微生物性状揭示物种分布格局、群落构建机制和生态系统功能

微生物性状是指与其存活、生长和繁殖紧密相关的一系列核心属性,这些属性能够反映微生物对环境变化的响应,进而影响微生物的物种分布格局、群落构建机制以及相应的生态系统功能。越来越多的研究表明,相比于微生物分类学信息,微生物性状可以在种群、群落和生态系统尺度等视角扩展我们对微生物生态过程的理解,并提供生态模式的机理性解释。本文回顾微生物性状研究的发展历程,总结近年来基于微生物性状研究的前沿科学问题,比如微生物性状的分类和测定方法、基于性状的功能多样性定义及应用、性状与物种分布格局和群落构建机制的关系、性状对生物多样性和生态系统功能的影响以及对环境变化的响应等。尽管微生物性状研究已经延伸到生态学领域的各个方面,有力推动着各个前沿科学问题的研究发展,但是仍然面临很多机遇与挑战。因此,本文也从研究方法和研究方向等方面对未来基于微生物性状的研究提出了展望。     

分子微生物生态学及其研究进展

分子微生物生态学是分子生物学实验技术应用于微生物生态学研究领域而发展形成的一门交叉学科,在研究微生物生态系统组成结构、功能的分子机理以及微生物与生物和非生物环境之间相互关系等方面显示了巨大的潜力．十几年来分子微生物生态学研究所取得的成就证明：分子生物学研究技术向微生物生态学领域的不断渗透,为微生物生态学研究领域注入了新的活力,尤其在微生物多样性、微生物区系分子组成及变化规律以及微生物系统进化研究方面取得了重大突破．本文根据近年分子微生物生态学的研究进展,就分子微生物生态学概念的提出、发展历程、主要研究领域、主要研究方法以及未来研究热点领域作以简要综述。     

绿弯菌的研究现状及展望

绿弯菌是一个深度分支的门级别细菌类群,广泛分布于生物圈各种生境。现已生效发表的绿弯菌构成9个纲,但仅包含56个种;基于分子生态学的研究结果表明尚有大量绿弯菌类群仍是未培养状态。绿弯菌形态多样,营养方式和代谢途径十分丰富,参与了C、N、S等一系列重要生源元素的生物地球化学循环过程。研究该类群不仅有助于认识环境中微生物的多样性及其代谢特征,从而更好的理解微生物参与的生态学过程,还有助于揭示微生物对环境的适应及其进化。本文主要综述了绿弯菌的发现历史、营养、代谢及其在元素循环中的作用,并总结了其分离培养和潜在应用价值,最后展望了未来的研究方向,旨在为深入探究绿弯菌的进化、培养和驱动地球化学元素循环等研究提供参考。     

Seasonal Dynamics of Microbial Community Composition and Function in Oak Canopy and Open Grassland Soils

Soil microbial communities are closely associated with aboveground plant communities, with multiple potential drivers of this relationship. Plants can affect available soil carbon, temperature, and water content, which each have the potential to affect microbial community composition and function. These same variables change seasonally, and thus plant control on microbial community composition may be modulated or overshadowed by annual climatic patterns. We examined microbial community composition, C cycling processes, and environmental data in California annual grassland soils from beneath oak canopies and in open grassland areas to distinguish factors controlling microbial community composition and function seasonally and in association with the two plant overstory communities. Every 3 months for up to 2 years, we monitored microbial community composition using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, microbial biomass, respiration rates, microbial enzyme activities, and the activity of microbial groups using isotope labeling of PLFA biomarkers (¹³C-PLFA). Distinct microbial communities were associated with oak canopy soils and open grassland soils and microbial communities displayed seasonal patterns from year to year. The effects of plant species and seasonal climate on microbial community composition were similar in magnitude. In this Mediterranean ecosystem, plant control of microbial community composition was primarily due to effects on soil water content, whereas the changes in microbial community composition seasonally appeared to be due, in large part, to soil temperature. Available soil carbon was not a significant control on microbial community composition. Microbial community composition (PLFA) and ¹³C-PLFA ordination values were strongly related to intra-annual variability in soil enzyme activities and soil respiration, but microbial biomass was not. In this Mediterranean climate, soil microclimate appeared to be the master variable controlling microbial community composition and function.     

“白色农业（微生物农业）”与农业可持续发展

介绍了白色农业(微生物农业)的含义、特点、应用领域及发展白色农业(微生物农业)的优势。阐明了白色农业(微生物农业)在改造农业产业结构、提高农产品品质和改善农业生态环境方面的作用,以及“白色农业(微生物农业)”在微生物饲料、微生物肥料、微生物农药、微生物食品、微生物能源和微生物生态环境保护剂等方面取得的研究成果。     

土壤管理措施及环境因素对土壤微生物多样性影响研究进展

本文综述了土壤管理措施及环境因素对土壤微生物多样性影响的研究进展,并介绍了土壤微生物多样性的研究方法,土壤微生物多样性包括微生物物种多样性、遗传多样性和生态多样性。传统上,土壤微生物群落的分析依赖于培养技术,但使用该技术只能培养和分离出一部分土壤微生物群落。现在国际上普遍使用Biolog分析、磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)分析和核酸分析等多种现代技术研究和表征土壤微生物多样性。土壤微生物多样性受土壤管理措施和多种环境因素的影响。农药可能使土壤微生物多样性减少或改变其结构和功能;施有机肥有利于维持土壤微生物的多样性及活性;但在施用无机肥的影响上目前的报道有矛盾之处。农业土壤减少耕作可能增加微生物多样性和生物量;轮作可能比单一栽培耕作更有利于维持土壤微生物的多样性及活性。土壤微生物多样性也受土壤有机质、植被、季节变化等因素的影响,且通常遭受干旱、过度放牧、营养缺乏等的胁迫作用。     

Interspecific interactions in mixed microbial cultures in a biodegradation perspective

In recent works, microbial consortia consisting of various bacteria and fungi exhibited a biodegradation performance superior to single microbial strains. A highly efficient biodegradation of synthetic dyes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and other organic pollutants can be achieved by mixed microbial cultures that combine degradative enzyme activities inherent to individual consortium members. This review summarizes biodegradation results obtained with defined microbial cocultures and real microbial consortia. The necessity of using a proper strategy for the microbial consortium development and optimization was clearly demonstrated. Molecular genetic and proteomic techniques have revolutionized the study of microbial communities, and techniques such as the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, rRNA sequencing, and metaproteomics have been used to identify consortium members and to study microbial population dynamics. These analyses could help to further enhance and optimize the natural activities of mixed microbial cultures.     

黄土高原典型植物根际对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷和基础呼吸的影响

选择黄土高原7种典型植物的根际与非根际土壤为研究对象,对土壤的养分含量、微生物生物量碳、氮、磷和基础呼吸的影响进行了初步研究。结果表明,7种不同植物根际土壤与非根际土壤的养分含量、微生物生物量和基础呼吸均存在显著差异;除冷蒿的土壤微生物生物量磷以外,其他各种植物的根际土壤的养分含量、微生物生物量和基础呼吸均比非根际土壤的高;土壤有机碳、全氮与土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及基础呼吸之间均具有极显著或显著相关关系,表明了土壤微生物生物量碳、氮可以作为判断土壤肥力状况的生物学指标,同时也可为提高土壤肥力水平和土壤培肥效果提供依据。     

微生物菌剂施用对设施茄子根际土壤养分和细菌群落多样性的影响

[背景]设施茄子连作种植和化学肥料过量施用造成土壤养分失衡、微生物多样性降低、土传病害严重等土壤质量问题,微生物制剂是改善土壤环境质量的一项重要措施。[目的]确定微生物菌剂施用对设施茄子根际土壤养分及细菌群落多样性的影响。[方法]在河北省农林科学院鹿泉大河实验园区,以含有哈茨木霉和巨大芽孢杆菌的微生物菌剂为供试菌剂,采用传统的化学分析方法测定微生物菌剂处理和对照茄子开花期、拉秧期土壤的养分含量;采用稀释涂平板方法测定土壤可培养微生物的数量;采用高通量测序技术测定土壤细菌16S rRNA基因V3-V4区,分析处理和对照土壤的微生物多样性和群落分布规律。[结果]与对照相比,微生物菌剂处理提高了茄子开花期和拉秧期的根际土壤养分含量,拉秧期微生物菌剂处理根际土壤中全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量分别较对照增加13.85%、21.07%、31.51%和55.94%;施用微生物菌剂能够改变土壤可培养微生物的数量和构成,微生物菌剂处理土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量均显著增加,其中细菌、放线菌在微生物总量中所占比例增加,而真菌的占比则有所降低。微生物菌剂处理能够提高土壤微生物的Shannon指数、降低...     

Fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis as an estimator of microbial biomass on coniferous needle surfaces

Estimating microbial standing crops and microbial production in natural habitats has been difficult for microbial ecologists. The present paper describes a simple spectrophotometric assay based on the hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate which estimates well the standing crops of microbial cells on coniferous needles and twigs. A technique is also presented for correlating optical density readings with actual dry weights of microbial cells epiphytic on needles, and thus for standardizing the assay. The assay shows promise of broad applicability to other microbial habitats.     

长期模拟升温对崇明东滩湿地土壤微生物生物量的影响

以崇明东滩芦苇湿地为对象,采用开顶室生长箱(Open top chambers OTCs)原位模拟大气升温试验,研究了连续升温8a对崇明东滩湿地0—40cm土层土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量的影响。结果表明:连续升温显著提高了崇明东滩湿地土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量,从土壤表层到深层(0—10,10—20,20—30,30—40cm),微生物生物量碳分别增加了39.32%、70.79%、65.20%、74.09%,微生物生物量氮分别增加了66.46%、178.27%、47.24%、64.11%。但升温对土壤微生物生物量的影响因不同土层和不同季节并未表现出统一的规律,长期模拟升温显著提高4月0—20cm土层和7月0—40cm土层微生物生物量碳氮含量,对10月0—40cm土层微生物生物量碳含量没有影响,但是显著提高了10月0—40cm土层微生物生物量氮含量,同时,微生物生物量碳氮比在7月也显著提高。相关分析表明:无论在升温条件还是在对照条件下,土壤温度、含水量、总氮与土壤微生物生物量碳氮及微生物生物量碳氮比均无相关关系,升温条件下,有机碳与微生物生物量碳氮含量以及微生物生物量碳氮比呈显著正相关,但是在对照条件下有机碳与微生物生物量碳氮含量以及微生物生物量碳氮比呈显著负相关。因此,土壤有机碳是影响土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量对长期模拟升温响应的重要生态因子。     

Plant Communities, Soil Microorganisms, and Soil Carbon Cycling: Does Altering the World Belowground Matter to Ecosystem Functioning?

Soil microorganisms mediate many critical ecosystem processes. Little is known, however, about the factors that determine soil microbial community composition, and whether microbial community composition influences process rates. Here, we investigated whether aboveground plant diversity affects soil microbial community composition, and whether differences in microbial communities in turn affect ecosystem process rates. Using an experimental system at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica, we found that plant diversity (plots contained 1, 3, 5, or > 25 plant species) had a significant effect on microbial community composition (as determined by phospholipid fatty acid analysis). The different microbial communities had significantly different respiration responses to 24 labile carbon compounds. We then tested whether these differences in microbial composition and catabolic capabilities were indicative of the ability of distinct microbial communities to decompose different types of litter in a fully factorial laboratory litter transplant experiment. Both microbial biomass and microbial community composition appeared to play a role in litter decomposition rates. Our work suggests, however, that the more important mechanism through which changes in plant diversity affect soil microbial communities and their carbon cycling activities may be through alterations in their abundance rather than their community composition.     

冬季作物对稻田土壤微生物量碳、氮和微生物熵的短期影响

研究不同的冬季作物马铃薯、黑麦草、紫云英、油菜在"冬季作物-双季稻"轮作种植制度下短期内对稻田土壤微生物碳、氮和微生物熵的影响,在湖南省土壤肥料研究所的实验网室内设置了小区试验.试验结果表明:几种冬季作物均提高了稻田土壤微生物碳、氮含量,黑麦草明显提高了土壤微生物量碳和微生物熵,紫云英明显提高了土壤微生物量氮.冬季作物对土壤微生物量碳和土壤微生物量氮的季节性影响变化趋势基本一致,紫云英、马铃薯处理的土壤微生物量C、N含量均在水稻生育期间8月中旬达到最大值.     

Substrate and environmental controls on microbial assimilation of soil organic carbon: a framework for Earth system models

A mechanistic understanding of microbial assimilation of soil organic carbon is important to improve Earth system models’ ability to simulate carbon‐climate feedbacks. A simple modelling framework was developed to investigate how substrate quality and environmental controls over microbial activity regulate microbial assimilation of soil organic carbon and on the size of the microbial biomass. Substrate quality has a positive effect on microbial assimilation of soil organic carbon: higher substrate quality leads to higher ratio of microbial carbon to soil organic carbon. Microbial biomass carbon peaks and then declines as cumulative activity increases. The simulated ratios of soil microbial biomass to soil organic carbon are reasonably consistent with a recently compiled global data set at the biome level. The modelling framework developed in this study offers a simple approach to incorporate microbial contributions to the carbon cycling into Earth system models to simulate carbon‐climate feedbacks and explain global patterns of microbial biomass.     

Metaproteomics: studying functional gene expression in microbial ecosystems

The recent availability of extensive metagenomic sequences from various environmental microbial communities has extended the postgenomic era to the field of environmental microbiology. Although still restricted to a small number of studies, metaproteomic investigations have revealed interesting aspects of functional gene expression within microbial habitats that contain limited microbial diversity. These studies highlight the potential of proteomics for the study of microbial consortia. However, the application of proteomic investigations to complex microbial assemblages such as seawater and soil still presents considerable challenges. Nonetheless, metaproteomics will enhance the understanding of the microbial world and link microbial community composition to function.     

合成微生物体系研究进展

合成微生物体系作为自下而上构建的人工合成微生物群落,相比于自然微生物群落具有复杂度低及可控性、可操作性强等特点。其作为新兴的生物技术,综合借鉴了合成生物学、系统生物学、生物进化等知识,通过合理的设计、规划与调控,成为研究微生物生态学理论的实验平台,以及验证已知理论的微生物系统。本文首先简单介绍了合成微生物体系的概念及其由来,阐述了其基本构建原则,随后介绍了其生态学理论基础,并总结概括了近年来的实际应用,最后提出合成微生物体系的发展前景,包括需要设计构建更为复杂的人工合成微生物群落,以及优化生态模型。     

微生物复合菌剂的制备

【背景】微生物复合菌剂比单一菌剂更能够在土壤中高效、稳定发挥作用促进作物生长,是微生物菌剂发展的趋势,但是目前对构建微生物复合菌剂的研究不够深入。【目的】研制可显著促进水稻生长的微生物复合菌剂,并构建微生物复合菌剂的数学模型。【方法】将解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) FH-1与7株植物促生细菌按照生物量1:1的比例复配成微生物复合菌剂,利用水稻盆栽实验筛选高效复合微生物菌剂。利用生化方法对各个菌株的促生特性进行测定。分析植物特征和菌株促生特性间的相关性关系,并据此利用一般线性方程构建复合菌剂的数学模型。【结果】与空白对照CK相比,复合菌剂FN显著提升水稻的苗长20.79%、根长26.67%和鲜重74.84%(P0.05),是7种微生物复合菌剂中综合效果最佳的微生物复合菌剂。偏相关分析结果表明解无机磷能力、产铁载体能力和产ACC脱氨酶能力在促进植物生长过程中可能发挥着更重要的作用。根据菌剂促生特性与植物特征的偏相关性结果,构建了微生物复合菌剂数学模型,预测准确率可达97%以上。【结论】成功研制了高效促进水稻生长的微生物复合菌剂,并构建了微生物复合菌剂的数学模型,可为微生物复合菌剂的研制提供一定的科学指导。