拟预测, 随着长江江豚生物量增加, 整个生态系统规模和成熟度略有增加, 稳定性基本保持不变; 浮游食性和草食性鱼类的适量增加, 将大幅增加长江江豚环境容纳量, 并能够改善生态系统状况。研究结果将为长江石首段长江江豚保护策略的制定提供重要参考, 同时也为“十年禁渔”成效的评估提供本底数据。 相似文献
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The Baltic Proper harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) is currently listed as critically endangered (CR), with the Static Acoustic Monitoring of the Baltic Sea Harbor Porpoise (SAMBAH) project concluding that only ~500 individuals remain. This population has a distribution that spans the waters of nine countries, making regular abundance estimates and management action challenging. Given the continued decline of other depleted porpoises, namely the vaquita (Phocoena sinus), the question is often raised about whether management action would even have a positive impact, or whether it is too late for population recovery. When abundance estimates are sparse over time, monitoring programs at key sites are likely to serve as the best indication of population trends, and may provide an early indication of changes at the population level. We compared passive acoustic monitoring data from 12 stations that were utilized both in the SAMBAH project (2011–2013) and as a part of the Swedish National Monitoring Program (2017–2020) to determine trends in detection rates. There was a 29% increase in mean daily detection rate during May–October (over the breeding season) between the two study periods. At the three stations with the highest number of detections, log linear regression revealed a yearly increase of 2.4% between 2011 and 2019 (−4.4–9.6, 95% CI). This may be indicative of the beginnings of population recovery, or simply an indication that the decline has stalled. The rate of increase is still well below what is likely to be possible for porpoise populations, and unlikely to buffer against any potential increase in pressures in the future. We therefore call for urgent management action to remove threats and protect this CR population, the only resident cetacean in the Baltic region, in order to give it the best chance of recovery. 相似文献
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徐子佳;张瑶瑶;刘小宇;陈懋;梅志刚 《水生生物学报》2025,49(5):052505-1-052505-9
研究旨在探讨长江新螺江段长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis )分布特征及影响其栖息地选择的河道形态因素, 为其栖息地修复和保护区管理提供科学依据。研究利用2006—2023年的考察数据, 通过栖息地选择模型分析了保护区江段长江江豚在不同水文季节的分布情况及与环境因子的相关性。结果显示, 该江段的长江江豚在枯水期主要分布于保护区江段的老湾水域、潘家湾和簰洲湾水域, 丰水期主要分布于簰洲湾水域, 季节性分布差异显著。保护区赤壁大桥以上江段在历次考察中长江江豚分布稀少。总体来看, 长江江豚的分布与河道弯曲度、河漫滩面积显著相关, 这提示长江河道的自然景观特征可能是驱动长江江豚分布的主要因素。根据上述结果, 建议进一步开展保护区水域具体河道理化特征研究, 阐明长江江豚栖息地选择机制。加强河漫滩生境的保护和修复, 在长江江豚高密度分布的老湾水域、潘家湾和簰洲湾水域保持自然岸线占比。加强保护区上游江段长江江豚的种群监测, 并采取生境改造手段, 恢复部分河漫滩, 改善不同河漫滩生境之间的栖息地连通性。 相似文献
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航道整治期间为受扰动江豚提供临时庇护所,是在就地保护和迁地保护之外的一种尝试。2020年1月至2021年12月,在长江干线武汉至安庆段6 m水深航道整治过程中,选取马当圆水道建设长江江豚临时庇护所,通过禁止渔业捕捞,增殖放流和通航引导等措施来提升庇护所质量。监测结果表明,庇护所设立后其作为长江江豚栖息地的质量得到提高:夏季鱼类密度从(3361.2±1991.7)条/hm2上升到(12439.1±10734.5)条/hm2,冬季鱼类密度从(501.3±381.8)条/hm2上升至(1684.4±3770.9)条/hm2。通航船舶显著减少,水下噪声低于长江干流的平均水平。长江江豚临时庇护所建立后,枯水期庇护所水域内长江江豚的平均目击次数(4.3±0.6)、观察头次(6)和群体大小(1.4±0.5)都要显著高于庇护所建设前(P<0.05),丰水期则无显著性差异(P>0.05),说明庇护所在枯水期发挥了对长江江豚的保护作用。但长江江豚对庇护所的利用主要集中在进出水道两端,可能是枯水期部分水域过浅限制了江豚对庇护所的利用。分析认为,航道整治等涉水工程施工期间为江豚提供临时庇护所是一项可行措施,但要充分发挥庇护所对江豚的保护作用,必须全面考虑江豚对各项生态因子的需求,防止因关键因子带来的\"木桶效应\"制约庇护所的整体适合度。 相似文献
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长江清节洲水域是长江江豚的重要栖息地之一,为了解该水域鱼类群落结构特征,于2017年4月、7月、10月和2018年2月对该水域鱼类群落进行了季节性调查。调查共采集鱼类38种,隶属于5目8科29属,其中鲤科鱼类占优势,占总种类数的68.4%。相对重要性指数结果显示鱼类群落优势种为贝氏䱗(Hemiculterbleekeri )、似鳊(Pseudobramasimony )、银鲴(Xenocyprisargentea )和刀鲚(Coilianasus )。按生活习性划分,定居性鱼类占绝对优势,占总种数的78.9%;在空间上,中上、中下和底层鱼类分布较为均衡,占总种数的比例依次为36.8%,28.9%和34.2%;从食性上划分,杂食性和肉食性鱼类较多,分别占总种数的44.7%和39.5%。Shannon⁃Weiner指数、Simpson指数、Margalef指数和Pielou均匀度指数依次分别为0.820~1.711,0.601~0.981,1.640~3.423和0.249~0.592。单因素方差分析表明,除春夏季与秋冬季的Margalef指数存在显著性差异(P <0.05),各指数在时间和空间均无显著性差异(P >0.05)。与历史资料相比,该区域鱼类群落呈现物种多样性降低和群落结构小型化的趋势。因此,建议加强该水域鱼类资源的监测和保护,以维护长江生态系统的稳定与江豚栖息地的适合度。 相似文献
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18.
截线抽样法用于鄱阳湖江豚种群数量研究初报 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
运用截线抽样法调查了在春季 4月间鄱阳湖区长江江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)的种群密度和数量,得出该地区长江江豚种群密度估计值为 0.1940头/km2,估计数量为 388头。探讨了截线抽样法用于浅水型淡水湖泊调查的可行性和有效性以及要注意的问题。 相似文献
19.
人工饲养环境下长江江豚的行为谱的构建 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
对行为的定义和描述是定量开展行为学研究的前提与基础。通过对人工饲养环境下长江江豚行为的观察、记录和分析,定义和描述了长江江豚近40种行为。在此基础上,初步构建了人工饲养环境下长江江豚行为学研究所必需的行为谱,由活跃的水面行为、玩耍、索食、社群行为、性行为、休息、摩擦、杂类八个类别组成。文中对某些行为可能具有的生物学意义进行了初步的分析和讨论。 相似文献
20.
The use of ultrasonography as a noninvasive tool for assessing the reproductive status of the male Yangtze finless porpoise (YFP; Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis) was validated by correlating ultrasonographically determined testicular volume (TV) and testicular parenchyma pixel intensity (PI) with serum testosterone (T) concentration. The testes of 13 free-ranging male YFPs from the Tian-e-Zhou Reserve and three captive animals from the Baiji Dolphinarium (Wuhan, China) were examined ultrasonographically during April 2008. Testis volume was determined using Lambert's formula for an ellipsoid. Testicular parenchyma PI was evaluated by analyzing testicular ultrasonograms using pixel analysis software (Image J). Serum T concentrations were determined using a single-antibody radioimmunoassay. The TV, PI, and serum T concentration were low and similar in animals with body length <133 cm, highest in those with body length ≥142 cm, and highly variable in those with body length from 133 to 141 cm. Both TV and PI were closely correlated with serum T concentration (r = 0.91 and r = 0.85, respectively; P < 0.01), indicating a consistent association between structural and functional development of the testis. In conclusion, we inferred that puberty onset in male YFPs occurred when TV was >150 cm3 and PI was >60 during the breeding season and that testicular ultrasonography and pixel analysis was an efficient, noninvasive, real-time tool to evaluate testicular function of live male YFPs. 相似文献