中国葡萄座腔菌属分类研究概况

葡萄座腔菌属Botryosphaeria及其无性型包括许多植物病原菌以及有经济价值的类群,是腔子囊菌的重要类群.简要回顾了我国该属真菌的分类研究历史,概述了近年来取得的相关研究进展,提供了中国已知种类检索表,展示建立在分类学基础上的分子系统学研究结果,即葡萄座腔菌属Botryosphaeria是多谱系的类群,可分为多个分支,各分支代表其不同的无性型类群.对开展该类真菌的物种多样性和分子系统学研究进行了展望.     

肉座菌目3个中国新记录种（英文）

报道了来自黑龙江和广东的肉座菌目3个中国新记录种:异梗枝穗霉Clonostachys impariphialis、罗斯曼枝穗霉C.rossmaniae和原肉座菌Protocrea farinosa。对其宏观和微观特征进行了描述和图示,对我国材料与上述种的原始描述进行了比较,并利用ITS和28S r DNA的序列比对为准确鉴定提供了依据。此外,首次在大陆地区报道密集枝穗霉C.compactiuscula和大孔光壳Stilbocrea macrostoma并发现黄壳Ochronectria calami在广东分布。[中文摘要附注:Clonostachys属的汉名首次在综述性文章"真菌杀线虫代谢物的研究进展"中引证国外文献时提及,被译为"螺旋聚孢属"(董锦艳等2001)。随后,在作为中国新记录属发表时,文章题目将其译为"枝穗霉属"(Gao et al.2008)。考虑到后者是第一次根据我国材料对该类群进行分类学研究时提供的汉名,其译法体现了属的形态学特征,因此本文采用后一种译名作为该属的名称,并建议永久使用。]     

中国核盘菌科分类研究概况

本文简要回顾我国核盘菌科真菌的研究历史,尤其是最近十年的进展,更正了过去此科分类和命名中的一些问题,列出我国目前已知核盘菌科１２属４２种,并提供属的检索表;其中美洲杯盘菌为我国新记录。同时,指出对此科进一步深入探讨的方向。描述新种贵州杯盘菌,模式保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室。     

葡萄座腔菌科真菌的系统学和多样性探讨

葡萄座腔菌科的真菌是子囊菌中重要的代表性类群,是农林生态系统中重要的组成部分。该类真菌物种资源丰富、全型特征多样,包括许多具有重要经济价值和生态功能的类群,隶属子囊菌门(Ascomycota)果囊菌亚门(Pezizomycotina)座囊菌纲(Dothideomycetes)葡萄座腔菌目(Botryosphaeriales)。本文在概述葡萄座腔科真菌生态功能的基础上,回顾了一百年来该类真菌目、科、属和种各级分类单元的建立及其系统分类研究历史,重点评述以von ArxMüller和Barr提出的两大分类系统,总结了基于全型形态特征和多基因序列分析的现代分子系统学研究现状。虽然该类群的分类系统日趋完善,但中国的相关研究存在资源挖掘不够深入、研究的系统性不足等问题。主要针对资源挖掘必要性、分类依据科学性、物种特征全息化等几个方面存在的问题进行了分析和讨论,并对未来研究方向进行展望,以期为该类真菌的深入研究与开发利用提供科学依据。     

中国近海文蛤属(双壳纲,帘蛤科)的系统分类学研究

长期以来,我国的文蛤分类存在着严重的问题和混乱现象,它已影响和制约了我国文蛤的水产养殖和遗传育种等相关研究。利用比较形态学和分子生物学技术,对我国沿海分布的文蛤属进行了系统的分类学研究,澄清了混淆种,修订了物种名称,确立了我国沿海文蛤的分类地位,对文蛤属的分类系统进行分子重建。结果表明短文蛤和丽文蛤为近缘种先聚到一起,然后与斧文蛤聚到一起,而琴文蛤、文蛤与该属其它 3 种文蛤的分歧时间较早。研究结果将为文蛤的分类研究、遗传育种、资源保护和利用提供科学依据。     

裸盖菇属的真菌鉴定及分子系统学初探

裸盖菇属(Psilocybe)的许多真菌含有神经致幻型毒素,这些毒素被中国卫生部列为A类管制药品。在药检时,这些真菌样品通常是粉末。因此,仅依靠形态分类鉴定该类真菌非常困难。研究采用ITS序列分析的方法鉴定该类真菌并初步探讨了该属种间的系统发育关系。由系统发育树推断Psilocybe属可能是多源进化的。通过序列分析可以鉴定真菌样品为Psilocybe属。     

座壳孢属真菌的分类研究

对昆虫病原真菌座壳孢的功能、资源调查、经典分类发展历程及其传统分类存在的问题、以及应用现代分子生物学方法研究座壳孢的系统发育等进行了回顾和总结,旨在为澄清该属真菌的种类及其系统发育关系提供科学依据。     

虫霉真菌分类系统名录

虫霉真菌是低等真菌的重要成员,目前包含280余种,多为节肢动物的专性寄生真菌,少数腐生于土壤和枯枝落叶。本文在Humber发表的虫霉真菌分类框架上,结合近期发表的虫霉真菌分类单元,对该类真菌分类系统名录进行更新,介绍了1门、3纲、3目、10科和25属的分类学特征,并对当前虫霉真菌分类存在的问题进行了总结和展望。     

头束霉属及其近似属真菌的分类研究进展

头束霉属(Cephalotrichum Link)真菌分布广泛,具重要的经济学及生态学意义。文中简要介绍了该类群真菌的分类历史,总结了该属的分类研究进展;对中国已经发现的头束霉属真菌进行详细列表,并与近似属进行了相关比较。     

广义金钱菌属真菌研究概况

广义金钱菌属分布广泛,物种多样性丰富,包括了许多具有食药用价值的种类,具有较高的经济、生态和科研价值,但我国对该类真菌的关注较少。本文回顾了金钱菌属的建立与发展历程,以及分子生物学研究方法应用于该类真菌后其系统学的变化过程;介绍了欧洲与北美地区对栎裸脚伞复合群物种的区分过程;总结了广义金钱菌属真菌在生物防治和药用功效及化学成分研究等方面的研究进展。同时,还发现了各地对广义金钱菌属真菌的分类学研究水平差异较大,各地区研究水平不均衡和分子系统学研究不完善等问题,所以我国亟需对该类真菌资源调查与挖掘,以期为后续研究提供参考依据。     

Molecular systematics and taxonomic overview of the bird's nest fungi (Nidulariaceae)

Fungi in the Nidulariaceae, otherwise known as ‘bird's nest fungi’, are among the least studied groups of Agaricomycetes (Basidiomycota). Bird's nest fungi are globally distributed and typically grow on woody debris or animal dung as saprotrophs. This group of fungi is morphologically diverse with ca. 200 described species. Phylogenetic relationships of bird's nest fungi were investigated with four commonly used loci (ITS, LSU, tef, and rpb2). The family was resolved as a monophyletic group with Squamanitaceae as a potential sister taxon. Cyathus and Crucibulum each formed its own independent and well-supported clade. Nidula and Nidularia formed a clade together, but each genus is polyphyletic. Two Mycocalia species included in our analyses were on their own separate branches, indicating that this genus is also polyphyletic. Misidentifications were detected in most genera, suggesting that species concepts need to be revisited and refined throughout Nidulariaceae. Several bird's nest fungi species have global geographical distributions whereas others may have more limited ranges. Basic morphological characters of bird's nest fungi have likely been lost or gained multiple times. The phylogenetic placement of Crucibulum is unclear and the sister lineage of bird's nest fungi is not conclusive. Further studies with data from rare species and additional informative genes are needed to fully resolve the topology of Nidulariaceae and identify its sister group with more certainty.     

Fungal diversity living in the root and sporophore of the endemic Korean fern Mankyua chejuense

Ferns represent the basal group of vascular plants and are known to have fungal interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, but diversity of endophytic fungi from ferns is rarely studied. Moreover, fungal diversity associated with ferns is likely underestimated as most studies have been performed based on a microscopic or culture-dependent approach. In this study, we investigated the endophytic fungal diversity within roots and sporophore of an endangered Korean fern (Mankyua chejuense), and compared it to fungi in surrounding soil using a metabarcoding approach. A high diversity of endophytic fungi (236 OTUs), mostly belonging to Ascomycota, was detected and fungal richness and composition were significantly different between habitats. Indicator species analysis showed that endophytic fungi have similar ecological characteristics to fungal species found from other land plants. Our results suggest that various fungal species are associated with ferns, thus understanding fern-associated fungal diversity can have a great implication for fern biology and conservation.     

Diversity and abundance of resupinate thelephoroid fungi as ectomycorrhizal symbionts in Swedish boreal forests

Resupinate thelephoroid fungi (hereafter called tomentelloid fungi) have a world-wide distribution and comprise approximately 70 basidiomycete species with inconspicuous, resupinate sporocarps. It is only recently that their ability to form ectomycorrhizas (EM) has been realized, so their distribution, abundance and significance as mycobionts in forest ecosystems is still largely unexplored. In order to provide baseline data for future ecological studies of tomentelloid fungi, we explored their presence and abundance in nine Swedish boreal forests in which the EM communities had been analysed. Phylogenetic analyses were used to compare the internal transcribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA) sequence data obtained from mycobionts on single ectomycorrhizal tips with that obtained from sporocarps of identified tomentelloid fungi. Five species of Tomentella and one species of Pseudotomentella were identified as ectomycorrhizal fungi. The symbiotic nature of Tomentella bryophila, T. stuposa, T. badia and T. atramentaria is demonstrated for the first time. T. stuposa and Pseudotomentella tristis were the most commonly encountered tomentelloid fungi, with the other species, including T. sublilacina, only being recorded from single stands. Overall, tomentelloid fungi were found in five of the studies, colonizing between 1 and 8% of the mycorrhizal root tips. Two of the five sites supported several tomentelloid species. Tomentelloid fungi appear to be relatively common ectomycorrhizal symbionts with a wide distribution in Swedish coniferous forests. The results are in accordance with accumulating data that fungal species which lack conspicuous sporocarps may be of considerable importance in EM communities.     

Studies of Mycorrhizal Fungi of Chinese Orchids and Their Role in Orchid Conservation in China—A Review

China has over 1,200 species of native orchids in nearly 173 genera. About one fourth of native species are of horticultural merit. Some species are of Chinese medicinal value. In fact, the demand on orchid species with high Chinese medicinal values such as Gastrodia elata, Dendrobium offcinale, along with demands on species of cultural importance, such as those in the genus of Cymbidium, is a major factor causing wild populations to diminish and in some cases, drive wild populations to the brink of extinction. These market demands have also driven studies on the role of mycorrhizal fungi in orchid seed germination, seedling and adult growth, and reproduction. Most of these mycorrhizal studies of Chinese orchids, however, are published in Chinese, some in medical journals, and thus overlooked by the mainstream orchid mycorrhizal publications. Yet some of these studies contained interesting discoveries on the nature of the mycorrhizal relationships between orchids and fungi. We present a review of some of these neglected publications. The most important discovery comes from the mycorrhizal studies on G. elata, in which the researchers concluded that those fungi species required to stimulate seed germination are different from those that facilitate the growth of G. elata beyond seedling stages. In addition, presence of the mycorrhizal fungi associated with vegetative growth of post-seedling G. elata hindered the germination of seeds. These phenomena were unreported prior to these studies. Furthermore, orchid mycorrhizal studies in China differ from the mainstream orchid studies in that many epiphytic species (in the genus of Dendrobium, as medicinal herbs) were investigated as well as terrestrial orchids (mostly in the genus Cymbidium, as traditional horticultural species). The different responses between epiphytic and terrestrial orchid seeds to fungi derived from roots suggest that epiphytic orchids may have a more general mycorrhizal relationship with fungi than do terrestrial orchid species during the seed germination stage. To date, orchid mycorrhizal research in China has had a strongly commercial purpose. We suggest that this continuing research on orchid mycorrhizal relationships are a solid foundation for further research that includes more rare and endangered taxa, and more in-situ studies to assist conservation and restoration of the endangered orchids. Knowledge on the identities and roles of mycorrhizal fungi of orchids holds one of the keys to successful restoration and sustainable use of Chinese orchids.     

Diversity,Distribution, and Host Plant of Endophytic Fungi: A Focus on Korea

Endophytic fungi occupy inner plant tissues, which results in various interactions between the fungus and host. Studies on endophytic fungi have been conducted in Korea for over 30 years. This paper summarizes the published results of those studies. The endophytic fungi of approximately 132 plant species in Korea have been studied since the 1990s, resulting in over 118 publications. The host plants featured in these studies comprised 3 species of mosses, 34 species of woody plants, and 95 species of herbaceous plants. At the family level, the most studied plants were members of the Poaceae family, covering 18 species. Regionally, these studies were conducted throughout Korea, but over half of the studies were conducted in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gangwon-do, and Chungcheongnam-do. Relatively few studies have been conducted in a metropolis such as Seoul. We confirmed 5 phyla, 16 classes, 49 orders, 135 families, 305 genera, and 855 taxa of endophytic fungi, excluding Incertae sedis, whose relationship with others are unknown. Most of the endophytic fungi belonged to Ascomycota (93.2%), and a few belonged to Basidiomycota (3.6%). Since the diversity of endophytic fungi differs depending on the host plant, plant tissue, and distribution region, future studies should be conducted on multiple host plants and in various regions. Future studies on endophytic fungi are expected to broaden, including genomics and taxonomic and ecological studies of secondary metabolites.     

中国菌生非地衣型子囊菌资源

菌生真菌是指以其他真菌为宿主的真菌,是重要的自然生物资源.它们不是系统学上的分类群,而是特殊生境真菌,包括子囊菌、担子菌和接合菌的种类.其中菌生子囊菌是动植物以及其他真菌的内生菌、寄生菌或腐生菌,少数种己用于植物病害的生物防治,对其进行研究具有重要的理论意义和应用潜力.作者汇总了我国丰富的非地衣型菌生子囊菌资源,目前己报道该类真菌132种,其中以担子菌为宿主的约63种,以子囊菌为宿主的38种,其余或对基物的选择性不强或宿主真菌的分类地位不详,部分种类表现出对基物真菌或者宿主真菌的选择性.同时,对菌生真菌与宿主真菌相互作用方式、菌生子囊菌在植物病害防控中的应用以及少数种类对食用菌栽培的为害进行了简要概述.     

Ectomycorrhizal ecology under primary succession on coastal sand dunes: interactions involving Pinus contorta, suilloid fungi and deer

Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) are critical for pine establishment under primary succession. The species of EMF supporting primary successional pine seedlings on coastal sand dunes and mechanisms for their establishment were investigated. Fungi were identified from ectomycorrhizal roots using molecular techniques. Field seedlings were collected from forested and nonforested zones. Laboratory seedlings were grown in soils collected from the same zones, and in sterile soils inoculated with fresh and 1-yr-old dry deer fecal pellets. Suilloid fungi were frequently observed on all seedlings. A diverse group of fungi was available to seedlings in forested zones. A less diverse group of fungi was available to field seedlings in nonforested zones and all laboratory bioassay seedlings. Deer fecal inoculant yielded an average of two EMF per seedling. Both Suillus and Rhizopogon species dominated seedlings inoculated with fresh deer feces, but only Rhizopogon species dominated seedlings inoculated with 1-yr-old feces. Suilloid fungi are dispersed by deer, produce resistant spore banks and are the principle fungi supporting seedlings on the sand dunes.     

Phylogeny of certain biocontrol agents with special reference to nematophagous fungi based on RAPd

A number of phylogenetic studies have been carried out on biocontrol agents having similar biological control activity. However, no work has been carried out to determine the phylogenetic relationship amongst various groups of biological control agents with varied biocontrol properties. Our aim was to derive a phylogenetic relationship between diverse biocontrol agents belonging to the deuteromycetes and determine its correlation with their spore morphology and their biocontrol activity. RAPD was used to assess genomic variability in fungi used as biological control agents which included ten isolates of nematophagous fungi such as Arthrobotrys sp., Duddingtonia sp., Paecilomyces sp. and Verticillium sp., along with two isolates of fungal biocontrol agents such as Trichoderma sp. and two isolates of entomopathogenic fungi including Beauveria sp. A plant pathogenic fungus, Verticillium alboatrum was also included to increase the diversity of Deuteromycetes used. A similarity matrix was created using Jaccard's similarity coefficient & clustering was done using unweighted pair group arithmetic mean method (UPGMA). The final dendogram was created using a combination of two programs, Freetree and TreeExplorer. The phylogenetic tree constructed from the RAPD data showed marked genetic variability among different strains of the same species. The spore morphologies of all these fungi were also studied. The phylogenetic pattern could be correlated with the conidial and conidiophore morphology, a criterion commonly used for the classification of fungi in general and Deuteromycetes in particular. Interestingly, the inferred phylogeny showed no significant grouping based on either their biological control properties or the trapping structures amongst the nematophagous fungi as reported earlier by other workers. The phylogenetic pattern was also similar to the tree obtained by comparing the 18S rRNA sequences from the database. The result clearly indicates that the classical method of classification of these deuteromycete members on the basis of their spore morphology is reliable and could be used for identification of these fungi at species level. The PCR fragment pattern polymorphism exhibited by the various species of a genus and different strains of a species indicates that construction of probes from one or more of these fragments will prove to be useful as a rapid tool for identification of species and strains of nematophagous fungi in future.     

Assessment of Abundance and Species Composition of Filamentous Fungi in the Underground Rzeczka Complex in Sowie Mountains (Lower Silesia,Poland)

Our study is the first mycological evaluation of the air and the rocks in the underground Rzeczka complex in Sowie Mountains (Lower Silesia, Poland). The density of filamentous fungi isolated from the air inside and outside the adit ranged between 245.5 to 1332.6 Colony Forming Units in 1 m³ of air. Sixteen species of filamentous fungi were isolated from the internal air sampled and 11 from the outside of the adit. Cladosporium spp. were the fungi most frequently isolated from the internal atmosphere of the adit and from the external air. From the rock walls and from the rock debris on the floor of the adit only seven species of fungi were isolated. The fungi most frequently isolated from the rock walls were the Aspergillus niger group and from the rock debris we also found A. niger group along with species of Mucor. The concentration of airborne fungi in the adit did not exceed official limits and norms present for a health risk to the tourists, but fungi species isolated from the rocks can cause their degradation.     

Occurrence and colonization of nematophagous fungi in different substrates,agricultural soils and root galls

Seventeen species of nematophagous fungi were recorded, three species were endoparasitic and fourteen species were predacious fungi. Among the predacious fungi Arthrobotrys oligospora, Dactylaria brochopaga and Monacrosporium eudermatum were very frequent, whereas others were recorded at lower frequency. Twelve species of nematophagous fungi from compost as well as cow dung manure, 15 species from leaf litter and only eight species from agricultural soils were recorded. In general, substrate colonization by nematophagous fungi was higher in leaf litter, compost and cow dung manure. The agricultural soil amended with FYM (farm yard manure) recorded nine species of nematophagous fungi while unamended soil recorded only seven species. Thirteen species of nematophagous fungi were recorded from soils under banyan tree. Of all these fungi unidentified net-forming fungus, M. eudermatum, A. cladodes, D. brochopaga, S. hadra, A. oligospora and A. dactyloides had higher percentage of soil colonization. In soil collected under pipal tree only eight species were recorded, of which A. oligospora, A. cladode and an unidentified fungus were more predominant as their percentage colonized in soil samples was higher. Few studies have examined root galls as a substratum for colonization of nematophagous fungi. Of all the root gall samples, okra root galls recorded maximum colonization by predacious fungi. Maximum percentage of root gall colonization was recorded for M. eudermatum followed by A. oligospora and M. ellipsosporum. M. eudermatum was also most predominant colonizer of balsam, brinjal and rice root galls.