防御素在抗病毒免疫中的作用

防御素是由粒性白细胞和上皮细胞产生、富含半胱氨酸的内源性抗微生物肽。越来越多的证据表明防御素在抗病毒免疫中发挥重要作用,包括抗病毒作用和免疫调节。深入理解防御素在抗病毒免疫中的作用有助于预防和治疗病毒病。因此。该文重点综述防御素的抗病毒活性和免疫调节作用。     

人防御素分子生物学研究进展及其应用

人防御素(human defensins)是一类内源性阳离子抗微生物肽,在天然免疫防御中起重要作用,也能增强继承性免疫应答.它具有强烈的广谱抗微生物活性,并且不易对微生物产生耐药性.对人防御素的分子生物学特性方面的研究进展作一综述,重点在于比较和探讨其结构的异同,并对其应用和发展的前景进行展望.     

髓源性防御素的研究进展

防御素是一组含有6个半胱氨酸的阳离子抗微生物多肽。在中性粒细胞内,防御素含量丰富,具有广谱、高效的抗微生物活性,是机体天然免疫机制的重要组成部分。近年来的临床观察表明,测定血浆及各种体液中髓源性防御素的改变有助于某些炎症性疾患的诊断。此外,提纯或重组防御素作为“超级抗生素”则已成为药学界的研究热点。本文着重对髓源性防御素的生化特性、生物学活性及其与疾病的关系作一概述。     

防御素在免疫中的作用

哺乳动物的防御素是在体内形成的一种小分子杭菌性阳离子肽,是天然免疫中的一种类似抗生素的效应物质。防御素利用树突细胞和T细胞上的趋化因子受体,在微生物侵入后的获得性免疫调节上超重要作用。它也有一定的免疫佐剂活性。本文叙述了各种具有抗菌活性的防御素或抗菌肽的各项免疫活性。     

人防御素的研究进展

人防御素是近年发现的人体内重要的内源性抗生素,已引起国内外生物和医学研究者的日益重视。这里综述了人防御素的组织分布、分子生物学特点、作用机理、医学及药用价值等方面的研究进展,对采用基因重组方法生产人防御素的方法进行了评述,并展望了防御素的应用前景和发展趋势。     

抗微生物多肽——防御素研究现状

防御素主要存在于哺乳类动物的中性粒细胞中,是一类小分子富含精氨酸多的多肽,具有特殊的空间结构。防御素对革兰氏阳性和阴性细菌、真菌、螺旋体、分技杆菌以及包膜病毒等病原微生物能产生较强的杀伤作用,有可能为新一代的“超级”抗生素。     

β-防御素2的生物学作用

防御素是一类阳离子抗菌肽,具有天然的抗茵活性.β-防御素2是第一个在人体中被发现的可诱导性防御素,它不仅可通过直接杀菌作用抵御入侵机体的病原微生物,还在介导获得性免疫反应、调节机体的免疫炎症反应和创伤修复过程中起着重要作用.另外,β-防御素2在肺损伤、白血病等疾病的预防和治疗中也有着重要的作用,表现出其广阔的应用前景.     

益生菌的多重抗病毒作用及其机制

病毒性疾病对人类和动物健康造成了重大威胁。由于现有的免疫接种和抗病毒疗法的局限性,开发安全、广谱、廉价的新型抗病毒制剂极为迫切。益生菌是摄入后能对机体产生多种有益作用的活性微生物,其抗病毒作用及潜在机制是当前的研究热点。本文介绍了益生菌通过促进肠道细胞的紧密连接和产生有利物质来维护机体黏膜屏障;与病毒竞争结合靶点或直接捕获并抑杀病毒;刺激机体免疫系统,调节固有免疫反应和适应性免疫反应;分泌具有抗病毒作用的代谢产物来发挥抗病毒作用及其作用机制,以期为益生菌的抗病毒相关研究提供参考。     

防御素研究进展

防御素是广泛分布于自然界中的广谱性抗菌多肽,在生物体内由特殊的细胞合成,经过一系列的加工后分泌表达出功能分子,由于其抗菌活性高,且作用范围广,引起了人们极大的兴趣,目前通过对其天然表达细胞的培养、合成肽和基因表达等手段制备,并进一步对其作用机理进行了探讨,但临床应用仍未见报道。     

哺乳动物防御素的研究进展及其应用前景

防御素是生物界广泛存在的一类具微生物抗性的低分子短肽,其中哺乳动物防御素的抗性谱最为广泛,具有很高的应用潜力.概述了哺乳动物防御素的组成分布、立体结构、基因表达调控、抗菌谱等的国内外研究进展,并展望了其在医学和植物抗病基因工程中的应用前景.     

Production and characterization of recombinant human beta‐defensin DEFB120

Public health of human beings is threatened by superbugs. Novel human beta‐defensins, which contribute to host defense against pathogen invasion and innate immune protection, might be a potent natural candidate pool for new antibiotic lead screening. In the present work, we successfully expressed and purified a novel human beta‐defensin, DEFB120, using the IMPACT‐TWIN system in Escherichia coli and identified the purified homogeneous proteins using MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry. Then, we performed the fundamental studies on the structure and biological functions for the DEFB120 peptide. The recombinant DEFB120 peptide showed wide antimicrobial effects against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans strains without significant hemolytic activity. Furthermore, the high lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐binding affinity in vitro indicated that DEFB120 might be associated with the inhibition of LPS‐induced inflammatory response. These results may pave a way for exploiting the essential physiological functions of DEFB120 and also for the development of natural antibiotic pools. Copyright © 2014 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

太平洋牡蛎防御素在毕赤酵母中的重组表达及其抑菌活性

防御素是一类富含精氨酸和半胱氨酸的内源性阳离子抗菌肽,是软体动物抵御各种病原微生物侵染的重要免疫因子。太平洋牡蛎防御素(Crassostrea gigas defensin,CgD)近羧基端的43个氨基酸残基构成了其成熟肽区域,决定了CgD的生物学活性。首先通过逆转录PCR和设计特异性引物从太平洋牡蛎外套膜中分离并扩增到3?端添加和不添加6×His标签的两种目的基因CgDH~+和CgDH–;与pPICZαA连接后构建的重组表达载体(pPICZαA-CgDH~+和pPICZαA-CgDH–)电转至毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris X-33中,使用1.0%甲醇诱导表达目的蛋白CgDH~+和CgDH–,最适培养条件为29℃、250 r/min、72 h;通过固化金属离子亲和层析(IMAC)获得分子量为5.78 kDa的纯化的重组蛋白CgDH~+,根据其蛋白质浓度推算表达量为2.32 mg/L。经MALDI-TOF-TOF质谱分析证明纯化产物即为预期的目的蛋白。抑菌试验结果显示分别含重组蛋白CgDH~+和重组蛋白CgDH–的培养液上清对金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus和铜绿假单孢菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa都具有抑菌活性,表明重组蛋白中6×His标签的存在与否并不影响其生物学活性。     

Human beta defensin 2 promotes intestinal wound healing in vitro

Limiting microbial threats, maintenance and re-establishment of the mucosal barrier are vital for intestinal homeostasis. Antimicrobial peptides have been recognized as essential defence molecules and decreased expression of these peptides has been attributed to chronic inflammation of the human intestinal mucosa. Recently, pluripotent properties, including stimulation of proliferation and migration have been suggested for a number of antimicrobial peptides. However, it is currently unknown, whether the human beta-defensin 2 (hBD-2) in addition to its known antimicrobial properties has further effects on healing and protection of the intestinal epithelial barrier. Caco-2 and HT-29 cells were stimulated with 0.1-10 microg/ml hBD-2 for 6-72 h. Effects on cell viability and apoptosis were monitored and proliferation was quantified by bromo-deoxyuridine incorporation. Migration was quantified in wounding assays and characterized by immunohistochemistry. Expression of mucins was determined by quantitative PCR and slot-blot analysis. Furthermore, anti-apoptotic capacities of hBD-2 were studied. Over a broad range of concentrations and stimulation periods, hBD-2 was well tolerated by IECs and did not induce apoptosis. hBD-2 significantly increased migration but not proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells. Furthermore, hBD-2 induced cell line specific the expression of mucins 2 and 3 and ameliorated TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induced apoptosis. In addition to its known antimicrobial properties, hBD-2 might have further protective effects on the intestinal epithelium. Results of this in vitro study suggest, that hBD-2 expression may play a dual role in vivo, i.e. in impaired intestinal barrier function observed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.     

防御素的生物学特性及其抗病基因工程

防御素是一种富含半胱氨酸的小分子多肽,对细菌等微生物具有广谱抗性,且作用机制特殊。迄今为止,国内外在防御素方面进行了大量的研究,已经从各类生物体中分离出不同种类的防御素,并在基因工程和医药领域呈现广泛的应用前景。文章对防御素的分类、生物学特性,包括哺乳动物α-、β-、θ-防御素、昆虫以及植物防御素的分子结构及抗菌活性进行了综述,阐述了防御素的膜作用及与细胞内复合物结合的作用机制。总结和归纳了防御素基因的分离、表达研究进展及动、植物防御素基因在抗病基因工程领域的应用,并对防御素在未来的生物制药和植物抗病基因工程方面的应用前景进行了展望。     

人类冠状病毒调节宿主抗病毒天然免疫分子机制

SARS冠状病毒和正在全球流行的猪源H1N1型流感病毒等人类新发呼吸道病毒对人类生命健康构成严重威胁.人类重要呼吸道病毒与宿主抗病毒天然免疫的关系是近年来研究热点.SARS冠状病毒等很多RNA病毒能够编码某种蛋白质,抑制干扰素表达以及干扰素介导的抗病毒信号通路.人类冠状病毒木瓜样蛋白酶(papain-like protease,PLP)利用其自身去泛素化酶(DUB)活性,使干扰素表达通路中重要调节蛋白发生去泛素化,从而抑制干扰素信号传导.同时,PLP蛋白酶通过阻碍干扰素表达信号通路中最新发现的重要调节蛋白ERIS(也称MITA/STING)二聚化,使其失活并丧失激活干扰素通路的功能,这些发现对于阐明人类重要呼吸道病毒对宿主细胞抗病毒天然免疫反应的调节作用及其机制具有重要意义,为人类新发病毒致病机理、免疫防治以及抗病毒药物研究提供新的思路.     

Structure,dynamics, and function of PsDef2 defensin from Pinus sylvestris

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新型猫源干扰素FeIFN-w与干扰素FeIFN-a的表达及抗病毒活性比较

w型干扰素(IFN-w)与a型干扰素(IFN-a)同属于Ⅰ型干扰素, 都具有抗病毒, 抗增殖和免疫调节的功能, 但它们之间的活性却存在较大差异。通过PCR扩增猫w型干扰素基因(feIFN-w), 根据GenBank公布的猫a型干扰素基因序列,合成猫a型干扰素基因(feIFN-a)。分别构建原核表达载体pET-His/feIFN-a和pET-His/feIFN-w, 转化大肠杆菌Rosetta(DE3)进行表达。表达产物经Ni-NTA 亲和层析纯化, 复性后蛋白用细胞病变抑制法进行抗病毒活性测定。结果显示, 重组猫w型干扰素(feIFN-w)抗病毒活性明显高于重组猫a型干扰素(feIFN-a), 尤其对H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV), feIFN-w的活性是feIFN-a的160倍, 对犬瘟热病毒(CDV), feIFN-w的活性是feIFN-a的4倍, 而日本同类产品Intercat?对CDV和AIV均未表现活性。以上研究为以w型干扰素为基础的抗病毒药物应用奠定了重要的理论基础。     

Antimicrobial activity of human α‐defensin 6 analogs: insights into the physico‐chemical reasons behind weak bactericidal activity of HD6 in vitro

Human α‐defensin 6 (HD6), unlike other mammalian defensins, does not exhibit bactericidal activity, particularly against aerobic bacteria. Monomeric HD6 has a tertiary structure similar to other α‐defensins in the crystalline state. However, the physico‐chemical reasons behind the lack of antibacterial activity of HD6 are yet to be established unequivocally. In this study, we have investigated the antimicrobial activity of HD6 analogs. A linear analog of HD6, in which the distribution of arginine residues was similar to active α‐defensins, shows broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activity, indicating that atypical distribution of arginine residues contributes to the inactivity of HD6. Peptides spanning the N‐terminal cationic segment were active against a wide range of organisms. Antimicrobial potency of these shorter analogs was further enhanced when myristic acid was conjugated at the N‐terminus. Cytoplasmic localization of the analogs without fatty acylation was observed to be necessary for bacterial killing, while they exhibited fungicidal activity by permeabilizing Candida albicans membranes. Myristoylated analogs and the linear full‐length arginine analog exhibited activity by permeabilizing bacterial and fungal membranes. Our study provides insights into the lack of bactericidal activity of HD6 against aerobic bacteria. Copyright © 2015 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水团花黄酮类成分及其体外抗病毒活性

从水团花乙醇提物的乙酸乙酯部位分离到6个黄酮类化合物,根据光谱数据分别鉴定为柚皮素（1）、圣草酚（2）、槲皮素（3）、柚皮素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷（4）、圣草酚-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷（5）、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷（6）,化合物1、2,4和5为首次从该植物中分离得到。采用细胞病变抑制法（CPEr eductionassay）和MTT法测定化合物的体外抗病毒活性,结果显示,三个黄酮苷元1、2和3均具有不同程度的体外抑制呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）和柯萨奇B3型病毒（CVB3）活性,反之,3个黄酮苷均不显示活性。