双歧杆菌对母乳低聚糖利用的研究进展

母乳低聚糖(human milk oligosaccharides,HMOs)是一类存在于人乳中复杂的混合低聚糖,是母乳中的重要成分,在婴幼儿生长发育中起到重要作用。母乳低聚糖可作为影响肠道微生物群组成的益生元,可选择性地促进母乳喂养婴儿肠道双歧杆菌的生长。婴儿肠道内相关的双歧杆菌具有糖苷酶和转运蛋白等分子工具,使其能够代谢HMOs,且代谢过程具有菌株特异性。本文对2′ 岩藻糖基乳糖、3′ 岩藻糖基乳糖、3′ 唾液酸乳糖、6′ 唾液酸乳糖、乳糖 N 四糖、乳糖 N 新四糖等常见HMOs的结构和特点进行总结,并讨论不同双歧杆菌对不同HMOs的利用特点和机制,为开发针对不同双歧杆菌的特异性益生元提供相应的理论指导。     

唾液酸化母乳聚糖对新生儿肠道微生态的调节作用研究进展CSCD

母乳中含有丰富的唾液酸成分,大多数唾液酸是以与人乳低聚糖(HMOs)结合的形式存在。已有报道称唾液酸可以促进婴儿大脑和神经系统的发育,但唾液酸的代谢机制和生物功能并不十分清晰。唾液酸作为母乳中的一种有效营养成分,受到越来越多的关注。唾液酸化的母乳聚糖可促进有益微生物群的生长和新陈代谢,益于婴幼儿肠道健康和免疫功能。唾液酸化的母乳聚糖还具有抗病毒活性,在新生儿肠道的黏膜中具有抑菌作用,能抑制微生物对宿主细胞的黏附,对细菌、病毒和真菌有直接的细胞毒性作用。此外,唾液酸化的母乳聚糖在调节肠道菌群平衡和保护新生儿炎症性疾病方面也起着重要作用。本文综述了唾液酸化母乳聚糖对新生儿肠道微生态的调节作用及研究现状,并讨论了微生物对唾液酸代谢、唾液酸酶和唾液酸转移酶的作用以及唾液酸的生物合成及其在食品添加剂和医学领域的应用前景。     

母乳微生物群结构及其组成和活性的影响因素CSCD

肠道微生物在人体代谢和免疫中的潜在作用十分巨大。微生物是提供特异性信号以指导免疫系统发育和成熟的最重要的环境因素之一。微生物群组成和活性的变化可能会对人类健康产生不良影响。母体微生物环境影响新生儿的免疫发育及其生命早期和晚期的健康。母体微生物群目前被认为是影响儿童健康的重要决定因素,其可能受到特定围产期因素的影响,这些因素也会改变婴儿微生物群的发育。母体微生物群对婴儿的生长、微生物定植和免疫系统的成熟起着重要的作用,而婴儿的肠道菌群定植过程将影响其新陈代谢和免疫反应,这反过来又可能对婴儿以后的健康产生长远的影响。本文总结了会影响微生物群通过母乳从母亲传给婴儿的各种因素,进而为设计饮食和营养工具以调节母乳微生物群提供了新的目标,从而降低非传染性疾病的风险并促进母乳喂养。     

母乳糖复合物对新生儿肠道菌群的影响

母乳是新生儿最理想的营养来源。母乳喂养不仅维持婴儿的发育,也促进有益的肠道微生物增殖。母乳中的糖复合物,包括游离的低聚糖、糖蛋白和糖脂,因在肠道健康和菌群调节方面起着重要作用而被越来越多的人所重视。这些糖类物质不仅能预防传染病,也可作为益生元调节肠道微生态。新生儿出生时肠道是不成熟的,复杂的母乳成分确保了肠道微环境成熟。婴儿的肠道微生物群的构成在出生后会发生连续变化。出生后的细菌定植是肠道发育和免疫系统成熟的必要条件。本文将母乳中糖物质及对婴儿肠道菌群的影响作一综述。     

人乳寡糖的结构及其分离分析

母乳中存在的人乳寡糖（HMOs）是一类结构高度复杂的低聚糖，对婴儿的肠道菌群、免疫屏障、大脑发育发挥积极作用。由于母乳中基质复杂，寡糖的种类繁多，丰度跨度大，存在众多异构体，这都使得检测面临诸多挑战。现已有多种技术用于HMOs的分析，发现了200多种HMOs，液相色谱和毛细管电泳在分离HMOs方面效果显著，核磁共振、质谱、红外多光子解离光谱推动了对HMOs结构的全面解析。本文回顾了对HMOs实现高灵敏度和高特异性分析的多种技术方法，比较了不同技术的优缺点，还重点介绍了质谱以及不同技术联用在推动HMOs解析和测定方面的突破，为探究寡糖的结构-功能关系、深入理解HMOs的生物学功能提供了全面的技术支持。     

双歧杆菌制品的研究现状及展望

双歧杆菌（bifutobacterium）是由法国巴斯德研究院的TIS-SIER于1899年采用厌氧培养法首次从健康母乳婴幼儿的粪便中分离出来的一种专性厌氧菌,它是人体中很重要的益生菌,是健康人肠道内定植且数量占优势的一种细菌,具有一系列特殊生理保健功能,与人类的许多病理、生理现象密切相关,现已确认双歧杆菌是人体健康的重要标志之一。双歧杆菌作为一种优良的生态菌种,具有维持肠道微生态平衡、生物拮抗、免疫调节和营养等多方面的生理功能,因此双歧杆菌被开发成微生态制剂广泛应用于医疗、保健和食品等领域,并已成为微生态制剂的核心。目前人用益生菌制品已有二百余种。从成分上看有的是单纯的活菌制剂,而有些除益生菌外还配合有双歧因子及其他成分,     

双歧杆菌及其微胶囊化的现状研究

近年来．益生菌（Probiotic）作为一类对人本有益的细菌．已成为微生物学的研究热点。特别是,作为对人体健康有益的肠内重要菌之一的双歧杆菌,由于其特定的生理保健作用,它的微胶囊化也愈来愈受人类的关注。双歧杆菌是由法国巴斯德研究院德Tisser学者于1899年采用厌氧培养法首次从健康母乳婴幼儿的粪便中分离出来的一种专性厌氧菌,它是一种人体重要的益生菌,是健康人肠道内定植且数量占优势的一种细菌 ．     

母乳低聚糖代谢类型及其对婴儿肠道微生态的影响

目的 研究母乳低聚糖（human milk oligosaccharides,HMOs）的代谢对婴儿肠道微生态的影响。方法 招募40对健康母婴,收集产后168 d内的母乳及对应的婴儿粪便,检测母乳HMOs含量,检测婴儿粪便HMOs、菌群和短链脂肪酸（short-chain fatty acids, SCFAs）的情况。结果分泌型与非分泌型母乳的总HMOs与中性HMOs具有显著差异,但是二者对应的婴儿粪便,在菌群alpha多样性、SCFAs及乳酸含量方面均没有显著差异。而完全代谢型、非特异性代谢型、特异酸性代谢型、特异中性代谢型等4种不同HMOs代谢类型对应的婴儿粪便,在菌群alpha多样性、SCFAs及乳酸含量方面均存在显著差异。结论 相比分泌型与非分泌型母乳HMOs,婴儿粪便反映的HMOs代谢类型与婴儿肠道微生态的关联更为紧密。因此,对HMOs的研究更应该考虑HMOs的代谢。     

母乳和新生儿粪便细菌与母乳性黄疸的相关性分析

目的探讨母乳和新生儿粪便细菌与母乳性黄疸(BMJ)的相关性。方法以BMJ患儿为研究对象,并与健康新生儿对照。RT-PCR法检测母乳和新生儿粪便中细菌含量,比较BMJ组和对照组细菌含量的差别,分析血总胆红素与细菌含量的相关性。结果 (1)BMJ组母乳和新生儿粪便中青春双歧杆菌、两歧双歧杆菌和长双歧杆菌浓度显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.01);(2)母乳两歧双歧杆菌与血清TSB显著负相关(r=-534,P=0.000);新生儿粪便青春双歧杆菌(r=-0.675,P=0.000)、两歧双歧杆菌(r=-0.598,P=0.000)和长双歧杆菌(r=-0.472,P=0.000)与血清TSB显著负相关。结论母乳中双歧杆菌含量下降可能与新生儿BMJ相关。     

微生物肥料新型功能作用机理与根际定殖增强策略

微生物肥料是支撑农业绿色发展的重要投入品,根际益生菌是微生物肥料菌种的主要来源。我国农业发展对促进作物根系发育、增强作物耐盐胁迫能力等新型功能的微生物肥料提出了需求,然而目前对根际益生菌促进作物根系发育和增强耐盐胁迫的分子机理研究仍然薄弱,成为制约优异菌种选育的瓶颈。另一方面,微生物肥料的根际定殖能力低也是导致其田间应用效果差的重要因素。本文综述了根际益生菌调控根系发育、增强植物耐盐的活性物质和作用机理,分析其根际定殖的过程和菌植互作机制,提出了增强根际定殖的策略,以期为微生物肥料研究提供参考。     

In vitro measurement of the impact of human milk oligosaccharides on the faecal microbiota of weaned formula-fed infants compared to a mixture of prebiotic fructooligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides

Aims: To investigate the impact of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) from a single donor (SO), HMOs from multiple donors (PO), a fructooligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides mixture (FG) on the composition of a batch culture inoculated with faecal microbiota from formula‐fed infants. Methods and Results: Three substrates were compared using 24‐h pH‐controlled anaerobic batch cultures inoculated with infant faecal slurries. Changes in bacterial populations, short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA) production and bacterial 16S rRNA gene profiles were determined. All three substrates significantly increased numbers of bifidobacteria, bacteroides and those aligning with the clostridial cluster XIVa. Neither the FG nor the HMOs substrates supported the growth of the Clostridium perfringens–histolyticum group. SCFA production corresponded to changes observed in bacterial populations. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprint analysis showed a distinct profile of faecal bacteria present in each infant. Conclusions: HMOs modulated infant faecal culture composition in a similar manner to the prebiotic mixture FG in vitro. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first demonstration of the impact of pure HMOs on the mixed culture of infant faecal bacteria. HMOs induced the growth of several saccharolytic bacterial groups and may thus play a role in the health‐promoting attributes of human breast milk and have an extended significance in infant diet during/after weaning.     

Enzymatic and cell factory approaches to the production of human milk oligosaccharides

Infant formula milk companies try to develop fortified formula milk that mimics human milk as closely as possible, since it is well-known that breast milk has considerable implications in the development of the infant in the first years of life. Human milk is unique in terms of complex oligosaccharides content, known as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Their role in the development of intestinal flora blocking the attachment of pathogens and modulating the immune system of the infant are currently recognized. Due to these biological effects, there is a great interest to introduce the main HMOs in the infant formula milk. Therefore, efficient synthetic strategies for HMOs production are required. Here we present a complete review of HMO production using either (chemo)enzymatic syntheses or cell factory approaches, focusing on the strategies that produce HMOs at least at the milligram scale. 42 HMO structures have already been produced as free sugars. Whereas short HMOs are well obtained by cell factory approaches, complex and branched HMOs are better produced by chemoenzymatic strategies. Inspite of the current advances, production strategies of some biologically relevant HMOs are still missing.     

Human milk oligosaccharides: every baby needs a sugar mama

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a family of structurally diverse unconjugated glycans that are highly abundant in and unique to human milk. Originally, HMOs were discovered as a prebiotic "bifidus factor" that serves as a metabolic substrate for desired bacteria and shapes an intestinal microbiota composition with health benefits for the breast-fed neonate. Today, HMOs are known to be more than just "food for bugs". An accumulating body of evidence suggests that HMOs are antiadhesive antimicrobials that serve as soluble decoy receptors, prevent pathogen attachment to infant mucosal surfaces and lower the risk for viral, bacterial and protozoan parasite infections. In addition, HMOs may modulate epithelial and immune cell responses, reduce excessive mucosal leukocyte infiltration and activation, lower the risk for necrotizing enterocolitis and provide the infant with sialic acid as a potentially essential nutrient for brain development and cognition. Most data, however, stem from in vitro, ex vivo or animal studies and occasionally from association studies in mother-infant cohorts. Powered, randomized and controlled intervention studies will be needed to confirm relevance for human neonates. The first part of this review introduces the pioneers in HMO research, outlines HMO structural diversity and describes what is known about HMO biosynthesis in the mother's mammary gland and their metabolism in the breast-fed infant. The second part highlights the postulated beneficial effects of HMO for the breast-fed neonate, compares HMOs with oligosaccharides in the milk of other mammals and in infant formula and summarizes the current roadblocks and future opportunities for HMO research.     

Host-derived glycans serve as selected nutrients for the gut microbe: human milk oligosaccharides and bifidobacteria

Lactation is a common feeding strategy of eutherian mammals, but its functions go beyond feeding the neonates. Ever since Tissier isolated bifidobacteria from the stool of breast-fed infants, human milk has been postulated to contain compounds that selectively stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria in intestines. However, until relatively recently, there have been no reports to link human milk compound(s) with bifidobacterial physiology. Over the past decade, successive studies have demonstrated that infant-gut-associated bifidobacteria are equipped with genetic and enzymatic toolsets dedicated to assimilation of host-derived glycans, especially human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Among gut microbes, the presence of enzymes required for degrading HMOs with type-1 chains is essentially limited to infant-gut-associated bifidobacteria, suggesting HMOs serve as selected nutrients for the bacteria. In this study, I shortly discuss the research on bifidobacteria and HMOs from a historical perspective and summarize the roles of bifidobacterial enzymes in the assimilation of HMOs with type-1 chains. Based on this overview, I suggest the co-evolution between bifidobacteria and human beings mediated by HMOs.     

Recent advances on human milk oligosaccharide antimicrobial activity

Over the past century, human health has been enhanced by antimicrobial development. Following the deployment of the first antibiotics in the 1940s, bacterial resistance evolved and has increasingly outmaneuvered even the most promising antimicrobial agents. Accordingly, increased interest has been placed on alternative methods to circumvent antimicrobial resistance evolution. In the enclosed short review, we discuss the antimicrobial properties of human breast milk with a special emphasis on human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). We recount studies across gram-negative and gram-positive pathogens, highlighting the usage of HMOs in promoting human health and wellness.     

人乳寡糖2′-岩藻糖基乳糖的功能及其全细胞生物合成

母乳是新生儿最理想的营养剂。其中,人乳寡糖作为母乳的第三大固体组分,对新生儿的生长、发育及健康状况有重要影响,被应用于婴幼儿配方食品中。2′-岩藻糖基乳糖(2′-fucosyllactose,2′-FL),是分泌型母乳中含量最高的人乳寡糖,约占人乳寡糖总量的30%,具有重要的营养和医学价值。2′-FL能够促进婴幼儿生长发育、提高其认知能力、增强免疫力、抗过敏、抗病毒,以及调节肠道菌群,是极具潜力的新型营养强化剂。但是,2′-FL来源于母乳,依靠分离、提取获得大量2′-FL并不现实,因此亟需进行人工合成。人工合成2′-FL的方法有3种,包括：化学合成法、酶催化合成法和全细胞生物合成法。全细胞生物合成法因其成本相对低廉,且易于规模化扩大,而引起了国内外的广泛关注和研究。目前,国外很多跨国公司均开始布局2′-FL的工业化生产和应用,而我国在该领域尚处于研发阶段,因此,了解和掌握2′-FL的合成方法对我国开展2′-FL规模化生产具有重要的意义。本文旨在介绍2′-FL的功能特性,系统阐述其全细胞生物合成的关键技术和最新进展,讨论了针对限速步骤进一步提高产量的策略,旨在为2′-FL的合成和商业化生...     

Bio-therapeutics from human milk: prospects and perspectives

Human milk is elixir for neonates and is a rich source of nutrients and beneficial microbiota required for infant growth and development. Its benefits prompted research into probing the milk components and their use as prophylactic or therapeutic agents. Culture-independent estimation of milk microbiome and high-resolution identification of milk components provide information, but a holistic purview of these research domains is lacking. Here, we review the current research on bio-therapeutic components of milk and simplified future directions for its efficient usage. Publicly available databases such as PubMed and Google scholar were searched for keywords such as probiotics and prebiotics related to human milk, microbiome and milk oligosaccharides. This was further manually curated for inclusion and exclusion criteria relevant to human milk and clinical efficacy. The literature was classified into subgroups and then discussed in detail to facilitate understanding. Although milk research is still in infancy, it is clear that human milk has many functions including protection of infants by passive immunization through secreted antibodies, and transfer of immune regulators, cytokines and bioactive peptides. Unbiased estimates show that the human milk carries a complex community of microbiota which serves as the initial inoculum for establishment of infant gut. Our search effectively screened for evidence that shows that milk also harbours many types of prebiotics such as human milk oligosaccharides which encourage growth of beneficial probiotics. The milk also trains the naive immune system of the infant by supplying immune cells and stimulatory factors, thereby strengthening mucosal and systemic immune system. Our systematic review would improve understanding of human milk and the inherent complexity and diversity of human milk. The interrelated functional role of human milk components especially the oligosaccharides and microbiome has been discussed which plays important role in human health.     

益生菌促进胃肠道健康的机制及应用

人体胃肠道内生活着大量微生物,它们影响着宿主的健康.益生菌是一种活的微生物,对维持肠黏膜屏障功能、调节免疫功能和促进营养物质的代谢吸收等具有重要作用;对肠道菌群紊乱、功能性消化不良、肠胃炎、腹泻、便秘、肠绞痛、肠易激综合征、炎症性肠病以及幽门螺杆菌感染等胃肠道疾病具有良好的应用.本文对益生菌与胃肠道健康的影响作简要概述...     

益生菌的应用现状和发展前景

益生菌是一类严格选择的，如果给予足够的量，能够为宿主带来健康益处的活性微生物。常见的具有益生功能的微生物，包括传统益生菌乳酸菌(lactic acid bacteria)和酵母菌(Saccharomyces)等，以及下一代益生菌普拉梭菌(Faecalibacterium prausnitzii)、脆弱拟杆菌(Bacteroides fragilis)、嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌(Akkermansia muciniphila)和普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella copri)等。益生菌与人体健康之间存在密切的关系，这些微生物可通过肠道刺激胃肠道反应或直接作用于口腔、阴道、皮肤等其他部位以调节宿主健康。因此，它们在食品、种植业、畜牧业以及医疗领域中得到广泛应用，成为改善宿主健康的有力工具。本文对乳酸菌等传统益生菌以及嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌等下一代益生菌的功能的开发与应用进行了综述，总结了这几种益生菌在食品生产、疾病治疗以及农业生产等方面的应用潜力，展望了益生菌资源研究与应用的发展趋势，以期为研究新老益生菌功能的开发与应用提供参考。