大豆叶片衰老过程中质膜蛋白激酶自磷酸化状态和催化活性的变化

以大豆幼苗初生叶为材料研究了衰老过程中质膜蛋白激酶自磷酸化状态和催化活性的变化,结果发现质膜上一个57kD的蛋白激酶分子上有多个自磷酸化位点,而且自磷酸化反应能提高该酶催化组蛋白H1磷酸化的激酶活力。进一步的研究表明诱导衰老处理造成的57kD蛋白激酶自磷酸化状态的变化,可能对调节它在衰老过程中催化活性的变化起重要作用;而外源6－BA预处理则能够维持57kD蛋白激酶体内高自磷酸化状态,保持该激酶在衰老过程中的催化活力。对衰老和6－BA过程中质膜上39和47kD蛋白激酶自磷酸化状态变化的研究表明,这两种激酶可能参与大豆叶片对6－BA刺激信号的传导和／或应答反应过程。     

大豆叶片质膜蛋白激酶的自身磷酸化反应

利用Ｆｅｒｒｅｌｌ和Ｍａｒｔｉｎ设计的测定印迹在ＰＶＤＦ膜上的蛋白激酶活性方法研究大豆叶片质膜蛋白激酶自身磷酸化反应活性,结果表明：与Ｍｇ－ＡＴＰ相比,Ｍｎ－ＡＴＰ是更有效的５７ｋＤ蛋白激酶自身磷酸化反应底物;钙离子可以促进该激酶的自身磷酸化反应活性,而且ＥＧＴＡ可以显著降低它在ＳＤＳ电泳中的迁移率,说明５７ｋＤ蛋白激酶为依赖于钙的蛋白激酶;     

大豆叶片质膜蛋白激酶的自身磷酸化反应

利用Ferrell和Martin（1991）设计的测定印迹在PVDF膜上的蛋白激酶活性方法研究大豆叶片质膜蛋白激酶自身磷酸化反应活性,结果表明：与Mg－ATP相比,Mn－ATP是更有效的57KD蛋白激酶自身磷酸化反应底物;钙离子可以促进该激酶的自身磷酸化反应活性,而且EGTA可以显著降低它在SDS电泳中的迁移率,说明57KD蛋白激酶为依赖于钙的蛋白激酶;预磷酸化反应实验证明57KD蛋白激酶具有多个自身磷酸化反应位点,其分子的自身磷酸化状态可调性暗示这一激酶可能具有重要的生理功能。     

6-BA延缓大豆叶片衰老的作用与膜蛋白磷酸化状态的关系

蛋白激酶（proteinkinase,PK）和蛋白磷酸酯酶（pIDt6inphOSpha～,PP）是生物体内催化蛋白质磷酸化／脱磷酸化过程的两种重要酶类。目前已有越来越多的实验证据表明：这种可逆的磷酸化／脱磷酸化过程所导致的蛋白质（酶）活性的改变是生物体内信号传导过程中的重要环节（Hunter1995）。已有一些实验系统涉及了植物激素对于植物蛋白磷酸化过程的影响（Mi－zogUchi等1994,Sano和Youssefian1994）,并有一些与此相关的蛋白激酶和蛋白磷酸酯酶的基因被克隆（kleber等1993,temp等1994）。细胞分裂素延缓植物叶片衰老的作用早已被各种实…     

叶片衰老过程中的蛋白激酶和蛋白磷酸酶

衰老是受遗传程序严格控制的植物个体发育过程中的一个必经阶段,由特殊发育信号通过一定的信号传导路径来启动和控制。研究发现,蛋白激酶和蛋白磷酸酶所介导的可逆磷酸化反应在叶片衰老信号传递和衰老的启动和进程控制过程中发挥了重要作用。本文对近年参与叶片衰老调控的蛋白激酶和蛋白磷酸酶基因的分离鉴定及功能研究进行了综述。     

种子萌发与休眠的自磷酸化蛋白激酶控制机制的数学模型及其分析

自磷酸化蛋白激酶对代谢的开关作用可能控制着种子的萌发与休眠。本文提出了自磷酸化蛋白激酶控制机理的数学模型。通过对该模型定性分析指出，自磷酸化蛋白激酶对种子萌发与休眠的控制机理具有双稳态的突变性质，得出了产生双稳态的临界条件。     

环境变化和时序衰老过程中酵母蛋白激酶Sch9磷酸化的调控

出芽酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)蛋白激酶Sch9与哺乳动物蛋白激酶S6K1同源.S6K1是哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)和磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)的底物,且与很多人类疾病相关,包括肥胖症、糖尿病和癌症.Sch9和S6K1都对不同营养条件和环境胁迫条件下的细胞生长调控很重要.Sch9激活环内的磷酸化位点570位苏氨酸残基也被称为PDK1位点,而737位苏氨酸位点也被称为PDK2位点,这两个位点的磷酸化对Sch9的活性非常重要.蛋白激酶Pkh1/2磷酸化Sch9的PDK1位点,而雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合体1(TORC1)磷酸化PDK2位点.为了深入了解Sch9在细胞中的功能,阐明不同环境条件下及时序衰老过程中Sch9的PDK1和PDK2位点磷酸化的调控就显得尤为重要.利用特异性识别570位苏氨酸残基磷酸化的Sch9蛋白和特异性识别737位苏氨酸残基磷酸化的Sch9蛋白的两种抗体,对不同环境条件下和时序衰老过程中Sch9的两个位点的磷酸化调控进行了研究.研究结果揭示了Sch9的两个磷酸化位点在营养感受、胁迫应答、热量限制和时序衰老过程中的调控方式.揭示Sch9的PDK1位点磷酸化的调控与热量限制延长出芽酵母时序寿命密切相关.     

大豆开花后叶片衰老规律的研究

大豆开花后叶片光合速率和气孔导度呈单峰曲线变化,光合速率在叶片展开后２１ｄ达到高峰,气孔导度在展开后８ｄ达到高峰（１９９８年）。ＣＡＴ活性、ＳＯＤ活性和ＰＯＸ活性的变化似于光合速率,也呈单峰曲线变化,叶片展开后８ｄ内和３３ｄ后其含量都比较低,一般在２５ｄ达到高峰。叶片可溶性蛋白质含量呈双峰曲线变化,分别在叶片展开后８ｄ和２５ｄ达到高峰,只是前一高峰的峰值比较低。叶绿素ａ、叶绿素ｂ和类胡萝卜含量也呈     

NR和NOS在CTK延缓离体小麦叶片衰老中的作用

用一氧化氮(NO)清除剂血红蛋白(Hb)、硝酸还原酶(NR)抑制剂钨酸钠(Na2WO4)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)抑制剂L-硝基精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME)并结合激动素(KT)和玉米素(ZT)两种细胞分裂素(CTK)处理离体小麦叶片,测定分析各处理的相关生理生化指标,以明确NR和NOS在CTK延缓离体小麦叶片衰老过程中的作用.结果显示:KT和ZT单独处理均能显著延缓离体小麦叶片衰老过程中叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量的降低,抑制丙二醛(MDA)的积累,促进NR和NOS活性升高;在Hb、Na2WO4或L-NAME存在时,上述KT和ZT延缓衰老的效应均显著减弱,同时NR和NOS活性的升高也分别被Na2WO4和L-NAME显著抑制.该结果暗示CTK延缓离体小麦叶片衰老可能与其诱导了NR和NOS活性的提高,进而促进NO的生成有关.     

两个大豆类受体蛋白激酶基因的克隆及其结构和功能的初步分析

利用高等植物类受体蛋白激酶基因的保守域设计简并引物的通过RT-PCR方法,从大豆叶片中克隆到两个新的,可能的类受体蛋白激酶基因的部分cDNA片段。对其基因结构的分析表明：在RLPK2的激酶保守域Vib与Ⅸ之间有一个407bp长的内含子。利用RT-PCR方法对它们的表达特性进行初步研究。发现这两个基因可能参与了对大豆叶片衰老和/或细胞分裂素延缓衰老过程的调节机制。     

大豆叶片中G6P脱氢酶抑制蛋白的纯化与鉴定

G6P脱氢酶(G6PDH)是氧化的戊糖磷酯途径中的第一个酶,它广泛存在于C_3、C_4、CAM植物和藻类植物体中(Herbert等1979)。在叶绿体和细胞质中都有分布。前人对该酶有较多研究(Dennis 和 Miernyk1982,Fickenscher 和 Scheibe 1986,     

An Autophosphorylation Site of the Protein Kinase SOS2 Is Important for Salt Tolerance in Arabidopsis

The protein kinase SOS2 （Salt Overly Sensitive 2） is essential for salt-stress signaling and tolerance in Arabidopsis. SOS2 is known to be activated by calcium-SOS3 and by phosphorylation at its activation loop. SOS2 is autophosphorylated in vitro, but the autophosphorylation site and its role in salt tolerance are not known. In this study, we identified an autophosphorylation site in SOS2 and analyzed its role in the responses of Arabidopsis to salt stress. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that Ser 228 of SOS2 is autophosphorylated. When this site was mutated to Ala, the autophosphorylation rate of SOS2 decreased. The substrate phosphorylation by the mutated SOS2 was also less than that by the wild-type SOS2. In contrast, changing Ser228 to Asp to mimic the autophosphorylation enhanced substrate phosphorylation by SOS2. Complementation tests in a sos2 mutant showed that the S228A but not the $228D mutation partially disrupted the function of SOS2 in salt tolerance. We also show that activation loop phosphorylation at Thr168 and autophosphorylation at Ser228 cannot substitute for each other, suggesting that both are required for salt tolerance. Our results indicate that Ser 228 of SOS2 is autophosphorylated and that this autophosphorylation is important for SOS2 function under salt stress.     

烟草幼苗两种钙调素结合蛋白激酶的活性调节及基因表达

在体外条件下,烟草两种钙调素结合蛋白激酶(NtCBK1与NtCBK2)自磷酸化活性的最适pH分别是7.5和8;Mg2 离子浓度对两种激酶自磷酸化活性影响比Na 离子大.Northern杂交结果显示:两基因在花和叶中都有大量表达,但在根和茎中NtCBKl的表达量明显多于NtCBK2;高盐处理会引起NtCBKl基因表达量升高,而高温、低温和干旱处理对该基因表达没有影响,说明NtCBKl参与植物体内盐诱导的信号转导.     

Membrane Skeletal Proteins and Their Integral Membrane Protein Anchors are Targets for Tyrosine and Threonine Kinases in Euglena

ABSTRACT. Proteins of the membrane skeleton of Euglena gracilis were extensively phosphorylated in vivo and in vitro after incubation with [³²P]-orthophosphate or γ-[³²P] ATP. Endogenous protein threonine/serine activity phosphorylated the major membrane skeletal proteins (articulins) and the putative integral membrane protein (IP39) anchor for articulins. The latter was also the major target for endogenous protein tyrosine kinase activity. A cytoplasmic domain of IP39 was specifically phosphorylated, and removal of this domain with papain eliminated the radiolabeled phosphoamino acids and eliminated or radically shifted the PI of the multiple isoforms of IP39. In gel kinase assays IP39 autophosphorylated and a 25 kDa protein which does not autophosphorylate was identified as a threonine/serine (casein) kinase. Plasma membranes from the membrane skeletal protein complex contained threonine/serine (casein) kinase activity, and cross-linking experiments suggested that IP39 was the likely source for this membrane activity. pH optima, cation requirements and heparin sensitivity of the detergent solubilized membrane activity were determined. Together these results suggest that protein kinases may be important modulators of protein assembly and function of the membrane skeleton of these protistan cells.     

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激活蛋白激酶(MK)研究进展

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路介导多种重要的细胞生理反应.对下游蛋白激酶的磷酸化是MAPK家族成员发挥生理作用的重要方式.在MAPK的下游存在3个结构上相关的MAPK激活蛋白激酶(MAPKAPKorMK),即MK2,MK3和MK5.在被MAPK激活后,MK可将信号传递至细胞内不同靶标,从而在转录和翻译水平调节基因表达,调控细胞骨架和细胞周期,介导细胞迁移和胚胎发育.最近,在基因敲除研究的基础上,不同MK亚族成员之间的功能区分已经逐渐明晰,使我们对于MK的认识有了长足的进步.     

Evolutionary Ancestry of Eukaryotic Protein Kinases and Choline Kinases

The reversible phosphorylation of proteins catalyzed by protein kinases in eukaryotes supports an important role for eukaryotic protein kinases (ePKs) in the emergence of nucleated cells in the third superkingdom of life. Choline kinases (ChKs) could also be critical in the early evolution of eukaryotes, because of their function in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine, which is unique to eukaryotic membranes. However, the genomic origins of ePKs and ChKs are unclear. The high degeneracy of protein sequences and broad expansion of ePK families have made this fundamental question difficult to answer. In this study, we identified two class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases with high similarities to consensus amino acid sequences of human protein-serine/threonine kinases. Comparisons of primary and tertiary structures supported that ePKs and ChKs evolved from a common ancestor related to glutaminyl aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, which may have been one of the key factors in the successful of emergence of ancient eukaryotic cells from bacterial colonies.     

Protein Kinases in Zucchini (Characterization of Calcium-Requiring Plasma Membrane Kinases)

Using an in situ phosphorylation assay with zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L. cv Dark Green) seedling tissue, we have identified numerous polypeptides that are capable of acting as protein kinases. Total protein preparations from different organs contain different kinase profiles, but all are within the range of 55 to 70 kD. At least four kinases are associated with highly purified plasma membranes from etiolated zucchini hypocotyls. The major phosphorylated polypeptides from plasma membranes range in apparent molecular mass from 58 to 68 kD. The plasma membrane kinases are activated by micromolar concentrations of calcium and phosphorylate serine, and, to a lesser extent, threonine residues. These characteristics are similar to those of a soluble calcium-dependent protein kinase that has been purified to homogeneity from soybean suspension cultures. Three of the zucchini plasma membrane kinases share antigenic epitopes with the soluble soybean kinase. The presence of kinase activity at different apparent molecular masses may be indicative of separate kinases with similar characteristics. The zucchini hypocotyl protein kinases are not removed from plasma membrane vesicles by 0.5 M NaCl/5 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetate or by detergent concentrations below the critical micelle concentration of two types of detergent. This indicates that the plasma membrane protein kinases are tightly associated with the membrane in zucchini seedlings.