Sinaspidoneura magnifica nov. gen., nov. sp., first Chinese Caloneurodea (Insecta: Archaeorthoptera)

We describe the first Chinese Caloneurodea, Sinaspidoneura magnifica nov. gen., nov. sp., from the middle Permian Yinping Formation. This new genus and species belongs to the small family Aspidoneuridae, previously known from two genera and species, one from the latest Carboniferous of France and another from the late early Permian of North America. This discovery shows that this order was more widespread during the middle Permian than previously supposed, under a great variety of palaeoclimates. This clade is still unknown in the late Permian, and possibly became extinct because of the crisis of biodiversity that happened at the end of the middle Permian.     

Proharpoceras Chao: a new ammonoid lineage surviving the end-Permian mass extinction

Based on new, bed-rock controlled material from northwestern Guangxi and Oman, the Early Triassic genus Proharpoceras Chao is shown to be a representative of Otocerataceae. Character analysis excludes a direct link with the Griesbachian Otoceratidae and favours a derivation of Proharpoceras from the late Permian Anderssonoceratidae. The biostratigraphic range of Proharpoceras is restricted to the Smithian and its biogeographic distribution comprises Oman, South China, and Primorye, thus indicating an essentially low palaeolatitudinal distribution. Proharpoceras has no apparent relatives among other Early and Middle Triassic Ceratitida and is thus considered to be the last representative of Otocerataceae. This offshoot of the late Permian Anderssonoceratidae implies that an additional ammonoid lineage survived the end Permian extinction and that it dwindled away for some 2 Myr before going extinct.     

波环孢属(Sinulatis porites)在华北地区的时空分布及其地层学意义

对鲁西晚古生代含煤岩系以及华北各地石炭、二叠系孢粉组合中已经发现的Sinulatisporites一属的时空分布进行详细研究,结果表明：其时空分布仅限于华夏植物区的北方亚区,在时间上始于早二叠世早期(太原组),灭绝于中二叠世中、晚期,可视为鲁西乃至华北地区早二叠世晚期、中二叠世早期中期华夏植物区北方亚区的典型分子。其母体植物可能为一种喜湿热的真蕨植物或种子蕨植物。该属产出层位稳定,延续时间较短,在月门沟统山西组、石盒子统下石盒子组含量丰富,又常产出于月门沟统山西组的主要含煤岩段及其上部石盒子统下石盒子组的砂、泥岩段,故可作为二叠系划分和对比煤层的重要依据。     

Retrograde evolution of Albaillella during the Permian-Triassic crisis

In the present paper, we discuss the evolution of an upper Permian anagenetic lineage of polycystine radiolarians belonging to the genus Albaillella. This genus is characterized by increasing curvature of the shell during the upper Permian and the trend is reversed (proteromorphic retrogradation) in the Lower Triassic with the sudden appearance of forms that are homeomorphic to the earliest Permian representative of the genus. These primitive-looking forms are derived from their immediate ancestors by retrograde evolution, a phenomenon which has been described as proteromorphosis.     

CHARLIEA MANZANITANA,N. GEN., N. SP., AND OTHER ENIGMATIC PARALLEL-VEINED FOLIAR FORMS FROM THE UPPER PENNSYLVANIAN OF NEW MEXICO AND TEXAS

Charliea is a new genus (type-species: C. manzanitana), based on pinnately compound leaf material from the richly fossiliferous Virgilian (Upper Pennsylvanian) shales of the Kinney Brick Company quarry near Albuquerque, New Mexico. In several features Charliea resembles Russellites or a zamioid cycad. It has linear-oblong pinnae with broad, oblique attachment and a truncate tip, which is deeply incised to form two to four nearly equal lobes. The venation is simple, parallel, and sparingly dichotomous, each vein ending at the distal margin. The Kinney beds also contain Plagiozamites planchardi, another zamioid form with parallel-veined pinnae, differing from Charliea chiefly in having rounded tips and veins ending in the denticulate margins. An unnamed third form (genus B) in the Kinney beds has long, narrow pinnae with parallel veins and blunt tips; this strongly resembles the Mesozoic conifer Podozamites, but may just as well represent a cycadophyte. Another unnamed taxon (genus A), from an Upper Pennsylvanian deposit in Jack County, Texas, resembles genus B or Russellites in general shape and venation, but the critical distal margins are unknown. In their single-ordered parallel venation, these four foliar types contrast sharply with the two-ordered pinnate venation of most Pennsylvanian fern-like leaves, and seem to foreshadow Mesozoic morphologies. This tendency toward precocious evolution of parallel-veined foliar form in North America is also expressed by a single occurrence of the Asiatic, Permian genus Tingia in the Lower Pennsylvanian of Utah, and by the presence of the predominantly Triassic cycadeoid genus Pterophyllum in the Lower Permian of Texas.     

华南鳞杉属的研究

本文扼要叙述华南地区鳞杉属的研究历史,并讨论了纹鳞杉的分类问题。根据华南鳞杉属丰富的化石资料,陈述它们的地层和地理分布,讨论了华南早二叠世晚期至二叠纪末的古气候学和古地理学。描述粗脉华夏羊齿(新种)(Cathaysiopteris crassineruis sp.nov.)。     

The first tunicate with a calcareous exoskeleton (Upper Triassic,northern Italy)

The first tunicates with a calcareous exoskeleton are reported from Late Triassic buildup‐slope deposits of the Dolomites. Although examples of this group have been known since the early 1900s from the middle–upper Permian of eastern Asia and Sicily as Khmeria, they were erroneously attributed to rugose corals. These early representatives are small, double‐valved, conical skeletons, which evolved into multi‐plated capsules with up to 35 opercula. The latter are joined along zigzag margins, which in life could probably be opened for the atrial and branchial siphons. The construction and shape of these skeletons distinguish them from plants or other invertebrate phyla, while they share several similarities with living tunicates, specifically to sessile ascidians. Apart from a soft‐bodied genus from the lower Cambrian of China, ascidians are known only from isolated spicules, which occur sporadically from the Lower Jurassic onwards. The calcareous skeleton of these Late Triassic tunicates consists of aragonitic fibres, which form spherulitic or clinogonal microstructures. It seems that the stellate aragonitic spicules of Jurassic to Recent ascidians are a vestige of Permian–Triassic ancestors, which after the Carnian lost the ability to construct compound solid skeletons but partly still retain a soft double‐valved or multi‐operculate cellulose‐like tunic. The following taxa are described as new: Order Khmeriamorpha with the genera Khmeria Mansuy and Zardinisoma gen. nov., and the following species: Khmeria stolonifera (late Permian), Khmeria minima (Late Triassic), Zardinisoma japonicum (late Permian), Z. cassianum, Z. pyriforme, Z. polyplacophorum and Z. pauciplacophorum (all Late Triassic).     

A Late Permian flora with Dicroidium from the Dead Sea region, Jordan

Three new species of Dicroidium, D. irnensis, D. jordanensis and D. robustum, are described from the Um Irna Formation (Upper Permian) of the Dead Sea region, Jordan. The plant remains are preserved as compressions with excellent cuticles. These are the earliest unequivocal records of Dicroidium, a genus that is typical for the Triassic of Gondwana. It is also the northernmost occurrence of this genus that apparently originated in the Permian in the palaeotropics. Middle and Late Permian floras from the Arabian Peninsula and adjacent regions show a remarkable mixture of elements from different floral provinces, i.e. Euramerica, Cathaysia and Gondwana. The climatic amelioration in the Early Triassic apparently enabled Dicroidium to migrate southward and eventually colonise the entire Gondwana region. Dicroidium is one of the very few megaplant genera not affected by the end-Permian biotic crisis, the largest Phanerozoic extinction event.     

FIRST REPORT OF THE FERTILE PLANT GENUS UMKOMASIA FROM LATE PERMIAN BEDS IN INDIA AND ITS BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE

Abstract:  The genus Umkomasia Thomas, a female fructification of Dicroidium , is reported from Late Permian beds exposed in the Behra Rivulet near the village of Karaonda in the Tatapani-Ramkola Coalfield, Chhattisgarh, India. This is the first record of this genus from the Late Permian, and from Indian Gondwana. Two species have been recognized: Umkomasia polycarpa Holmes and U. uniramia Axsmith, Taylor, Taylor and Cuneo. The find suggests that the genus Dicroidium appeared in the Late Permian before reaching its acme in the Middle–Upper Triassic.     

Foraminiferal zonation of late Paleozoic depositional sequences

From the later part of the Devonian through the Permian, calcareous foraminifers became abundant and evolved rapidly. This rapid evolution of taxa forms the basis of a detailed zonation through the Carboniferous and Permian. Comparison of this evolutionary history of foraminifers, their biostratigraphic zonation, and the depositional sequences in which they occur suggests that sea-level events in late Paleozoic depositional history contributed significantly in subdividing a fairly continuous evolutionary record into a succession of about 75 identifiable foraminiferal zones during a 100–125 Myr time span. Although variable in terms of duration and vertical occurrences, the more completely recorded high-stand intervals give brief histories of the foraminiferal evolutionary record and are sandwiched between the poorly recorded or unrecorded low-stand intervals. Many of the individual foraminiferal zones are confined to a single depositional sequence.The late Paleozoic carbonate foraminiferal fossil record, as with the rest of the fossil record, is strongly affected by sediment deposition-nondeposition as a result of major changes in sea level. This incomplete fossil record is the result of repeated depositional breaks because of the way that depositional sequences form. It is not possible to ascribe macromutations, ‘punctuated’ evolution or ‘punctuated gradualism’ as the cause of this evolutionary pattern of the shelf-carbonate fossil record. This pattern is distinctive and we refer to it as ‘sequence evolution’ and ‘sequence extinction’. In the later part of the Middle Permian and in the Late Permian, the fossil record clearly illustrates that a series of faunal losses through ‘sequence extinctions’ progressively exceeded faunal replacements and new species through ‘sequence evolution’, but not a ‘mass extinction’ as is commonly ascribed to the end of the Permian Period. Most Permian faunas became extinct in the interval of 8 to 4 million years before the end of the Late Permian.     

山东南部太原组一种新的具解剖构造的鳞木目茎--Diaphorodendron rhombicum sp.nov.

报道了产于山东枣庄矿区太原组16号煤层煤核(早二叠世早期或晚石炭世晚期)中一种具解剖构造的鳞木目茎.茎呈压扁状,长轴约6 cm,短轴约2.5 cm.中柱、外部皮层、周皮和叶座均保存.茎具原生中柱,无次生木质部发育,外部皮层由较发育的径向的厚壁的细胞条带和已经毁坏的薄壁的细胞区域交替排列构成.周皮较发育,厚约4～5 mm,由木栓层和栓内层构成.其中栓内层较厚,细胞构造均一,或在有些地方分化为弦向的薄壁的细胞条带和l厚壁的细胞条带,二者交替排列.其中薄壁的细胞条带常保存不好而形成弦向的裂隙.叶座的高和宽近相等,呈近正菱形.叶痕盔形或双凸镜形,位于叶座上部,微微突出于叶座表面之上.叶座表面平坦,未见明显的中脊和横皱纹.叶迹在叶座内近水平状延伸,但在近叶座表面处略向上然后向外弯曲成不太明显的"S"形进入叶痕内.径切面上叶舌穴略向上斜伸,具一宽大的基部,其开口直接位于叶痕顶角处.叶舌大,宽卵球形,长轴达1.2 mm,短轴达1 mm.与目前已知的鳞木目几个属的茎比较,当前标本与Diaphorodendron属的茎最为接近,仅在叶座上有些不同,本文将其归入该属内.Diaphorodendron属目前共有3个种,全分布于欧美植物区晚石炭世中期(威斯法期),它们与当前标本区别明显,因此,将当前标本归入新种D.rhombicum内.本文是国内首次报道Diaphorodendron属在华夏植物区的存在.其高和宽近相等的叶座形态可能表明了一种进化的特征,这从其所在地层的地质时代(早二叠世早期或晚石炭世晚期)较欧美植物区的3个种(晚石炭世中期)较新这一事实得到支持.     

河南固始下石炭统杨山组华夏木一新种

描述河南固始杨山煤矿下石炭统杨山组的一个华夏木新种Cathaysiodendronyangshanensesp.nov.,这是近年来继在甘肃靖远早石炭世臭牛沟组中发现华夏木之后该属在早石炭世地层中的又一发现。华夏木属是华夏植物群的特有分子,它在早石炭世的发现对探讨华夏植物群的起源有重要意义。     

Trinerviopteris cardiophylla (Zhu et Geng) Zhu gen. et comb. nov. and the Classification of Gigantopterides

A new fossil genus and combination of gigantopterides is reported. The specimen was collected from the Late Paleozoic "Longtan Formation” of Jiangle county, Fujian Province of China. It was originally determined to the genus Gigantonoclea and named as G. cardiophylla Zhu et Geng by one of the present authors and his colleague some times ago. In view of its venation being trinervious and that the incompletely duplicated net-like veins are close to those of gigantopterides and the leaf bears sori on its back. Upon reconsideration it was renamed by the authors as Trinerviopteris cardiophyUa (Zhu et Geng) Zhu gen. et comb. nov. At the same time. the authors have confirmed that it is a kind of true fern. In association with the new taxon there are Sphenophyllum emarginatum, Bowmanites lascus, Lobatannularia lingulata, Chansitheca pcdaeosilvana, Ch. cf. kidstonii, Pecopteris anderssonii, P. echinata, P. taiyuanensis, P. unita, Danaeites mirabilis, Fascipteris densata, Cladophlebis permica, Compsopteris contracta, Gigantonoclea chingii, G. fukienensis, G. sp., G. sp., Gigantopteris cordata, G. nicotianaefolia, Taenioteris serrulata, T. szei, T. tingii, Radicites sp. 1, R. sp. 2 etc. The present flora is more simplified than the others which discovered from different areas in the same geological time. Based on the grouping of these fossil plants, the geological era of the present flora must be late Early Permian to early Late Permian. Moreover it is emphasized that the gigantopterides is only but an artificial compound taxon not only including seed ferns but also true ferns and others.     

Trend of changes in species diversity of Permian radiolarians of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Entactinia</Emphasis> Foreman

The trend of species diversity and spatiotemporal distribution of spherical radiolarians of the genus Entactinia Foreman, 1963 in the Permian Period is analyzed. The center of origin of Permian entactinians in the Cis-Ural Paleobasin is established in the area of the modern interfluve of the Ural River and latitudinal current of the Belaya River on the Southern Urals. It is shown that the species composition of this genus almost completely changed in certain Permian epochs. Two forefather species of each new pleiad of Early, Middle, and Late Permian are revealed: Entactinia parapycnoclada and E. tyrrelli. Two new species of the Lower Permian radiolarians from the Southern Urals and Northern Mugodzhary, E. chernykhi sp. nov. and E. subquadrata sp. nov., are described.     

Upper Permian coral reef and colonial rugose corals in northwest Hunan, South China

Summary The roles of Permian colonial corals in forming organic reefs have not been adequately assessed, although they are common fossils in the Permian strata. It is now known that colonial corals were important contributors to reef framework during the middle and late Permian such as those in South China, northeast Japan, Oman and Thailand. A coral reef occurs in Kanjia-ping, Cili County, Hunan, South China. It is formed by erect and unscathed colonies ofWaagenophyllum growing on top of one anotherin situ to form a baffle and framework. Paleontological data of the Cili coral reef indicates a middle to late Changhsing age (Late Permian), corresponding to thePalaeofusulina zone. The coral reef exposure extends along the inner platform margin striking in E-S direction for nearly 4 km laterally and generally 35 to 57 m thick. The Cili coral reef exhibits a lateral differentiation into three main reef facies; reef core facies, fore-reef facies, and marginal slope facies. The major reef-core facies is well exposed in Shenxian-wan and Guanyin-an sections where it rests on the marginal slope facies. Colonial corals are dispersed and preserved in non-living position easward. Sponges become major stabilizing organisms in the eastern part of Changhsing limestone outcrop in Kanjia-ping, but no read sponge reefs were formed. Coral reefs at Cili County in Human are different distinctly from calcisponge reefs in South China in their palaeogeography, lithofacies development, organic constitutuents, palaeoecology and diagenesis. The Cili coral reef also shows differences in age, depositional facies association, reef organisms and diagenesis from coral reefs in South Kitakami of Japan, Khorat Plateau of Thailand, and Saih Hatat of Oman. Although some sponge reefs and mounds can reach up to the unconformable Permian/Triassic boundary, coral reef at Kanjia-ping, Cili County, is the latest Permian reef known. This reef appears to had been formed in a palaeoenvironment that is different from that of the sponge reefs and provides an example of new and unique Permian reef type in South China, and could help us to: 1) understand the significance of colonial corals in Permian carbonate buildups; 2) evaluate the importance of coral community evolution prior to the collapse of reef ecosystems at the Permian/Triassic boundary; 3) better understand the effects of the biotic extinction events in Palaeotethys realm; 4) look for environmental factors that may have controlled reefs through time and space, and 5) provide valuable data for the study of Permian palaeoclimate and global evolutionary changes of Permian reefs and reef community.     

中国二叠系的底界

牙形刺是二叠系生物地层的主导门类,地叠系的三统九阶的界线层型（ＧＳＳＰ）都将用牙形刺定义。我国石炭－二叠系（Ｃ／Ｐ）的分界应采用与国际上一致的标准,即用牙形刺Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｇｎａｔｈｏｄｕｓ ｉｓｏｌａｔｕｓ的首次出现定义二叠系的底界。Ｓ．ｉｓｏｌａｔｕｓ在我国华南、华北均有分布,可精确地确定二叠系的底界。华北太原组应归下二叠统Ａｓｓｅｌｉａｎ阶,我国Ｃ／Ｐ界线地层和Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｇｎａｔｈｏｄｕ     

First Jurassic occurence of Enoploclytia M’Coy, 1849 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Erymidae)

Among the Erymidae Van Straelen, 1925, known as early as the Late Permian (Changhsingian) and widespread in the Jurassic, the genus Enoploclytia M’Coy, 1849 seems to have a late appearance because of its lack before the Cretaceous. Until now, the oldest representative was E. augustobonae Devillez, Charbonnier, Hy?ný and Leroy, 2016 from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) of the eastern Paris basin (France). However, a new fossil collected in Normandy (France), showing the typical carapace groove pattern of Enoploclytia, attests the presence of the genus in the Late Jurassic (Oxfordian).     

论中国北方晚二叠世混生植物群的区系划分

自昆仑山—阿尔金山—祁连山—秦岭—大别山一线以北的中国北方地区,二叠纪时大约由准噶尔地块、塔里木地块、中朝板块、佳蒙地块等几个主要陆块和一些小的地块(微板块)组成。在系统整理这些地区晚二叠世植物属种的基础上,根据植物群属种的植物学特征及植物地理属性,将中国北方晚二叠世混生植物地理区划分为6个植物地理省,即:1)准噶尔–北塔里木安加拉–华夏混生植物地理省;2)北山–巴丹吉林安加拉–华夏混生植物地理省;3)兴蒙(东北地区)安加拉–华夏混生植物地理省;4)南塔里木安加拉–欧美混生植物地理省;5)祁连–阿拉善华夏–安加拉混生植物地理省;6)华北欧美–华夏–安加拉混生植物地理省。基于各地块在晚古生代各时期植物群的演替和植物区系性质的变迁,结合古地磁资料,简述了各地块在石炭纪—二叠纪时,在古特提斯洋和古亚洲洋中逐渐由低纬度热带亚热带雨林气候区向北半球高纬度温带干旱气候区的漂移和碰撞过程;并认为晚二叠世混生植物群形成的主要原因是各陆块相互间的迁移和拼接,中、晚二叠世形成的联合大陆(Pangaea)给各陆块上植物群的互相交融、侵入提供了良好条件。这种时空关系的改变,导致植物生态系统的改变,不但造成来自不同植物地理区植物的混生,而且产生了不少新的物种和丰富的土著分子。     

二叠纪菊石属Shengoceras的特大型标本在广西的发现

当前研究标本壳体之大,在此类菊石中是罕见的,而且它的缝合线保存亦十分完美.标本体室虽已剥落,仅存留气室,但其壳径仍达101mm,推测完整壳体的壳径至少在150mm以上.标本系由我所张治平一年前得自广西柳州市.根据他所提供的地点及标本本身的特征,推断它可能来自广西柳江、来宾和武宣县一带二叠系的孤峰组.壳形及缝合线表明它即赵金科(1955)所记录、嗣后Ruzhencev(1956)更名为"孤峰菊石( Ku.fengoceras )”的一类化石,只是赵氏记述的标本壳径最大者仅为当前标本的一半左右.