ε-聚赖氨酸产生菌新菌株的筛选和产物结构鉴定

通过对Nishikawa的方法进行改进,在广东各地土样中筛选到一株产量为0.846 g/L的新ε-聚赖氨酸(ε-PL)产生菌株,命名为Str-8。对Str-8菌株进行形态、生理生化和16S rDNA分析,初步确定为不吸水链霉菌Streptomyces ahygroscopic。纯化的发酵产物通过水解、质谱、紫外光谱等性质确定为ε-PL。     

一株红景天内生细菌的筛选及初步研究

【目的】从红景天根部筛选并鉴定一株产酪醇的细菌,初步研究其产酪醇特性,为寻找红景天替代资源提供新途径。【方法】用NA培养基从大花红景天根部中分离内生细菌,通过薄层层析(TLC)、高效液相色谱(HPLC)、气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)筛选出产量最大的菌株,经菌落形态分析、革兰氏染色分析及16S rRNA基因序列分析其分类学地位。单因素实验确定初始pH、培养温度、发酵时间及接种量对菌株产酪醇活力的影响。【结果】从大花红景天根部分离出14株内生细菌,其中8株能产酪醇,筛选出酪醇产量最大的菌株B3,经菌落形态分析、革兰氏染色分析及16S rRNA基因序列分析初步鉴定为水生拉恩氏菌(Rahnella aquatilis)。研究其发酵条件,其最适pH为6.0,最适温度为32 °C,最佳发酵时间为42 h,最佳接种量为15%。在最适发酵条件下,用改良NA培养基发酵,B3菌株酪醇的产量为15.68 mg/L。【结论】B3菌株是一株具有产酪醇能力的细菌,在最适发酵条件下酪醇产量达到15.68 mg/L,具有潜在的开发价值。     

雄甾-4-烯-3,17-二酮(4-AD)转化菌种的筛选及鉴定

从土壤中筛选能将植物甾醇转化为雄甾-4-烯-3,17-二酮(4-AD)的菌种。采用富集培养基富集能降解植物甾醇的菌种、采用摇瓶进行发酵、采用薄层层析的方法对发酵产物进行检测、采用高效液相方法测定发酵液中4-AD的含量、采用PCR方法扩增菌种的16S rDNA序列。筛选出了一株转化能力最强的菌株,命名为:3-12。将这株菌的16S rDNA序列与GeneBank中收载的序列进行比对,3-12号菌株为分支杆菌。     

应用柱前衍生化高效液相色谱法开辟了一种简单、快速的DNJ产生菌的筛选途径

【目的】应用柱前衍生化高效液相色谱法筛选产1-脱氧野尻霉素(DNJ)菌株,并对其进行系统鉴定。【方法】利用芴甲氧酰氯(FMOC-Cl)柱前衍生化高效液相色谱法筛选DNJ产生菌;通过形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特征以及16S rRNA序列相似性分析等多项分类方法对DNJ产生菌进行鉴定;在10 L发酵罐水平进行发酵研究,利用FMOC-Cl柱前衍生化高效液相色谱法测定DNJ含量。【结果】从80株具有α-糖苷酶抑制剂活性的土壤放线菌中筛选得到一株DNJ产生菌,菌株编号为PW409,初步确定为戈壁三素链霉菌(Streptomyces gobitrici);发酵研究表明,DNJ为链霉菌PW409的次级代谢产物,发酵液中DNJ浓度为12.1 mg/L。【结论】首次将FMOC-Cl柱前衍生化高效液相色谱法应用于DNJ产生菌的筛选,并首次报道从戈壁三素链霉菌发酵液中鉴定到DNJ。     

1株产生洛伐他汀杂色曲霉的筛选、鉴定和发酵优化条件

从不同生境收集的自然发酵样品中分离纯化获86株曲霉纯菌株;用薄层层析法(TLC)和高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定曲霉各菌株发酵液中洛伐他汀(Lovastatin)含量进行筛选;获1株较高产Lovastatin的编号为A-8曲霉菌株,产量为58 g/L。根据形态特征和ITS基因序列,鉴定A-8菌株为杂色曲霉。单因素实验初步优化了A-8曲霉菌株发酵条件和培养基配方,结果表明A-8菌株产生Lovastatin较适宜的发酵条件为:温度28℃、初始pH 5.2、摇床转速180 r/min、接种量为10%;培养基配方为:乳糖为碳源、含量为100 g/L,蛋白胨为氮源、含量为12 g/L,碳源/氮源为15∶1.5;在该条件下A-8曲霉菌株发酵产生Lovastatin的水平最高,可达130.04μg/mL,比优化前提高了约2.24倍。A-8曲霉菌株是较有潜力的工业菌株。     

产河豚毒素菌株的分离鉴定

从厦门同安海域的黄鳍东方豚(Fugu xanthopterus)卵巢组织中分离纯化出59株菌株,通过小鼠试验筛选出11株产毒菌株,并对其中产毒能力较强的EL10菌株的发酵产物进行高效液相色谱分析,初步认定发酵产物中含有河豚毒素。同时对EL10菌株进行16S rDNA鉴定,结果表明该菌属于希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)。     

产银杏内酯内生真菌的筛选及培养条件研究

通过对内生真菌的发酵提取物进行TLC和HPLC-UV分析,进行菌株筛选;对该菌株在不同培养基上的生长情况、产孢量、银杏内酯类物质产量的测定,确定最佳培养基;并用HPLC-ELSD测定了不同时间段的发酵液中银杏内酯类物质含量。结果,筛选出一株产量较高的烟曲霉原变种(Aspergillus fumigatusvar.fumigatus)FG052;对其培养条件的研究表明,PDA培养基、查氏培养基分别为其最佳传代和发酵培养基,菌丝最大生物量在发酵168 h,产银杏内酯类物质高峰在发酵144 h,此时总内酯产量可达0.13 mg/mL,pH值为4.86。本实验筛选的菌株稳定性较好,筛选的培养基价格低廉,碳氮比明确,且总内酯的产量高,可作为规模生产银杏内酯类物质的培养基。     

铜绿假单胞菌高产鼠李糖脂菌株的筛选

从多种来源筛选高产鼠李糖脂的菌株,并研究菌种发酵特性和鼠李糖脂产物的理化性质。采用CTAB平板初步筛选鼠李糖脂合成菌株,通过分析菌株的16S r RNA基因序列确定细菌种属,采用薄层色谱、红外光谱分析产物性质。结果显示,利用CTAB平板初筛获得163株阳性菌株,初步发酵确定10株高产细菌鼠李糖脂的产量为12.2-17.7 g/L,10株细菌均鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌。挑选产量最高的菌株B12,分别以甘油、菜籽油、花生饼粉或葵花籽饼粉为碳源进行发酵,发现菜籽油为合成鼠李糖脂的最佳碳源。进一步对比在35℃、37℃和40℃的发酵水平,发现37℃条件下鼠李糖脂产量最高,为26.8 g/L。最后,对鼠李糖脂发酵产物进行了初步纯化,并进行了薄层色谱和红外光谱分析。菌株B12能够合成较高水平的鼠李糖脂,可能成为工业生产的候选菌株。     

一株以甘油为底物产二羟丙酮(DHA)微生物菌种的筛选及鉴定

甘油为微生物可利用的理想碳源, 从自然界筛选出21株以甘油为唯一碳源产二羟丙酮(DHA)的菌株, 经初步发酵测定发酵液中DHA含量, 其中菌株6-8 DHA产量最高达6.4 g/L。对其进行常规生理生化鉴定实验, 并结合16S rDNA基因分析, 比对结果表明, 菌株6-8与Acinetobacter sp. 相似性最高, 达99.7%, 在细菌分类学上属于假单胞菌目莫拉菌科不动杆菌属。将其命名为Acinetobacter sp.6-8。     

饲用微生物的分离鉴定及其对杏鲍菇菌糠发酵的效果

【目的】菌糠的营养素含量齐全,但纤维素含量过高是阻碍其饲料化利用的主要因素。故本研究筛选适合于发酵杏鲍菇菌糠的微生物菌株,以改善其饲用品质。【方法】首先,本研究采用纤维素-刚果红、苯胺蓝和MRS-Ca (De Man, Rogosa, Sharpe-Ca)筛选培养基,结合纤维素、木质素酶活力及抑菌活性的测定,从EM (effective microorganisms)原液发酵的杏鲍菇菌糠中分离筛选具有较强纤维素、木质素降解能力及抑菌能力的细菌/真菌。通过细菌16S rRNA和真菌18S rDNA基因序列分析确定菌株所属种属。其次,将筛选出的菌株菌液等体积混合制成复合菌剂用于固态发酵杏鲍菇菌糠。测定不同发酵时长菌糠营养成分含量以确定最佳发酵时间,并与相同工艺条件下EM原液发酵的杏鲍菇菌糠进行饲用品质比较。【结果】筛选并鉴定得到纤维素酶活性较高的特基拉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus tequilensis)菌株P11、发酵毕赤酵母(Pichia fermentans)菌株R8和马克斯克鲁维应变酵母(Kluyveromyces marxianus)菌株MU5;木质素酶活性较高的解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp.plantarum)菌株MU7;抑菌活性较高的类肠膜魏斯氏菌(Weissella paramesenteroides)菌株R4和乳酸片球菌(Pediococcus acidilactici)菌株R9。使用以上菌株复合发酵杏鲍菇菌糠7 d后,各项指标达到稳定。与EM原液发酵的杏鲍菇菌糠相比,复合菌剂发酵杏鲍菇菌糠的NDF和ADF分别显著降低了19.6%和21.44%(P0.05);CP (crude protein)、CA (crude ash)和EE (ether extract)含量分别显著提高了10.44%、5.26%和123.53%(P0.05)。【结论】本研究筛选得到的芽孢杆菌、酵母菌和乳酸菌优势菌株复合后用于发酵杏鲍菇菌糠可以很好地改善其饲用品质,效果优于生产中常用市售EM原液。     

Physical, biochemical and functional characterization of haemoglobin from three strains of Artemia

The brine shrimp, Artemia, an inhabitant of coastal and inland salterns, encounter fluctuations in the salinity which in turn influences the oxygen availability of their habitat. Hence, experiments were performed to analyze variations in haemoglobin structure and patterns of three strains of Artemia from South India and also to reflect the effect of varying oxygen levels in their habitat. Haemoglobins were purified on a DEAE-Sephadex column and haemoglobin types were analyzed by comparing their relative mobility on a non-denaturing medium. Furthermore, their molecular masses were determined by gel filtration in Sepharose column and by dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results clearly reveal the presence of three distinct extracellular haemoglobins Hb I, Hb II and Hb III in Tuticorin strain while the other strains displayed only trails or the complete absence of Hb III and Hb II. Estimated molecular masses of these haemoglobins are 235,000-250,000 Da. Denaturation of the reduced and alkylated haemoglobins revealed apparently one polypeptide chain with a molecular mass of 124,000 Da. Upon denaturing gel electrophoresis of native haemoglobin Hb II, it was found that the 124,000 Da, polypeptide was cleaved specifically into two unequally-sized fragments of 50,400 and 79,800 Da. With regard to oxygen affinity, Hb III has a very high affinity for oxygen, an almost negligible Bohr effect and a good physiological adaptation to temperature changes. By combining the three haemoglobins in different proportions Artemia strains must be able to withstand diverging environmental conditions. In particular, the absence of Hb III in Puthalam and its occurrence as a faint band in Thamaraikulam could be correlated to the oxygen levels of their habitats.     

HmbR, a hemoglobin-binding outer membrane protein of Neisseria meningitidis, undergoes phase variation

Neisseria meningitidis uses hemoglobin (Hb) as an iron source via two TonB-dependent outer membrane receptors, HmbR and HpuB. Analysis of 25 epidemiologically unrelated clinical isolates from serogroups A, B, C, and Y revealed that 64% strains possessed both Hb receptor genes. Examination of the hmbR expression pattern in strains in which the hpuB gene was genetically inactivated revealed two distinct Hb utilization phenotypes. Five strains retained the ability to grow as a confluent lawn, while seven grew only as single colonies around Hb discs. The single-colony phenotype observed for some hpuB mutants is suggestive of phase variation of hmbR. The length of the poly(G) tract starting at position +1164 of hmbR absolutely correlated with the two Hb utilization phenotypes. All five strains that grew as confluent lawns around Hb discs possessed either 9 or 12 consecutive G residues. All seven strains that grew as single colonies around Hb discs had poly(G) tracts of a length other than 9 or 12. These single-colony variants that arose around the Hb discs had poly(G) tracts with either 9 or 12 consecutive G residues restoring the hmbR reading frame. Inactivation of hmbR in these strains resulted in a loss of Hb utilization, demonstrating that the change in the hmbR gene was responsible for the phenotypic switch. The switching rates from hmbR phase off to phase on were approximately 5 x 10(-4) in four serogroup C strains, 2 x 10(-2) in the serogroup A isolate, and 7 x 10(-6) in the serogroup B isolate.     

Optimal hemoglobin concentration and high altitude: a theoretical approach for Andean men at rest.

The beneficial role of erythrocytosis for O2 transport has been questioned by evidence from bloodletting and hemodilution research as well as by studies suggesting the existence of an "optimal" hematocrit (Hct) or hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) value. To assess to what extent erythrocytosis is beneficial in Andean men at high altitude, we examined and discussed optimal [Hb] using a mathematical approach by modeling the mixed (mean) venous Po2 (Pv(O2)) and arterial O2 content, considering for both the relation between [Hb] and arterial Po2. Relations of [Hb] to other physiological variables such as cardiac output and convective arterial O2 transport were also discussed, revealing the importance of Pv(O2) in this model. Our theoretical analysis suggests that increasing [Hb] allows increase and maintenance of Pv(O2) with only moderate declines in arterial Po2 as a consequence of moderate increases in altitude, reaching its maximum at the optimal [Hb] of 14.7 g/dl. Our analysis also shows that [Hb] corresponding to high arterial O2 content and O2 transport values is apparently not quite advantageous for improvement of oxygenation. Furthermore, chronic mountain sickness is discussed as an insightful example of the effects of excessive erythrocytosis at high altitude.     

The micelle-bound structure of an antimicrobial peptide derived from the alpha-chain of bovine hemoglobin isolated from the tick Boophilus microplus

Hemoglobin is known to be a source of peptides involved in several functions. The peptide FLSFPTTKTYFPHFDLSHGSAQVKGHGAK (Hb33-61) is a proteolytic product of the bovine hemoglobin alpha-chain found in the gut content of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus, and it possesses antimicrobial activity. Since in the past we showed that the amidated form of Hb33-61, Hb33-61a, is active against a few Gram-positive bacteria and fungi strains at micromolar concentration [Fogaca et al. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 25330-25334], we have been prompted to shed more light on its functional and structural features. Here we show that the peptide is able to disrupt the bacterial membrane ofMicrococcus luteus A270. As for its structure, it has a random conformation in water, and it does not interact with zwitterionic micelles. On the other hand, it binds to negatively charged micelles acquiring a finite structural organization. The 3D structure of Hb33-61a bound to SDS micelles exhibits a nonconventional conformation for an antimicrobial peptide. The backbone is characterized by the presence of a beta-turn in the N-terminus and by a beta-turn followed by a alpha-helical stretch in the C-terminus. A hinge, whose spatial organization is stabilized by side-chain-side-chain interactions, joins these two regions. Interestingly, it preserves structural features present in the corresponding segment of the bovine hemoglobin alpha-chain. Hb33-61a does not possess a well-defined amphipathic nature, and H/D exchange experiments show that while the C-terminal region is embedded in the SDS micelle, one face of the N-terminal half is partly exposed to the solvent.     

Mismatch repair and the regulation of phase variation in Neisseria meningitidis

Neisseria meningitidis controls the expression of several genes involved in host adaptation by a process known as phase variation. The phase variation frequency of haemoglobin (Hb) receptors among clinical isolates of serogroups A, B and C differed drastically, ranging from approximately 10(-6) to 10(-2) cfu-1. Frequencies of phase variation are a genetic trait of a particular strain, as two unlinked Hb receptors, hpuAB and hmbR, phase varied with similar frequencies within a given isolate. Based on these frequencies, six Neisserial clinical isolates could be grouped into three distinct classes; slow, medium and fast. An increase in phase variation frequency was accompanied by high rates of spontaneous mutation to rifampicin and nalidixic acid resistance in one medium and one fast strain. The remaining three medium strains displayed elevated levels of phase variation without increases in overall mutability, as they possessed low rates of spontaneous mutation to drug resistance. The mismatch repair system of N. meningitidis was found to play an important role in determining the overall mutability of the clinical isolates. Inactivation of mismatch repair in any strain, regardless of its original phenotype, increased mutability to a level seen in the fast strain. Insertional inactivation of mutS and mutL in the slow strain led to 500- and 250-fold increases in hmbR switching frequency respectively. Concurrently, the frequency of spontaneous point mutations of mutS and mutL mutants from the slow strain was increased 20- to 30-fold to the level seen in the high strain. The status of Dam methylation did not correlate with either the phase variation frequency of Hb receptors or the general mutability of Neisserial strains. Analysis of an expanded set of isolates identified defects in mismatch repair as the genetic basis for strains displaying both the fast Hb switching and high mutation rate phenotypes. In conclusion, elevated frequencies of phase variation were accompanied by increased overall mutability in some N. meningitidis isolates including strains shown to be mismatch repair defective. Other isolates have evolved mechanisms that seem to affect only the switching frequency of phase-variable genes without an accompanied increased accumulation of spontaneous mutations.     

Characterization of chromosomes with hybrid genes for Hb Lepore-Washington,Hb Lepore-Baltimore,Hb P-Nilotic,and Hb Kenya

Summary This study concerns the characterization of chromosomes with hybrid genes for Hb Lepore-Washington (44 chromosomes), for Hb Lepore-Baltimore (5 chromosomes), for Hb P-Nilotic (8 chromosomes), and for Hb Kenya (7 chromosomes) by determining a relatively large number of restriction enzyme polymorphism. Two, and possibly three, different Hb Lepore-Washington chromosomes were identified by specific haplotypes, while the haplotype of the Hb Lepore-Baltimore chromosome had its own characteristic pattern. A likely conclusion is that the crossovers leading to the formation of these chromosomes have occurred as independent events within the populations. Chromosomes with the -Lepore-Washington hybrid gene maintained specific characteristies (such as increased Hb F levels in heterozygotes, and high or low ^G values in this Hb F) which have been observed in normal individuals with chromosomes having comparable haplotypes. Only one haplotype was observed for each of the chromosomes carrying either the -P-Nilotic hybrid gene or the ^A hybrid gene of Hb Kenya.     

Hb40-61a: Novel analogues help expanding the knowledge on chemistry,properties and candidacidal action of this bovine α-hemoglobin-derived peptide

This study expands the knowledge on chemical synthesis and properties of Hb40-61a as well as provides results of the first steps given towards knowing how it kills Candida cells. For the first time, this peptide, its all-D analogue (D-Hb40-61a) and its fluorescently labeled analogue (FAM-Hb40-61a) were successfully assembled on resin at 60 °C using conventional heating in all steps. Purified and characterized, these peptides exhibited very low toxicity on human erythrocytes. Hb40-61a and D-Hb40-61a were equally active against Candida strains, ruling out sterically specific interactions on their working mechanism. Cell permeabilization assays confirmed progressive damage of the yeast plasma membrane with increasing concentrations of Hb40-61a. While experiment using the fluorescent probe DiBAC₄(5) revealed that this synthetic hemocidin alters the yeast plasma membrane potential, test employing DPH indicated that Hb40-61a might affect its dynamics. Exposure of the yeast cells to FAM-Hb40-61a showed that the peptide accumulates in the cell membrane at the ½ MIC, but stains about 97% of the cells at the MIC. Such effect is salt-dependent and partially energy-dependent. These new findings indicate that the central target of Hb40-61a in Candida cells is the plasma membrane and that this synthetic hemocidin should be considered as a potential candidacidal for topic uses.     

Markers of glycemic control in the mouse: comparisons of 6-h- and overnight-fasted blood glucoses to Hb A1c

The present studies examined the relationship between fasting blood glucose and Hb A(1c) in C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, and KK/HlJ mice with and without diabetes mellitus. Daily averaged blood glucose levels based on continuous glucose monitoring and effects of 6-h vs. overnight fasting on blood glucose were determined. Daily averaged blood glucose levels were highly correlated with Hb A(1c), as determined with a hand-held automated device using an immunodetection method. R(2) values were 0.90, 0.95, and 0.99 in KK/HIJ, C57BL/6J, and DBA/2J, respectively. Six-hour fasting blood glucose correlated more closely with the level of daily averaged blood glucose and with Hb A(1c) than did blood glucose following an overnight fast. To validate the immunoassay-determined Hb A(1c), we also measured total glycosylated hemoglobin using boronate HPLC. Hb A(1c) values correlated well with total glycosylated hemoglobin in all three strains but were relatively lower than total glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic DBA/2J mice. These results show that 6-h fasting glucose provides a superior index of glycemic control and correlates more closely with Hb A(1c) than overnight-fasted blood glucose in these strains of mice.     

Role of iron in the pathogenicity of Vibrio damsela for fish and mammals

Abstract The ability to obtain iron of 14 isolates of Vibrio damsela with different degrees of virulence for mice and turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus ) has been evaluated in artificial and natural iron-restricted environments. All strains were capable of utilizing haemoglobin (Hb) and ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) as the sole iron sources in vitro. However, only virulent V. damsela strains were able to resist the bacterioslatic and bactericidal effects of human and turbot sera, their growth being enhanced by the addition of Hb and FAC. The inhibitory effect of these sera on the growth of the non-pathogenic strain (ATCC 35083), however, was reversed by heat treatment (56°C for 60 min). The role of iron-availability on the virulence was investigated in iron-overloaded animals. The iron-treatment before the infection resulted in a significant reduction in the LD₅₀ of virulent strains. This fact demonstrates a positive correlation between iron availability in host fluids and degree of virulence in the species Vibrio damsela .     

Primitive erythropoiesis in early chick embryogenesis. II. Correlation between hemoglobin synthesis and the mitotic history

Primitive erythroblasts in the circulating blood of the chick embryo continue to divide while synthesizing hemoglobin (Hb). Hb measurements on successive generations of erythroblasts show that there is a progressive increase in the Hb content of both interphase and metaphase cells. Furthermore, for any given embryo the Hb content of metaphase cells is always significantly greater than that of interphase cells. The distribution of Hb values for metaphase cells suggests that there are six Hb classes corresponding to the number of cell cycles in the proliferative phase. The location of erythroblasts in the cell cycle was determined by combining Feulgen cytophotometry with thymidine radioautography on the same cells. Measurements of the Hb content for erythroblasts in different compartments of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2, and M) show a progressive increase through the cycle. Thus, the amount of Hb per cell is a function of the number of cell divisions since the initiation of Hb synthesis and, to a lesser degree, the stage of the cell cycle. Earlier generations of erythroblasts synthesize Hb at a faster rate than the terminal generation. Several models have been proposed to explain these findings.