Correlation of Cold Tolerance at Different Growth Stages in Rice

Cold injury which influence rice production in different rice growing countries occurs at various growth stages. The degree of cold injury depends on the air or water temperature, the cropping pattern, the growth stage of the rice and other factors. It is generally accepted that cold tolerance of rice at one stage is different from another stage. However, Okabe and Toriyama reported that varieties seem to respond similarly to cold temperature at different growth stages. Some varieties have been found to be tolerant at different growth stages. The purpose of this experiment is to find whether cold tolerance scores at different growth stages of different kinds of rice are correlated or not.     

不同水稻种质在不同生育期耐盐鉴定的差异

以21份水稻(Oryza sativa)种质为材料,用1.5%Na Cl处理种子8天后测定发芽率。在苗期用不同浓度NaCl水培处理10天,测定叶片死亡率等指标和高亲和性K+转运基因(HKT)家族变异。在成株期选3份种质,用不同浓度NaCl盆栽处理,在开花期和籽粒蜡熟期测定植株可溶性糖和生物量等指标,以明确各种质不同生育期的耐盐差异和关键指标。结果表明,在NaCl胁迫下,种子发芽率受到显著影响。苗期盐胁迫后,各种质的平均叶片死亡率变幅最大。在被鉴定的8个耐盐种质中,HKT家族的7个基因除OsHKT2;4外均存在。在≤1 g·kg–1盐胁迫下植株可溶性糖含量表现出刺激增长效应。CG15R单株生物量与盐浓度呈正相关,且随盐浓度的增加而缓慢增长。在≤1 g·kg–1时,中花9号的生物量随盐浓度的增加而增加。水稻耐盐性具有明显的阶段发育特异性,且不同发育阶段的耐盐性之间无相关性。叶片死亡率与蜡熟期生物量可分别作为苗期和成株期耐盐鉴定的关键指标。CG15R可作为高耐盐种质进行深入分析和利用。     

不同海拔来源云南地方稻种资源各生育时期耐冷性鉴定评价

本研究以不同海拔生态区来源的307份云南地方稻种资源为试验材料,进行了水稻发芽期、芽期、苗期、孕穗开花期等4个生育时期耐冷性的鉴定评价.鉴定结果表明,云南地方稻种的各生育时期耐冷性分级与其分布的生态区海拔高度均呈显著或极显著的负相关,即云南地方稻种的耐冷性与其来源生态区的海拔高度密切相关,分布在高海拔生态区的地方稻种各...     

Short-Term Salinity Induced Changes in Two Wheat Cultivars at Different Growth Stages

Soluble sugars, proline, total chlorophyll contents and electrolyte leakage were measured in two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars KRL 1-4 and HD 2009 at different growth stages [crown root initiation (CRI), flowering, and soft dough] under short term salinity (NaCl, CaCl₂ and Na₂SO₄). In control plants sugar contents were maximum at flowering stage. Proline and sugar concentrations increased in both cultivars under salinity with a maximum increase at CRI. Electrolyte leakage increased and chlorophyll content decreased with the plant age. A sharp increase of electrolyte leakage was noticed at salinity of 10 and 15 dS m^–1 in HD 2009 and KRL 1-4, respectively. The short-term salinity at CRI stage proved more detrimental as compared to salinity at flowering and soft dough stages in term of all biochemical changes induced. In wheat, plant resistance to salinity increased with the age of plant. The cultivar KRL 1-4 performed better under salinity as compared to HD 2009.     

Characterization of Root Exudates at Different Growth Stages of Ten Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars

Abstract: Plant root exudates play important roles in the rhizosphere. We tested three media (nutrient solution, deionized water and CaSO₄ solution) for three periods of time (2, 4 and 6 h) for collecting root exudates of soil‐grown rice plants. Nutrient culture solution created complications in the analyses of exudates for total organic C (TOC) by the wet digestion method and of organic acids by HPLC due to the interference by its components. Deionized water excluded such interference in analytical analyses but affected the turgor of root cells; roots of four widely different rice cultivars excreted 20 to 60 % more TOC in deionized water than in 0.01 M CaSO₄. Furthermore, the proportion of carbohydrates in TOC was also enhanced. Calcium sulfate solution maintained the osmotic environment for root cells and did not interfere in analytical procedures. Collection for 2 h avoided under‐estimation of TOC and its components exuded by rice roots, which occurred during prolonged exposure. By placing plants in 0.01 M CaSO₄ for 2 h, root exudates of soil‐grown traditional, tall rice cultivars (Dular, B40 and Intan), high‐yielding dwarf cultivars (IR72, IR52, IR64 and PSBRc 20), new plant type cultivars (IR65598 and IR65600) and a hybrid (Magat) were collected at seedling, panicle initiation, flowering and maturity and characterized for TOC and organic acids. The exudation rates were, in general, lowest at seedling stage, increased until flowering but decreased at maturity. Among organic acids, malic acid showed the highest concentration followed by tartaric, succinic, citric and lactic acids. With advancing plant growth, exudation of organic acids substituted exudation of sugars. Root and shoot biomass were positively correlated with carbon exudation suggesting that it is driven by plant biomass. As root exudates provide substrates for methanogenesis in rice fields, large variations in root exudation by cultivars and at different growth stages could greatly influence CH₄ emissions. Therefore, the use of high‐yielding cultivars with lowest root excretions, for example IR65598 and IR65600, would mediate low exudate‐induced CH₄ production. The screening of exciting rice cultivars and breeding of new cultivars with low exudation rates could offer an important option for mitigation of CH₄ emission from rice agriculture to the atmosphere.     

不同基因型大豆花荚期抗旱性综合评价

为了解不同基因型大豆花荚期抗旱表现,挖掘抗旱种质资源,在称重法人工控水条件下,通过干旱棚盆栽试验,在大豆植株的花荚期,测定22个品种(系)的茎粗、株高、分枝数等与抗旱相关的18个表型性状和生理生化指标,以各项指标的干旱胁迫系数作为衡量抗旱性的指标,利用隶属函数值法、主成分分析和聚类分析对其抗旱性进行综合评价,结果表明,在水分胁迫条件下,大豆花荚期形态和生理生化指标抗旱系数都存在一定的变异,且变异系数均大于10%。主成分分析结果显示,5个主成分累计贡献率为84.82%,可代表大豆抗旱性84.82%的原始数据信息,利用抗旱性度量值(D值)进行聚类,可将供试品种(系)划分为抗旱性强、中和弱3种类,晋大78、晋大74、晋大70和晋大73具有较强的抗旱能力,晋大75、扁茎豆、黑珍珠抗旱能力弱;其他15个品种(品系)具有中等抗旱能力。利用主成分分析与模糊聚类对大豆的抗旱性进行综合评价,可避免单一性状的片面性和不稳定性,为大豆抗旱性综合评价及抗旱品种选育提供一个较为有效的鉴定方法。     

花生萌发期耐盐性综合评价及耐盐种质筛选

为了解江苏花生种质资源的耐盐性,挖掘耐盐种质资源,本试验对47份花生种质材料进行耐盐性综合评价,以发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、发芽率、鲜重、相对含水量、干重的相对值为鉴定指标,采用主成分分析、隶属函数法以及聚类分析方法,对其进行萌发期耐盐性综合评价及耐盐种质筛选。结果表明,花生种质材料萌发期的耐盐性强弱判定结果受多个指标影响,相对含水量和鲜重可以作为花生种质萌发期耐盐性的最佳鉴定指标,5 g/L Na Cl溶液可以作为花生萌发期耐盐性鉴定的合适浓度,47份花生材料划为5个耐盐级别,筛选出JP42、JP29、JP23、JP43、JP35、JP4等6份耐盐性强的种质,JP27和JP98为高度敏感材料,隶属函数法结合耐盐分级可以作为一种简便快速鉴定花生萌发期耐盐性的方法。     

不同发育阶段水稻苗高的QTL分析

分析了不同发育阶段控制水稻苗高的QTL,用5个阶段和4个净增长量的数据共检测到9个QTL,分别位于染色体1,4,6,7,8,11,和12号上。SH－4是主基因,它在各个阶段都表达,对苗高的贡献率在20％以上。结果表明,数量性状的发育或形态建成是由数量性状位点基因选择性表达的结果。     

不同发育阶段水稻苗高的QTL分析

分析了不同发育阶段控制水稻苗高的QTL, 用5个阶段和4个净增长量的数据共检测到9个QTL,分别位于染色体1,4,6,7,8,11,和12号上。SH-4 是主基因,它在各个阶段都表达,对苗高的贡献率在20%以上。结果表明, 数量性状的发育或形态建成是由数量性状位点基因选择性表达的结果。 Abstract:QTLs conferring rice seedling height at different developmental stages were analyzed in this paper using a DH population with 122 lines deriving from a cross between indica variety Zai-Ye-Qing 8 and japonica variety Jing-Xi 17. A total of nine QTLs were identified with the data of five stages and four sets of net increase data between two successive stages. Of all the QTLs, Sh-4was a major gene, it expressed at all stages and accounted for more than 20% of the variance. The results revealed that the development of the quantitative trait was controlled by the selective expression of the genes at quantitative trait loci.     

小麦品种资源耐盐性鉴定

按照农业部行业标准NY/PZT001-2002,对882份小麦品种资源进行耐盐性初步鉴定,筛选出芽期耐盐性为一级的品种328份,苗期和芽期都达到中度耐盐的品种43份。这些品种中很多既具有中度或中度以上耐盐性且具有高产优质等优异特性,如小偃22、新曙光1号等,为小麦耐盐育种提供重要信息。相关分析表明,不同耐盐级别的小麦品种其芽期和苗期耐盐性并没有一致的相关关系,二者并没有可比性,在耐盐种质筛选过程中,都有其本身的意义。     

小麦芽期和苗期耐盐性综合评价

土壤盐渍化严重影响小麦生产,提高小麦耐盐性是应对土壤盐渍化的主要途径之一,耐盐种质资源是耐盐性遗传改良的材料基础。本研究以小麦为材料,筛选芽期和苗期耐盐性鉴定评价的适宜Na Cl浓度,明确了小麦芽期耐盐性鉴定的最适Na Cl溶液浓度为1.2%,苗期耐盐性鉴定的最适土壤Na Cl浓度为0.8%。用该盐浓度胁迫处理321份小麦材料,获得芽期高耐盐材料21份,占供试材料的6.5%;苗期高耐盐材料18份,占供试材料的5.6%;芽期和苗期均为高耐盐的材料2份,分别是中作60115和冀麦一号。     

Different Effect of Humidity on Growth and Salt Tolerance of Two Soybean Cultivars

Two soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars, Tachiyutaka and Dare, were grown in pots at 30 and 70 % relative humidity (RH) and treated with 0 (control), 40 (moderate), 80 and 120 (severe) mM NaCl for 3 weeks. Increasing RH enhanced growth of salt sensitive cultivar, Tachiyutaka, but had no effect on salt tolerant cultivar, Dare, under control and moderate saline conditions. Both cultivars benefited from elevated humidity under severe saline conditions. Cultivar Tachiyutaka had poorer ability for controlling translocation of Na⁺ to the leaves, lower Na⁺ exclusion ability in the roots, and lower root activity under NaCl treatment, compared with cv. Dare. The increased growth of cv. Tachiyutaka at high RH was consistent with decreased Na⁺ accumulation in the leaves, increased stomatal conductance and root activity, while the unchanged growth of cv. Dare was consistent with similar Na⁺ accumulation in the leaves, and the decreased root activity.     

杉木种子与幼苗不同发育期的耐旱性研究

以广东杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)第二代改良种子园种子为试材,利用不同浓度聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)溶液(5%、10%、20%和40%)模拟不同程度(轻度、中度、较强、重度)干旱胁迫,并对不同干旱条件下的种子萌发、幼苗子叶期和真叶期不同发育阶段的形态变化进行测定分析。结果发现,杉木种子萌发初期对水分尤为敏感,耐旱性不强,尤其是随干旱程度的加剧,种子起始萌发时间不断后延且发芽率显著降低。子叶后期的杉木幼苗较子叶前期耐旱,真叶期的杉木幼苗对轻度和中度干旱胁迫具有较强的耐受性。     

Leucine Aminopeptidase Activity in Tall and Dwarf Cultivars of Rice at Successive Stages of Development

Studies to determine the variations in leucine aminopeptidase(LAP) activity in tall and dwarf cultivars of rice were conductedby horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. The samples were takenat weekly intervals starting with soaked seeds (12 h) untilthe post-panicle stage. There is a distinct pattern of LAP isoenzymesin tall and dwarf cultivars studied. Some isoenzymes appearat a particular developmental stage and others disappear whilesome remain fairly constant once they are formed. A tall cultivar(Hansraj) shows greater fluctuations during the course of developmentthan the dwarf cultivars. These studies throw light on the transitorynature of these enzymes and show apparently differential geneaction.     

不同品种葡萄对高温的生理响应及耐热性评价

以新疆农业科学院吐鲁番农业科学研究所葡萄资源圃中选取的19个具有代表性葡萄品种作为试验材料,在当地自然高温期中段(7月份,日最高温＞35 ℃),对葡萄叶片气体交换参数、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性、脯氨酸含量等12个生理指标进行测定,采用模糊隶属函数分析法结合有序样本最优分割聚类法对不同品种耐热性进行评价,考察不同葡萄品种对高温的生理响应差异,为葡萄高温逆境栽培和耐热品种选育提供参考。结果表明：(1)在自然高温条件下,19个品种葡萄的耐热性表现存在差异,‘红地球’、‘藤稔’、‘贝达’、‘和田黄’耐热性较强,而‘无核白’、‘红旗特早玫瑰’、‘水晶无核’、‘维多利亚’、‘矢富罗莎’、‘克瑞森无核’耐热性较弱。(2)不同品种叶片丙二醛含量和抗氧化酶活性变化对高温响应差异较大,耐热性较强的‘红地球’和‘藤稔’的丙二醛含量相对较低,而‘贝达’、‘和田黄’的丙二醛含量相对较高,但其抗氧化酶活性均较高。(3)模糊隶属函数法分析结果表明,各品种生理指标的隶属函数值(AR)大小与其耐热性直观表现基本一致,AR可作为评价葡萄品种耐热性评价的综合指标;进一步聚类分析结果将参试品种划分为耐热性强、中、弱3个类型,并筛选出‘红地球’、‘藤稔’、‘贝达’、‘和田黄’等4个耐热性较强的品种。     

黄瓜种子萌发对NO3-胁迫的响应及耐盐性评价

通过培养皿发芽试验,研究了0、14、98、182 mmol/L NO3-对7个黄瓜品种种子萌发的影响,并用隶属函数法对它们的耐盐性进行综合评价.结果表明:与对照相比较,14 mmol/L NO3-处理使7个黄瓜品种种子的相对发芽率、相对发芽指数、耐盐指数9、6 h后的鲜重、干重和超微弱发光(UWL)强度均增加,而98、182 mmol/L NO3-处理下这些指标均逐渐降低;各幼苗的电解质相对渗漏率在14 mmol/L NO3-处理后降低,而在98、182 mmol/LNO3-处理后其值逐渐增加;随着NO3-浓度的增加,各黄瓜品种的胚根总面积、总长度逐渐减少.各黄瓜品种半致死浓度值(LC50)以津园5号的最大(192.3 mmol/L),新秀4号的最小(105.0 mmol/L).不同黄瓜品种耐盐性的综合评价显示,津园5号、新泰密刺为耐盐品种,新秀4号、神农春五为盐敏感品种,其他为中度耐盐品种.     

水稻U-Box蛋白质在不同发育时期的表达分析

真核生物基因组中广泛存在U-Box基因,其编码蛋白大部分是泛素系统中决定底物特异性识别的E3蛋白,其构象与RING-finger极其相似．U-Box蛋白质能促进底物蛋白泛素化降解,对细胞内异常蛋白的降解及质量控制方面发挥着重要的作用．水稻基因组中有77个U-Box蛋白质,系统了解它们的表达可为功能研究提供数据．制备针对水稻U-Box蛋白质的抗体,了解水稻中U-Box蛋白质在不同发育时期的表达信息,为功能研究积累数据．选取了4个水稻U-Box蛋白质,其共同结构特点为U-Box结构在N端,C端有ARM结构．用计算机软件预测抗原决定簇,细菌体系体外表达、纯化U-Box蛋白质的片段,免疫动物制备多克隆抗体,用Western blotting检测U-Box蛋白质在水稻品种93-11苗期地上部和地下部、分蘖期根和茎、孕穗期剑叶和幼穗、开花期剑叶和穗子、成熟期剑叶和种子中的表达,并与EST数据库中公布的U-Box蛋白质EST数据进行了比较分析．体外克隆表达后,获得了纯化的蛋白质,制备的抗体特异性强,蛋白质印迹(Western blotting)检测可见一条明显的主带,其中Os06g01304和Os12g38210两个蛋白质的表观分子质量与预测分子质量相符,Os01g66130和Os08g01900两个蛋白质的表观分子质量低于预测分子质量．4个U-Box蛋白质在水稻生长发育的不同时期或部位基本上是组成型表达,且表达量接近．对NCBI上公布的来自274个文库100万条以上的EST进行分析,可以看出4个U-Box蛋白质EST的数量分布大致均匀,与Western blotting结果揭示的组成型表达平行,与ATPase、HSP81-3、EGF-1 alpha和RuBisCo等对照基因相比,U-Box基因的EST数目相对很少,说明它们属于低丰度转录的基因．选取了4个水稻U-Box蛋白质,通过抗原决定簇预测,表达片段蛋白,制备了特异性抗体,证明了这一技术路线的可行性．利用抗体对水稻不同发育时期材料进行蛋白质表达谱研究,发现这些U-Box蛋白质呈组成型表达,与EST数据揭示的结果具有平行性．所制备的抗体也为相关功能研究,如免疫共沉淀、ChIP-on-chip、Pull-down以及在抗病、抗逆反应中U-Box蛋白质的表达等,积累了 资源．     

粳稻芽期耐冷性鉴定方法研究

利用22个粳稻品种,在不同低温胁迫、不同处理天数下进行水稻芽期耐冷性鉴定,并提出了适合于粳稻芽期耐冷性的鉴定方法.研究结果表明,在低温胁迫和不同天数的处理中,以2℃/6d低温胁迫下的22个粳稻品种死苗率的方差和变异范围表现为最大,并且死苗率的分布比较合理,据此认为该低温胁迫对于粳稻芽期耐冷性鉴定是比较合适的胁迫条件.在2℃/6d低温胁迫下,靖粳7号、辐优1号、合系15、沈农15、东农422、滇系1号等品种芽期耐冷性属3级,为强耐冷性品种;云南省粳稻品种的芽期耐冷性普遍好于东北三省的粳稻品种.     

枣品种资源的营养特性评价与种质筛选

测定分析了50个枣品种的黄酮、三萜酸、多糖、Vc、环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)及环磷酸鸟苷(cGMP)等6种功能性营养成分含量,明确了各成分的含量范围:黄酮含量为1.78～59.84 mg/g;三萜酸含量为3.99～15.73 mg/g;多糖含量为30.55～201.20 mg/g;Vc含量为221.58～758.06 mg/100g;cAMP含量为16.92～622.61μg/g;cGMP含量为4.23～220.90μg/g。并根据测定结果进行了各功能性营养成分的变异分析、相关分析和主成分分析。变异分析结果表明,黄酮、cAMP与cGMP的含量在品种间差异大,三萜酸、多糖和Vc差异较小;相关与回归分析结果显示,cAMP与cGMP呈极显著正相关(α=0.01);主成分分析结果表明,前3个主成分累积方差贡献率达到74.20%,基本概括了全部6个功能性营养成分的的主要信息;根据主成分分析结果确定各成分的权重值,对各品种果实功能性营养特性进行了模糊综合评判,选出高功能性营养特异种质资源。