不同生长期茶树对土壤中铅的吸收及体内运移特性研究

选取江苏省宜兴市阳羡茶场的新、老两个茶园进行实地试验,分析了幼年期和成年期茶树各部位中铅含量的差异,以及茶树各部位铅含量与土壤铅含量的相关性;同时通过向茶园土壤进行投加铅处理后,分析土壤Pb污染条件下茶树吸收铅的特性以及不同生长期茶树对土壤中铅的富集和运移规律。结果表明,铅在茶树各部位含量分布的一般趋势为：侧茎>老叶>主茎>侧根>主根>嫩叶,侧茎比茶树其余部位中的铅含量高出3倍以上;对于不同生长期的茶树而言,幼年期茶树嫩叶的铅含量较成年期茶树嫩叶的高。同时茶树各部位铅含量与土壤铅含量的相关性分析的结果表明,茶树根与土壤中的铅含量相关性最为显著,其次为叶,再次为茎。当土壤受到铅污染后,茶树各部位的铅含量均有所增加,其中侧根和主根中铅的增加量最为明显;随着土壤铅污染时间的延续,茶树各部位中的铅逐渐向侧茎集聚,使侧茎的含铅量在茶树各地上部分中居于最高水平。     

茶树根系生长及其影响因子研究进展

本文主要综述茶树根系的结构、特点、功能与生长营养特性,以及近些年来影响和调控茶树根系生长的非生物和生物因子的研究进展,并对进一步研究进行展望。     

不同根系分隔方式对栗和茶幼苗生长的影响

研究不同根系分隔方式对栗(Castanea mollissima)/茶(Camellia sinensis)间作地下部分相互作用和植物种间互作动态的影响, 探究根系互作对植株株高、基径和根系生长的影响, 可为栗/茶复合经营模式的可持续发展提供科学指导。该研究以栗/茶间作和相应单作为研究对象, 运用盆栽实验的根系分隔技术(塑料膜分隔、尼龙网分隔和不分隔), 分别利用logistic生长模型模拟栗和茶株高与基径生长动态过程, 利用幂函数研究株高-基径的异速生长关系, 并从细根发育角度分析地下部分相互作用对植物生长发育的影响。结果显示: 与单作茶相比, 间作茶塑料膜分隔方式地上部分、地下部分和总的干生物量以及根长、根表面积、根体积、分形丰度和直径为0.2-1.0 mm根的根长分别显著增加了357.1%、281.8%和345.2%以及74.3%、273.9%、244.8%、42.0%和382.4%。间作茶塑料膜分隔方式的株高渐进值比单作茶显著增加了30.9%, 尼龙网分隔方式的间作栗株高渐进值和基径渐进值比单作栗分别显著增加了21.9%和28.2%; 塑料膜分隔方式下间作茶株高达到最大增长速率的时间和间作栗的基径达到最大增长速率的时间比相应单作模式分别显著延迟了14和15天。不同处理中栗和茶的株高-基径异速生长均呈显著线性正相关关系, 且不分隔方式下间作栗和间作茶的株高-基径异速生长模型的斜率均表现为最小, 且均<1。结果表明, 栗和茶间作时, 栗地上部分通过遮阴促进茶幼苗侧根分枝数、细根根长和株高的生长来增加其干生物量累积, 但地下部分则表现为竞争作用, 且随着地下部分竞争作用的强度增加会逐渐抵消地上部分的促进作用, 最终植物种间相互作用表现为中性作用。     

低农药残留量的乌龙茶种质资源筛选研究

以福建省武夷山茶叶科学研究所鸟龙茶种质资源圃120份资源为试验材料,依外部形态特征初步筛选出31份比较有希望的品种（系）。将联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯和噻嗪酮4种农药喷施于这31份资源,7d后采摘鲜叶,烘干固样。用气相色谱法分析检测31份品种（系）鲜叶中4种农药的残留量,筛选出低联苯菊酯、低甲氰菊酯、低氯氰菊酯和低噻嗪酮残留量的乌龙茶特异资源各5、4、3和7份。     

模拟酸雨胁迫对茶树幼苗生长和光合生理的影响

茶是世界三大饮料之一,并且茶树在中国被广泛种植。酸雨是中国乃至全球面临的主要环境问题,本研究选用一年生茶树幼苗作为实验材料,品种为湘妃翠,采用盆栽的方法培养,通过模拟pH值2.5、pH值3.5、pH值4.5酸雨以及自来水(pH值6.5)作为对照对茶树进行全喷淋,探究模拟酸雨对茶树幼苗生长状况和光合生理的影响。结果表明pH值4.5模拟酸雨对茶树幼苗生长有一定促进作用,pH值2.5模拟酸雨对茶树幼苗生长具有抑制作用。茶树幼苗SPAD值(叶绿素相对含量)、以及叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm(PSⅡ最大光能转换率)、Fv/Fo(PSⅡ潜在活性)在pH值2.5酸雨胁迫下与对照组相比都显著降低,Fo(初始荧光产量)则显著增大。由此说明pH值2.5模拟酸雨对茶树幼苗具有较强的胁迫作用,pH值4.5模拟酸雨对茶树幼苗生长有促进作用。     

云南省古茶树资源调查与分析

为更好地保护和开发利用古茶树资源,2010-2017年对云南省12个地区58个县/市的古茶树资源进行了全面普查,依据《Flora of China》英文修订版分类确立了古茶树资源物种名录,建立初步的古茶树资源数据信息库。以此为基础,利用地理信息系统和统计学分析了云南古茶树资源种类组成、地理分布特征、生境类型及形态多样性。结果表明:云南古茶树种类多,调查共获得古茶树资源分布点474个,记录样本植株2570份,隶属7种6变种;古茶树资源分布广而不均,主要分布于滇西、滇南、滇东南及滇中哀牢山山脉,滇东南是古茶树物种多样性的分布中心,滇西是特有种的分化中心,云南古茶树资源的地理分布可能存在滇西-大理茶(Camellia taliensis(W.W.Sm.)Melch.)、滇南-普洱茶(C.sinensis var.assamica(J.W.Mast.)Kitam.)和滇东南-厚轴茶(C.crassicolumna H.T.Chang)3个现有分布中心;古茶树资源生境复杂多样,可大致分为原生林、次生林和高山旱地等3类,不同生境分布的古茶树种类及其生长状况有差异;古茶树资源具有丰富的形态多样性,其描述型性状多样性指数为0.58~1.48,数值型性状变异系数为4.37%~51.03%,总体上营养器官的变异性高于花部器官。本工作为进一步探讨云南地区古茶树资源的系统演化、多样性保护及合理利用提供了重要的本底资料。此外,根据古茶树资源现状,初步提出了一些保护利用建议。     

茶树中咖啡碱抑茵抗虫作用的研究

咖啡碱是茶树的主要生物碱和特征性物质之一,通过滤纸片法、生长速率法、饲喂称重法对咖啡碱抑菌、抗虫作用的研究,发现咖啡碱对供试细菌和真菌有一定的抑菌能力,对棉铃虫和菜粉蝶、家蚕幼虫具有毒害和抑制生长的影响。咖啡碱作为茶树的次生代谢产物具有抗病抗虫的的生物学功能。     

茶树铝、氟富集研究进展

茶树是铝、氟超富集植物,过量铝、氟累积于叶片严重威胁了人类健康,了解铝、氟在茶树体内的代谢机理对降低茶叶中的铝、氟含量很有必要。本文系统阐述了茶树对铝、氟吸收、转运、累积和解毒的最新研究进展,推测了茶树对铝、氟吸收、转运及解毒的机制,提出了今后茶树铝、氟富集研究的方向。     

茶树叶片类脱水素蛋白的Western-blot分析

为了解茶树脱水素种类与功能,采用Western-blot技术,研究了不同季节及越冬过程中茶树叶片脱水素蛋白家族的表达模式。结果显示:(1)茶树叶片总蛋白提取采用酚-甲醇/醋酸铵沉淀法,用时短、蛋白浓度高、SDSPAGE电泳条带清晰,背景干净,满足茶树Western-blot技术要求。(2)在不同季节及越冬期中发现14~95kD共9种不同分子量的茶树类脱水素蛋白,其中95、65、48、37、34和14kD等6种蛋白表达量较为稳定,季节与越冬期变化不明显;58kD脱水素仅在冬季表达,越冬期不断上升,2月份增加到最高,表达丰度高;28kD脱水素蛋白在冬季表达量高,越冬期与茶树抗寒力变化规律一致;21kD脱水素在夏季和越冬期后期有较高的表达。研究表明,这3种脱水素可能在茶树抗逆中起着重要作用。     

毛细管电泳四色荧光检测法分析茶树SSR标记

将毛细管电泳四色荧光栓测技术应用于茶树SSR标记分析.该方法采用三引物PCR扩增SSR位点,三引物即在5'端加有M13尾巴序列(5'-CACGACGTTGTAAAACGAC-3')的特异正向引物、特异反向引物及带有荧光标记的通用型M13引物:为了运用四色荧光检测系统使通过一次毛细管电泳能同时检测3个以上的SSR位点,采用蓝、绿、黑3种不同颜色的荧光染料分别对3个M13引物进行标记. 应用该方法对42个茶树品种(系)的16个SSR位点进行遗传分析的结果表明:此法具有简便、可靠、低成本及高通量的优点;且随着所分析SSR位点数的增加,降低成本的效果更加显著.采用建立的方法,还筛选获得了11个多态性丰富的可应用于茶树遗传研究的SSR标记.     

Large-Scale SNP Discovery and Genotyping for Constructing a High-Density Genetic Map of Tea Plant Using Specific-Locus Amplified Fragment Sequencing (SLAF-seq)

Genetic maps are important tools in plant genomics and breeding. The present study reports the large-scale discovery of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for genetic map construction in tea plant. We developed a total of 6,042 valid SNP markers using specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq), and subsequently mapped them into the previous framework map. The final map contained 6,448 molecular markers, distributing on fifteen linkage groups corresponding to the number of tea plant chromosomes. The total map length was 3,965 cM, with an average inter-locus distance of 1.0 cM. This map is the first SNP-based reference map of tea plant, as well as the most saturated one developed to date. The SNP markers and map resources generated in this study provide a wealth of genetic information that can serve as a foundation for downstream genetic analyses, such as the fine mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL), map-based cloning, marker-assisted selection, and anchoring of scaffolds to facilitate the process of whole genome sequencing projects for tea plant.     

丛枝菌根(AM)对无性繁殖茶苗生长及茶叶品质的影响

采用温室盆栽试验 ,分别接种丛枝菌根 (AM)真菌Acaulosporalavis(光壁无梗球囊霉 ,菌号 :34)、Glomusmanihot(木薯球囊霉 ,菌号 :38)和Glomuscaledonium(苏格兰球囊酶 ,菌号 :90 0 36) ,观察AM对枝条繁殖茶苗生长和茶叶品质的影响。试验持续 1 4个月。结果表明 ,接种AM真菌明显促进了无性繁殖茶苗的生长 ,无论是株高还是地上、地下干重都高于不接种者 (CK) ,且差异达极显著水平 (P <0 .0 1 )。AM对茶树吸收无机元素有明显的促进作用 ,尤其是对P、Ca、Mg等的吸收。接种AM真菌的茶苗根际细菌、放线菌数量和酸性磷酸酶活性都明显高于CK。接种AM真菌还提高了茶叶水浸出物、氨基酸、咖啡碱和茶多酚的浓度 ,改善了茶叶的品质。     

Flooding and Plant Growth

This Special Issue is based on the 7th Conference of the InternationalSociety for Plant Anaerobiosis (ISPA), held in Nijmegen, TheNetherlands, 12–16 June 2001. The papers describe andanalyse many of the responses that plants display when subjectedto waterlogging of the soil or deeper submergence. These responsesmay be injurious or adaptive, and are discussed at various levelsof organizational complexity ranging from ecosystem processes,through individual plants to single cells. The research incorporatesmolecular biology and genetics, cell physiology, biochemistry,hormone physiology, whole plant physiology, plant demographyand ecology. The study of the damage to young rice plants causedby submergence, especially as experienced in the rainfed lowlandsof Asia, is comprehensively addressed. This work integratesvarious specialized approaches ranging from agronomy to moleculargenetics, and demonstrates how plant biology can be harnessedto improve stress tolerance in an important crop species whilesimultaneously improving basic understanding of tolerance mechanismsand plant processes.     

Growth of Individuals in Plant Populations

Relationships between individual plant weight and net photosynthesisper day (G(t, x) function of plant weight) in plant populationsof various stand structures were simulated based on a canopyphotosynthesis model. The G(t, x) functions of plant weightare determined mainly by LAI (leaf area index), the relationshipbetween individual plant weight and leaf area, canopy structureand extinction coefficient. The concave relationship betweenindividual plant weight and leaf area at small LAI (<2),at small extinction coefficient (< 0.5), or at the canopystructure having the maximum leaf area density at the bottomproduces a concave G(t, x) function, which generates negativeskewness of plant weight. The linear relationship between individualplant weight and leaf area at large LAI (> 2) produces aconvex G(t, x) function, which generates positive skewness ofplant weight. These simulation results coincide with G(t, x)functions obtained experimentally and with the well-known phenomenonof stand dynamics in which skewness of plant weight becomesnegative in the early growth stage and then increases to a positivevalue as a stand grows and becomes crowded. Helianthus annuus L., individual plant size, mean growth rate, canopy photosynthesis model, skewness, stand structure     

植物生长物质与植物抗旱性的关系(综述)

脱落酸、乙烯、多胺和细胞分裂素等是与植物抗旱性关系较为密切的几种植物激素。文章就植物在遭受干旱胁迫时其体内激素变化及喷施植物生长调节剂对植物抗旱性的影响进行概述,为生化调控植物抗旱性提供参考。     

Phospholipids as Plant Growth Regulators

In this paper the potential to use phospholipids and lysophospholipids as plant growth regulators is discussed. Recent evidence shows that phospholipids and phospholipases play an important signalling role in the normal course of plant development and in the response of plants to abiotic and biotic stress. It is apparent that phospholipase A (PLA), C (PLC) and D (PLD), lysophospholipids, and phosphatidic acid (PA) are key components of plant lipid signalling pathways. By comparison, there is very little information available on the effect of exogenously applied phospholipids on plant growth and development. This paper serves to introduce phospholipids as a novel class of plant growth regulator for use in commercial plant production. The biochemistry and physiology of phospholipids is discussed in relation to studies in which phospholipids and lysophospholipids have been applied to plants and plant parts. Implicit in the observations is that phospholipids impact the hypersensitive response and systemic acquired resistance in plants to improve crop performance and product quality. Based on published data, a scheme outlining a possible mode of action of exogenously applied phospholipids is proposed.     

Effects on Plant Growth Produced by Azotobacter paspali Related to Synthesis of Plant Growth Regulating Substances

S ummary . Treating seedling roots of several plant species with cultures of Azotobacter paspali changed plant growth and development and significantly increased weight of leaves and roots; effects were probably caused by plant growth regulators. Culture supernatant fluids contained indolyl-3-acetic acid, at least 3 gibberellins and 2 cytokinins. The added inoculum of A. paspali survived in plant rhizospheres for only a few weeks and no nitrogen was fixed in the root zone of young Paspalum notatum , the grass with which A. paspali is associated.