甲醛炎性痛及痛过敏诱导大鼠脊髓后角环氧化酶-2表达的变化

目的:观察甲醛炎性痛及痛过敏过程中脊髓后角环氧化酶-2 (COX-2)表达的变化及其时间特征.方法:采用大鼠甲醛疼痛模型,用免疫组化法观察脊髓COX-2表达的变化.结果:与对照组相比,注射甲醛后4 h,1 d及3 d组脊髓后角Ⅰ-Ⅵ板层COX-2免疫反应阳性细胞的数目及染色深度均显著增加,以1 d组增加最为明显.结论:脊髓后角COX-2参与甲醛炎性痛及痛过敏.     

银杏内酯对大鼠急性脊髓损伤保护作用的实验研究

目的:探讨银杏内酯对大鼠急性脊髓损伤的保护作用。方法:选取健康成年正常SD大鼠54只,分正常组、损伤组和银杏内酯治疗组;采用改良Allen’s打击法制作脊髓损伤动物模型,分别在伤后6 h、12 h、24 h、72 h处死动物,采用免疫组织化学方法结合图像分析技术观测NF-κB和COX-2在脊髓腰段的表达情况。结果:脊髓神经功能评定显示银杏内酯治疗组大鼠神经功能较单纯损伤组有所改善;正常脊髓前角内NF-κB和COX-2有一定的基础表达。脊髓损伤后6 h脊髓神经元的胞浆及胞核内NF-κB和COX-2均先后表达上升,24 h达高峰,72 h仍维持在较高水平;而给予银杏内酯治疗后,各时间点NF-κB和COX-2的表达上调幅度均降低。结论:急性脊髓损伤后,银杏内酯可通过控制NF-κB和COX-2的表达上调的幅度而抑制炎症反应,对脊髓受损神经元起一定的保护作用。     

环氧合酶-2在肿瘤浸润和转移中的作用及治疗研究

环氧合酶-2(COX-2)是合成前列腺素的性,其高表达可促进肿瘤转移.COX-2通过改变细胞表面粘着因子和细胞外基质、促进肿瘤血管生成以及改变肿瘤微环境等一系列病理生理变化促进肿瘤转移.COX-2已成为预防和阻止肿瘤转移的药靶,COX-2抑制剂对肿瘤有一定疗效.现就近年来COx.2在肿瘤浸润和转移中的作用及治疗研究作一综述.     

COX-2 与mPGES-1 在肾透明细胞癌中的表达及临床意义

目的:探讨环氧合酶-2(COX-2)和膜结合型前列腺素E2合成酶1(mPGES-1)在肾透明细胞癌组织中的表达及临床意义。方法:采用免疫组化SP法分别检测49例肾透明细胞癌组织标本和21例正常肾组织标本中COX-2和mPGES-1的表达。结果:COX-2在正常肾组织中的阳性表达率为4.8%,在肾透明细胞癌组织中的阳性表达率为53.1%(P<0.05);mPGES-1在正常肾组织中的阳性表达率为4.8%,在肾透明细胞癌组织中的阳性表达率为40.8%(P<0.05);COX-2和mPGES-1的高表达均与肾透明细胞癌的病理分级和临床分期无相关性(P>0.05);COX-2和mPGES-1在肾透明细胞癌中的表达呈正相关(P<0.05),r=0.5。结论:COX-2和mPGES-1在肾透明细胞癌发生及发展过程中共同发挥重要作用;COX-2和mPGES-1可能成为肾透明细胞癌新的治疗靶点。     

原发性翼状胬肉中COX-2与iNOS的表达及相关研究

目的:探讨环氧合酶2(COX-2)与诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)在原发性翼状胬肉中的表达及其在发生发展过程中的作用.方法:原发性翼状胬肉组织与对照组的正常结膜组织标本均取自石河子大学第一附属医院眼科行手术治疗的患者,采用免疫组织化学Elivision法分别检测56例原发性翼状胬内、20例正常结膜中COX-2、iNOS的表达;脱氧核苷酸末端转移酶介导的脱氧尿苷三磷酸末端标记法(terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling,TUNEL),检测不同时期原发性翼状胬肉细胞中凋亡细胞的表达.结果:56例原发性翼状胬肉中COX-2的阳性表达率,静止期为50%,进行期为87.5%,正常结膜为0(0/20).iNOS的阳性表达率,静止期为50%,进行期为92.5%,正常结膜50%.COX-2、iNOS阳性表达在原发性翼状胬肉与正常结膜两组间差异有显著意义,P＜0.001.正常结膜对照组无凋亡细胞表达,静止期和进行期胬肉组织中均出现凋亡细胞,凋亡细胞的表达在静止期和进行期2组间的表达有明显差异(P＜0.05)).结论:COX-2、iNOS在翼状胬肉中的表达,提示COX-2、iNOS可促进新生血管形成,可能与翼状胬肉的发生、发展以及术后复发有关,细胞凋亡在翼状胬肉的发生中起重要作用,COX-2、iNOS抑制剂以及细胞凋亡的调控可望成为降低翼状胬肉复发率新的依据.     

脊髓A1型星形胶质细胞在外周炎性痛中的动态变化

目的研究外周炎性痛小鼠痛行为以及脊髓A1型星形胶质细胞的动态变化,为阐明炎性痛的病理机制提供实验基础及理论依据。方法雄性C57BL/6小鼠16只,分为对照组8只和炎性痛组8只。小鼠右侧足底注射完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)建立外周炎性痛模型,对照组右侧足底注射相同体积生理盐水。在造模前以及造模后第1、3、5、7天检测小鼠机械刺激缩足阈值(MWT)和辐射热刺激缩爪潜伏期(PWL)的变化。以逆转录聚合酶链反应检测A1、A2型星形胶质细胞标志物在炎性痛不同时程脊髓内的动态表达变化。用免疫荧光法检测小鼠脊髓背角GFAP形态以明确星形胶质细胞激活,同时统计脊髓背角A1型星形胶质细胞标志物C3与GFAP共定位水平。结果炎性痛小鼠造模后患侧MWT、PWL均明显下降,小鼠出现机械性痛觉超敏与热痛觉过敏;且在造模后第3天,脊髓背角GFAP表达开始升高,表达量为1.84±0.10 vs 1.08±0.22(P0.05);炎性痛第7天,A1型星形胶质细胞标志物Serping1、H2-T23的mRNA水平均显著升高(P0.05),A2型星形胶质细胞标志物S100a10、Ptx3的mRNA水平降低(P0.05);炎性痛组小鼠脊髓背角星形胶质细胞内C3的表达增加(P0.05)。结论炎性痛小鼠脊髓反应性星形胶质细胞向A1型极化增加,提示A1型星形胶质细胞可能参与了炎性痛的发生发展。     

COX-2和P-STAT_3、P-STAT_5在肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721中的表达及意义

目的观察COX-2和P-STAT3、P-STAT5在人肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721中的表达及其相互关系,探讨环氧合酶2表达与JAK/STAT信号转导通路之间的关系。方法培养人肝癌SMMC-7721细胞,应用免疫组化法检测COX-2抑制剂塞来昔布处理人肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721前后COX-2、P-STAT3、P-STAT5表达的变化。结果COX-2、P-STAT3、P-STAT5在人肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721均呈高表达,并且COX-2与P-STAT3、P-STAT5的表达呈显著正相关;应用COX-2抑制剂塞来昔布后COX-2、P-STAT3、P-STAT5的表达均显著降低,用药前后相比差异有显著性(P<0.01);但用药后COX-2与P-STAT3、P-STAT5的表达无显著相关性。结论COX-2和JAK/STAT通路有密切联系,抑制COX-2的过度表达可能影响JAK/STAT细胞信号转导通路的活性。     

MK-801抑制福尔马林实验引起的大鼠脊髓背角环氧合酶-2的表达

应用免疫组织化学方法,观察鞘内注射N-methyl—D—aspartate(NMDA)受体拮抗剂MK-801对福尔马林实验引起的大鼠脊髓背角环氧合酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)表达的影响。结果表明：MK-801对福尔马林实验引起的第1相缩足反射仅有一定抑制作用,但对第2相缩足反射有显著的抑制作用,且呈剂量依赖性。与这种行为学的变化相对应,MK-801可显著抑制福尔马林实验引起的脊髓背角COX-2表达的增加,并且这种抑制作用与MK-801的剂量呈正相关。这些结果表明,在福尔马林实验中,NMDA受体的活动是引起脊髓背角COX-2表达增加的原因之一。     

Notch信号通路对肝癌细胞迁移能力及E-cadherin，COX-2表达的影响

目的:探讨Notch信号通路对肝癌细胞迁移能力及钙粘附蛋白E(E-cadherin)、环氧化酶-2(COX-2)表达的影响。方法:体外培养肝癌细胞系(SMMC-7721、MHCC97H)、正常非肿瘤肝细胞系(HL-7702),Transwell小室用于测定细胞的迁移侵袭能力,Western blot蛋白印迹法用于测定Notch1、E-cadherin、COX-2蛋白的表达水平,并采用DAPT阻断Notch信号通路,比较肝癌细胞系与正常非肿瘤肝细胞系的迁移侵袭能力及肝癌细胞中E-cadherin、COX-2蛋白的表达水平的改变。结果:SMMC-7721细胞、MHCC97H细胞的迁移能力强于HL-7702细胞,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);相比于HL-7702细胞,MHCC97H细胞、SMMC-7721细胞中的Notch1、COX-2表达水平均显著升高,E-cadherin的表达水平明显降低(P0.05);DAPT处理后,SMMC-7721细胞、MHCC97H细胞发生迁移的能力均弱于对照组,差异有统计意义(P0.05);DAPT处理后,SMMC-7721细胞、MHCC97H细胞内COX-2、Notch1的表达量明显降低,而E-cadherin的表达水平升高(P0.05)。结论:Notch信号通路参与肝癌细胞迁移过程,其机制可能与E-cadherin、COX-2的表达相关。     

P2X7受体敲除对小鼠骨癌痛的影响

癌痛是临床晚期恶性肿瘤患者常见的临床表现之一。其中,以肺癌、乳腺癌和前列腺癌等骨转移引起疼痛尤为严重。P2X7受体是ATP门控离子通道型嘌呤能受体的一个亚型,在脊髓背角主要表达在胶质细胞。P2X7受体激活可以促进胶质细胞释放多种炎症介质,介导脊髓中枢敏化。该受体在炎症痛及神经病理性疼痛中的作用已多有报道,但在癌痛中的作用尚有争议。本研究采用C57BL/6J小鼠股骨骨髓腔内接种Lewis肺癌细胞所诱导的骨癌痛小鼠模型,分析对比了野生型小鼠和P2X7受体基因敲除(P2rx7-/-)小鼠骨癌痛的发生、发展。野生型C57BL/6J小鼠股骨骨髓腔内接种Lewis肺癌细胞后,患侧后肢分别在第7和14天开始出现明显的触诱发痛和热痛过敏,并呈进行性加重;Cat Walk步态分析显示骨癌第21和28天,小鼠患侧脚印面积明显减小,站立时相持续时间缩短,举步时相持续时间显著延长;组织病理学结果显示受累骨骨髓腔有大量肿瘤细胞浸润,骨髓质正常结构消失,伴有髓质骨和皮质骨的破坏。与研究设计时的预期相反,P2rx7-/-小鼠接种瘤细胞后,患肢痛行为检测结果与野生型小鼠相似,甚至在Cat Walk步态分析检测值变化发生的时间上较野生小鼠有所提前。这与本研究组前期在大鼠骨癌痛模型观察到的阻断P2X7受体明显对抗骨癌痛的结果完全不同,提示P2X7受体在大、小鼠骨癌痛中可能发挥不同的作用,并再次提示疾病动物模型上的研究结果与人类疾病机理之间还存在巨大差异。     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor