3600m模拟高度人血浆中β—内啡肽的变化与终末呼出气氧分压和氧饱和度的关系

本实验室以前的工作表明,动物在急性低氧条件下,中枢大量释放β-内啡肽,这是中枢对低氧的应激反应,而这种反应的结果引起低氧通气抑制。除了中枢反应外,是否还存在外周β-内啡肽系统对低氧的反应尚不清楚。为此,我们测定了在模拟3600m高度时人血浆中β-内啡肽含量的变化,并同时观察了这种变化与终末呼出气氧分压(P_(EO2))和氧饱和度(Sao_2)间的关系。     

中枢神经递质和神经调质对低氧通气抑制反应的影响

在低氧环境下机体的通气反应含有增强和减弱两个成份,前者被认为是外周化学感受器反馈调节的结果;后者(低氧通气抑制)可能与中枢神经递质和神经调质的参与有关,其中以中枢β-内啡肽系统的作用最重要。     

急性低氧下兔结合臂旁核灌流液中β—内啡肽含量的变化

本实验室既往的研究工作表明结合臂旁核可能参与了由内啡肽介导的低氧呼吸抑制机制。本实验在麻醉、自然呼吸的去除外周化学感受器的兔上,用核团推挽灌流和放射免疫方法,观察到低氧通气抑制的同时,ＮＰＢ区推挽灌流液中β－内啡肽含量明显升高,并与每分通气量和动脉氧分压之间存在指数负相关,进一步证实低氧下弓状核释放出的β－内啡肽作用于ＮＰＢ而导致呼吸抑制的假设。     

急性低氧下兔结合臂旁核灌流浪中β-内啡肽含量的变化

本实验室既往的研究工作表明结合臂旁核(NPB)可能参与了由内啡肽介导的低氧呼吸抑制机制。本实验在麻醉、自然呼吸的去除外周化学感受器的兔上,用核团推挽灌流和放射免疫方法,观察到低氧通气抑制的同时,NPB区推挽灌流液中β-内啡肽含量明显升高,并与每分通气量和动脉氧分压之间存在指数负相关,进一步证实低氧下弓状核释放出的β-内啡肽作用于NPB而导致呼吸抑制的假设。     

成人急性低氧通气压抑中的内啡肽作用

本工作设想,内啡肽参与了成人急性低氧通气压抑机制。受试者均为健康成年男子。6名受试者吸入中度低氧混合气(12.8％O_2)30min;7名吸入重度低氧混合气(10.8％O_2)20min,其中6名并在重度低氧下吸入三口纯氮气。吸入低氧气前先由静脉注入生理盐水(对照)或纳洛酮(中度低氧5mg,重度低氧10mg)。观察低氧时的通气反应、终末潮气二氧化碳分压(P_(ETCO2)、动脉血氧饱和度和外周低氧通气敏感性以及纳洛酮对上述测定的影响。结果表明,纳洛酮使重度低氧下的通气压抑明显减弱,低氧第3～15分钟的通气水平明显高于对照实验;而P_(ETCO2)明显低于对照值。但纳洛酮对中度低氧下的通气压抑无明显作用。此外,纳洛酮显著增强外周低氧敏感性。结果提示,在重度低氧下,内啡肽参与了成人低氧通气压抑机制,并对外周低氧敏感性有抑制作用。     

急性低氧下β-内啡肽参与对大鼠体液免疫的抑制性调节

正常大鼠脑室注射β－内啡肽（β－ＥＰ）（１ｎｇ／ｒａｔ）使溶血素生成和鸡卵白蛋白的ＩｇＧ抗体产生受到明显抑制,脾脏单个核细胞ＤＮＡ含量也下降,７ｋｍ４８ｈ低氧同样使溶血素的产生明显下降,大鼠脑室注射阿片受体阻断剂钠屈酮（ｎａｌｔｒｅｘｏｎｅ）可使低氧造成的ＩｇＧ和溶血素生成抑制翻转,低氧抑制的脾脏单个核细胞ＤＮＡ合成得到部分阻断,脑室注射β－ＥＰ与７ｋｍ低氧１２ｈ一样使脾脏中儿茶酚胺含量增加,因而     

银杏叶制剂对致痛大鼠脑内β-内啡肽表达的影响

目的:研究β-内啡肽指标在脑内的表达变化,观察银杏叶制剂对致痛大鼠脑内β-内啡肽的影响。方法:取SD雌性大鼠50只,随机分为5组,模型组、药物对照组、给药组(高、中、低)三个剂量组。药物对照组给予生理盐水10天,给药组给与高中低三个剂量组的银杏叶的混悬液,每天给药两次,给药10天后,在大鼠的右脚掌给与5%的福尔马林150μl刺激,1小时后将大鼠处死,取海马和下丘脑做连续切片后,采用HE染色,在光镜下进行定位,用β-内啡肽做免疫组化染色,对照图谱在显微镜下观察β-内啡肽在海马区及下丘脑的阳性细胞数。结果:高、中剂量给药组中下丘脑室旁核、室周核、弓状核内β-内啡肽表达增加(P<0.05)。海马的CA1CA2、CA3区β-内啡肽的表达增加主要在高、中剂量组(P<0.05),低剂量组无差异。结论:大鼠给予银杏叶片制剂后,炎性致痛大鼠海马区及下丘脑区的β-内啡肽表达发生了变化,揭示银杏叶片在疼痛大鼠的中枢神经系统对β-内啡肽有一定的影响作用;提示银杏叶镇痛的有一定的中枢机制。     

损毁弓状核区对大鼠脑内β-内啡肽、5-羟色胺、去甲肾上腺素含量及其对针刺镇痛的影响

下丘脑弓状核区是脑内合成β-内啡肽等物质的主要部位,并与脑内中缝背核、蓝斑等结构有密切的交互纤维支配。本实验用新生期大鼠注射谷氨酸—钠(MSG)损毁弓状核区的方法,观察对脑内β-内啡肽、5-羟色胺、去甲肾上腺素含量及针刺镇痛的影响。MSG 处理组大鼠下丘脑弓状核神经元减少72%左右,脑β-内啡肽含量降低67%,针刺镇痛效应明显下降,电针后脑去甲肾上腺素含量明显高于电针对照组;将 MSG 处理大鼠的垂体摘除后,针刺镇痛效应几乎消失,同时电针后脑去甲肾上腺素含量则显著高于单纯 MSG处理组。本文对可能的机理进行了讨论。     

针刺镇痛时兔视前区β-内啡肽样免疫活性物质和去甲肾上腺素释放的变化

本实验采用放射免疫分析法和高效液相色谱法分別测定电针前和电针10min 后兔视前区灌流液中β-内啡肽样免疫活性物质(β-EPIS)和去甲肾上腺素(NA)及其代谢物3-甲氧基-4-羟基苯乙二醇(MHPG)的含量。结果,针刺镇痛时灌流液中β-EPIS 含量增加;而 NA 和MHPG 则减少;β-EPIS 和 MHPG 含量的变化呈负相关(r=-0.831;P<0.05)。提示在针刺镇痛时;视前区β-内啡肽与 NA 的释放抑制有关。     

刺激迷走神经向中端对大鼠中枢内β-内啡肽和强啡肽含量的影响

本工作利用放射免疫测定法研究了刺激迷走神经向中端对大鼠中枢内β-内啡肽和强啡肽含量的影响,结果如下:脊髓、丘脑和垂体内β-内啡肽含量减少(P<0.05),而海马、中脑、桥延和皮层则显著增加(P<0.05);强啡肽在海马内含量增高(P<0.05),而在脊髓则显著减少。(P<0.01)。这一结果提示内源性阿片肽与迷走神经传入联系具有一定的机能联系。     

Intracerebroventricular serotonin reduces the degree of acute hypoxic ventilatory depression in peripherally chemodenervated rabbits

Hypoxia causes changes in the rate of synthesis or release of neurotransmitters in the brain. The accumulation of serotonin (5-HT) in the central nervous system might cause hypoxic respiratory depression. In the present study, we aimed to examine the role of central 5-HT on normoxic and acute hypoxic ventilatory depression (AHVD) in peripheral chemoreceptors denervated rabbits. All experiments were performed in peripherally chemodenervated rabbits anesthetized with intravenous injection of urethane (400 mg/kg) and alpha-chloralose (40 mg/kg). For intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of 5-HT (20 microg/kg) and ketanserin (10 microg/kg), a cannula was placed in left lateral ventricle by stereotaxic method. Respiratory frequency (fR), tidal volume (VT), ventilation minute volume (VE) and systemic arterial bood pressure (BP) were recorded in each experimental phases and mean arterial pressure was calculated (MAP). Heart rate (HR) was also determined from the pulsation of BP. The effects of ICV serotonin and ICV ketanserin on the indicated parameters during air breathing (normoxia) and breathing of hypoxia (8% O2--92% N2) were investigated. During hypoxia, fR, VT, VE, MAP and HR decreased, and AHVD was thus obtained. ICV injection of 5-HT during normoxia caused significant increases in VT (P < 0.001) and in VE (P < 0.01). On the other hand, ICV 5-HT injection reduced the degree of AHVD in peripherally chemodenervated rabbits during hypoxia (fR; P < 0.05, VT; P < 0.05 and VE; P < 0.01). After ICV injection of ketanserin, the enhancement of 5-HT on VE was prevented during normoxia. On the breathing of hypoxic gas after ICV ketanserin, the degree of AHVD was augmented. In conclusion, our findings suggested that central 5-HT increases normoxic ventilation and reduces the degree of AHVD during hypoxia and that ICV ketanserin prevents the stimulatory effect of 5-HT on respiration and augments AHVD.     

中枢应用β-内啡肽对大鼠血浆唾液酸水平的影响以及与免疫功能的关系

实验选择体重２００－２５０ｇ健康Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠６４只,采用麻醉大鼠中枢微量注射,分光光测定法及免疫组织化学法,研究侧脑室,弓状核（ＡＲＣ）区注射β－内啡肽（β－ＥＰ）对大鼠血浆唾液酸（ＳＡ）水平的影响及与免疫功能的关系,结果表明：（１）侧脑室注射β－ＥＰ可明显降低血浆ＳＡ水平;（２）血浆ＳＡ水平在ＡＲＣ区注射β－ＥＰ后明显降低,此效应可被Ｍ胆碱受体阻断剂阿托品或切断双侧颈迷走神经所阻断;（３）Ａ     

Alterations of central hypercapnic respiratory response induced by acute central administration of serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, fluoxetine

Long-term neurochemical changes are responsible for therapeutic actions of fluoxetine. The role of increased central concentration of serotonin by inhibiting its re-uptake via fluoxetine on the central hypercapnic ventilatory response is complex and little is known. We aimed to research the effect of acute intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of fluoxetine on hypercapnic ventilatory response in the absence of peripheral chemoreceptor impulses and the role of 5-HT2 receptors on responses. Eighteen anesthetized albino rabbits were divided as Fluoxetine and Ketanserin groups. For ICV administration of fluoxetine and ketanserin, a cannula was placed in the left lateral ventricle by the stereotaxic method. Respiratory frequency (fR), tidal volume (V(T)) and ventilation minute volume (V(E)) were recorded in both groups. ICV fluoxetine (10.12 mmol/kg) injection during normoxia caused significant increases in V(T) and V(E) (both P < 0.01) in the fluoxetine group. When the animals were switched to hypercapnia f/min, V(T) and V(E) increased significantly. The increases in percentage values in V(T) and V(E) in Fluoxetine + Hypercapnia phase were higher than those during hypercapnia alone (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). On blocking of 5-HT2 receptors by ketanserin (0.25 mmol/kg), the ventilatory response to Fluoxetine was abolished and the degree of increases in V(T) and V(E) in the Ketanserin + Hypercapnia phase were lower than those during hypercapnia alone (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). We concluded that acute central fluoxetine increases normoxic ventilation and also augments the stimulatory effect of hypercapnia on respiratory neuronal network by 5-HT2 receptors in the absence of peripheral chemoreceptor impulses.     

Enhanced brain stem 5HT2A receptor function under neonatal hypoxic insult: role of glucose, oxygen, and epinephrine resuscitation

Molecular processes regulating brain stem serotonergic receptors play an important role in the control of respiration. We evaluated 5-HT(2A) receptor alterations in the brain stem of neonatal rats exposed to hypoxic insult and the effect of glucose, oxygen, and epinephrine resuscitation in ameliorating these alterations. Hypoxic stress increased the total 5-HT and 5-HT(2A) receptor number along with an up regulation of 5-HT Transporter and 5-HT(2A) receptor gene in the brain stem of neonates. These serotonergic alterations were reversed by glucose supplementation alone and along with oxygen to hypoxic neonates. The enhanced brain stem 5-HT(2A) receptors act as a modulator of ventilatory response to hypoxia, which can in turn result in pulmonary vasoconstriction and cognitive dysfunction. The adverse effects of 100% oxygenation and epinephrine administration to hypoxic neonates were also reported. This has immense clinical significance in neonatal care.     

Effect of beta-endorphin on fetal breathing movements in sheep

It has been suggested that endogenous opioids, such as beta-endorphin (beta-EP), act to depress respiration in the fetus and newborn. We have investigated the effect of infusing beta-EP either intravenously or into a lateral cerebral ventricle on breathing movements and electrocortical activity in eight fetal lambs between 116 and 133 days gestation. Intravenous infusion of beta-EP (200 or 500 micrograms over 1 h) increased plasma beta-EP concentrations 2- to 230-fold and was associated with a small decrease in the percent time spent breathing, from 57.8 +/- 9.1 to 51.3 +/- 8.2%/h (n = 6 exp). There was no change in the amount of high- or low-voltage electrocortical activity. Intracerebroventricular beta-EP infusion (1 or 2 micrograms beta-EP/min for 120 min) was not associated with any change of breathing movements (n = 5 exp) during the period of the infusion. However, in four experiments, in the 6-h period after the end of the beta-EP infusion there were episodes of 2-4 h when the percent time per hour spent breathing exceeded 70%. Electrocortical activity increased in amplitude and distinct episodes of high- and low-voltage activity were sometimes lost in these experiments. We conclude that high concentrations of beta-EP in plasma or cerebrospinal fluid do not totally suppress fetal breathing directly in the fetal lamb.     

Serotonin receptor subtypes required for ventilatory long-term facilitation and its enhancement after chronic intermittent hypoxia in awake rats

Respiratory long-term facilitation (LTF), a serotonin-dependent, persistent augmentation of respiratory activity after episodic hypoxia, is enhanced by pretreatment of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH; 5 min 11-12% O2-5 min air, 12 h/night for 7 nights). The present study examined the effects of methysergide (serotonin 5-HT1,2,5,6,7 receptor antagonist), ketanserin (5-HT2 antagonist), or clozapine (5-HT2,6,7 antagonist) on both ventilatory LTF and the CIH effect on ventilatory LTF in conscious male adult rats to determine which specific receptor subtype(s) is involved. In untreated rats (i.e., animals not exposed to CIH), LTF, induced by five episodes of 5-min poikilocapnic hypoxia (10% O2) separated by 5-min normoxic intervals, was measured twice by plethysmography. Thus the measurement was conducted 1-2 days before (as control) and approximately 1 h after systemic injection of methysergide (1 mg/kg ip), ketanserin (1 mg/kg), or clozapine (1.5 mg/kg). Resting ventilation, metabolic rate, and hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) were unchanged, but LTF ( approximately 18% above baseline) was eliminated by each drug. In CIH-treated rats, LTF was also measured twice, before and approximately 8 h after CIH. Vehicle, methysergide, ketanserin, or clozapine was injected approximately 1 h before the second measurement. Neither resting ventilation nor metabolic rate was changed after CIH and/or any drug. HVR was unchanged after methysergide and ketanserin but reduced in four of seven clozapine rats. The CIH-enhanced LTF ( approximately 28%) was abolished by methysergide and clozapine but only attenuated by ketanserin (to approximately 10%). Collectively, these data suggest that ventilatory LTF requires 5-HT2 receptors and that the CIH effect on LTF requires non-5-HT2 serotonin receptors, probably 5-HT6 and/or 5-HT7 subtype(s).     

Chronic hypoxia enhances the phrenic nerve response to arterial chemoreceptor stimulation in anesthetized rats.

Chronic exposure to hypoxia results in a time-dependent increase in ventilation called ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia. Increased O(2) sensitivity of arterial chemoreceptors contributes to ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia, but other mechanisms have also been hypothesized. We designed this experiment to determine whether central nervous system processing of peripheral chemoreceptor input is affected by chronic hypoxic exposure. The carotid sinus nerve was stimulated supramaximally at different frequencies (0.5-20 Hz, 0.2-ms duration) during recording of phrenic nerve activity in two groups of anesthetized, ventilated, vagotomized rats. In the chronically hypoxic group (7 days at 80 Torr inspired PO(2)), phrenic burst frequency (f(R), bursts/min) was significantly higher than in the normoxic control group with carotid sinus nerve stimulation frequencies >5 Hz. In the chronically hypoxic group, peak amplitude of integrated phrenic nerve activity ( integral Phr, percent baseline) or change in integral Phr was significantly greater at stimulation frequencies between 5 and 17 Hz, and minute phrenic activity ( integral Phr x f(R)) was significantly greater at stimulation frequencies >5 Hz. These experiments show that chronic hypoxia facilitates the translation of arterial chemoreceptor afferent input to ventilatory efferent output through a mechanism in the central nervous system.     

Neurotransmitter mechanisms in the enhancement of the hypoxic ventilatory response by antecedent hyperoxia in the anesthetized rat.

A brief period of antecedent oxygen breathing enhances the ventilatory response to hypoxia. The mechanisms of this phenomenon are uncertain and have been variably linked to the central glutamatergic or nitrergic pathways. In the present study we put a question of how blockade of either neurotransmitter pathway would compare with the concurrent blockade of them both in terms of the enhancement of posthyperoxic hypoxic ventilation. The study was performed on the anesthetized, vagotomized, spontaneously breathing rats divided into the following experimental groups: control NaCl-treated, glutamate blocker 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5)-treated, nitric oxide synthase blocker 7-nitroindazol (7NI)-treated, and AP5+7NI-treated. The protocol consisted of measuring the ventilatory response to 12% O2, a steady- state poikilocapnic hypoxia, undertaken in three consecutive conditions in each animal: the initial control, 25 min after injection of a given chemical agent, and then after a 15-min period of oxygen breathing. Respiration was evaluated from the diaphragmatic EMG signal. We found that the posthyperoxic hypoxic ventilatory enhancement was but partially dampened by either AP5 or 7NI. Concurrent administration of the two blockers further diminished, but did not abolish, the hypoxic ventilatory enhancement. We conclude that although the glutamate-NO system accounts for an appreciable part of the posthyperoxic hypoxic ventilatory enhancement, other, as yet unclear, mechanisms contribute as well. These mechanisms may be worth exploring given the substantial enhancing effect the antecedent oxygen has on hypoxic hyperventilation.     

GABA representation in hypoxia sensing: a ventilatory study in the rat

Phenibut, a nonspecific GABA derivative, is clinically used as an anxiolytic and tranquilizer in psychosomatic conditions. A GABA-ergic inhibitory pathway is engaged in respiratory control at both central and peripheral levels. However, the potential of phenibut to affect the O2-related chemoreflexes has not yet been studied. In this study we seek to determine the ventilatory responses to changes in inspired O2 content in anesthetized, spontaneously-breathing rats. Steady-state 5-min responses to 10% O2 in N2 and 100% O2 were taken in each animal before and 1 h after phenibut administration in a dose 450 mg/kg, i.p. Minute ventilation and its frequency and tidal components were obtained from the respiratory flow signal. We found that after a period of irregular extension of the respiratory cycle, phenibut stabilized resting ventilation at a lower level [20.0±3.3 (SD) vs 31.1±5.2 ml/min before phenibut; P<0.01]. The ventilatory depressant effect of phenibut was not reflected in the hypoxic response. In relative terms, this response was actually accentuated after phenibut; the peak hypoxic ventilation increased by 164% from baseline vs the 100% increase before phenibut. Regarding hyperoxia, its inhibitory effect on breathing was more expressed after phenibut. In conclusion, the GABA-mimetic phenibut did not curtail hypoxic ventilatory responsiveness, despite the presence of GABA-ergic pathways in both central and peripheral, carotid body mechanisms mediating the hypoxic chemoreflex. Thus, GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition may be elaborated in a way to sustain the primarily defensive ventilatory chemoreflex.     

Ventilatory response to sustained hypoxia after pretreatment with aminophylline

During sustained hypoxia the decline in ventilation that occurs in normal adult humans may be related to central accumulation of a neurochemical with net inhibitory effect. Recent investigations have shown that the putative neurotransmitter adenosine can effect a prolonged respiratory inhibition. Therefore we evaluated the possible role of adenosine in the hypoxia ventilatory decline by employing aminophylline as an adenosine blocker. We evaluated the ventilatory response to 25 min of sustained hypoxia (80% arterial O2 saturation), in eight young adults after pretreatment with either intravenous saline or aminophylline. With a mean serum aminophylline level of 15.7 mg/l, over 25 min of sustained hypoxia, peak hypoxic ventilation decreased by only 12.8% compared with 24.8% with saline, a significant difference. However, the ventilatory decline during sustained hypoxia was not abolished by the aminophylline pretreatment. Unlike the usual tidal volume-dependent attenuation of hypoxic ventilation exhibited after saline, after aminophylline the ventilatory decline was achieved predominantly through alterations in respiratory timing. Thus aminophylline pretreatment did alleviate the hypoxic ventilatory decline, although the associated alterations in breathing pattern were uncharacteristic. We conclude that adenosine may play a contributing role in the hypoxic ventilatory decline.