国外环境生物技术的发展和展望

环境生物技术在社会的发展中起着越来越重要的积极作用,相关产业也随之迅速发展起来,环境治理要依赖对生物,尤其是微生物及其生理,生化特性的了解和认识,从而可以对其生理,生化和遗传方面的性能加以利用。在这方面,分离解毒微生物及阐明毒物降解过程和机理仍是现在研究的焦点,与此同时,对遗传基因方面的研究和利用还有许多研究工作待进行,监测和跟踪微生物已进入到了分子水平,而传感监测方面已有一些可喜的成果正在向生产转化,生物修复作为消除污染的手段正治理中发挥巨大的作用,但环境保护的根本应是在于进行无污染产生的生产,也称之为绿色生产,未来的社会中,环境生物技术仍对将社会产生巨大的影响,对环境保护起到重要的作用,特别是在新型生物能源的开发和探索方面,本文同时也对世界不同地区在环境生物技术的发展及其特点进行了综述。     

Bradykinin antagonists: Development and applications

Bradykinin (BK) is involved in regulation of every major physiological system and is an initiator or mediator of many pathophysiological conditions. Rapid progress in understanding these aspects of BK biology has come since the discovery of BK antagonists. This article reviews principal points in the history of the kallikrein–kinin field and of kinin biology. The chemistry and development of antagonists for B1 and B2 kinin receptors is discussed. Uses of the antagonists in biomedical research and potential clinical applications are presented. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Long-Circulating Liposomes: Development and Perspectives

Abstract

Long-circulating liposomes can be prepared by coating liposome surface with a hydrophilic layer of oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, polysaccharides and synthetic polymers in order to make liposomes “invisible” for scavenger cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Incorporation of lipid-anchored poly(ethylene glycol) in liposome bilayer allows to prolong its circulation at least tenfold. Various designs of glycolipid- and polymer-based liposomes are presented, possible mechanisms of action are discussed; potential of these liposomes for drug targeting is presented.     

Plant Development and Reproduction: Advances and Prospectives

Plant development and reproduction research has been moving very rapidly in the past 10 years due to the progress of molecular biology, the analysis of various developmental mutants, and the cloning of the genes with important function in different stages of plant development. This review focuses on apical mefistem, flower initiation and development, fertilization and embryogenesis. Recent advances and the prospects in the future are discussed.     

Development aid: on ontogeny and ethics

Human development is a matter of complex interactions between nutritional regimes, genes, educational regimes and other diverse developmental resources. I argue that there is no ethically salient difference between the contributions made to development by genes and the contributions made by these other resources. Since we think nutrition and schooling should be included in the calculus of distributive justice, we should include at least some genes in this calculus too. What is more, under the right circumstances genetic engineering may become a useful tool for the distribution of developmental resources. This said, attention to the parity of genetic and environmental causation can also help to articulate the legitimate suspicions many groups have of genetic engineering.     

Apertural chambers inGeranium: Development and ultrastructure

Pollen grains ofGeranium robertianum andG. pratense are tricolpate. At the time of the vacuolated microspore stage intine protrusions are formed at each aperture. Each aperture becomes separated from the vegetative cytoplasm by a thick ectintine layer. Starch grains are enclosed in the protrusions and do not participate in pollen tube growth.     

Development and Dematerialization: An International Study

Economic development and growth depend on growing levels of resource use, and result in environmental impacts from large scale resource extraction and emissions of waste. In this study, we examine the resource dependency of economic activities over the past several decades for a set of countries comprising developing, emerging and mature industrialized economies. Rather than a single universal industrial development pathway, we find a diversity of economic dependencies on material use, made evident through cluster analysis. We conduct tests for relative and absolute decoupling of the economy from material use, and compare these with similar tests for decoupling from carbon emissions, both for single countries and country groupings using panel analysis. We show that, over the longer term, emerging and developing countries tend to have significantly larger material-economic coupling than mature industrialized economies (although this effect may be enhanced by trade patterns), but that the contrary is true for short-term coupling. Moreover, we demonstrate that absolute dematerialization limits economic growth rates, while the successful industrialization of developing countries inevitably requires a strong material component. Alternative development priorities are thus urgently needed both for mature and emerging economies: reducing absolute consumption levels for the former, and avoiding the trap of resource-intensive economic and human development for the latter.     

Commodifying Development Experience: Deconstructing Development as Gift in the Development Blockbuster

This paper discusses the recent rise of popular ‘blockbuster’ books written by international development industry insiders and produced by commercial publishers. The paper explores a set of common stylistic devices found within this emerging genre. Though each book is different, a key trope is the story of an author's earlier professional life—the hard lessons and gritty insights that have supposedly emerged from it—that normally underpins each narrative. By living the challenges involved in development work at first hand, and by making mistakes and experiencing epiphanies along the way, these author-professionals want readers to know that they have found out the hard way that long-cherished beliefs about development now need to be questioned. Readers are invited to relive these lessons and epiphanies, and to think and act differently about development by upholding a highly pragmatic form of development professionalism. Combining elements of research monograph, self-help book and personal memoir, these development blockbuster books can be understood not only as commodities, but also as part of the development gift. The authors promise a gift of experience but, in reality, these books are mundane commodities enmeshed in capitalist exchange relations.