Rhizobium halotolerans sp. nov., Isolated from Chloroethylenes Contaminated Soil

The strain designated as AB21^T was isolated from chloroethylenes contaminated soil. Cells are gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, and motile rods. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that it belonged to the genus Rhizobium, and was closely related to Rhizobium sullae IS 123^T (97.4 %), Rhizobium yanglingense SH 22623^T (97.2 %), Rhizobium gallicum R 602sp^T (97.1 %), Rhizobium alamii GBV 016^T (97.0 %), and Rhizobium monogolense USDA 1844^T (97.0 %). It showed less than 97 % identity with the remaining Rhizobium species. This novel isolate grew optimally at 25–37 °C (optimum, 30 °C) and pH 6–9 (optimum, pH 8.0). It grew in the presence of 0–4 % (w/v) NaCl, tolerating a 4 % (w/v) NaCl. DNA–DNA hybridization experiment shows less than 53 % binding with closely related Rhizobium. Predominant quinone is ubiquinone (Q-10). The major fatty acids were summed feature 8 (composed of C_18:1 ω7c/C_18:1 ω6c), C_19:0 cyclo ω8c, and C_16:0. The G+C molar content is 62.5 mol%. Based on the polyphasic analysis, strain AB21^T is referred to be a novel species of the genus Rhizobium for which the name Rhizobium halotolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AB21^T (=KEMC 224-056^T = JCM 17536^T).     

Rhizobium smilacinae sp. nov., an endophytic bacterium isolated from the leaf of Smilacina japonica

During a study of endophytic bacteria from traditional Chinese medicinal plants, a bacterial strain, designated PTYR-5^T, was isolated from the leaf of Smilacina japonica A. Gray collected from Taibai Mountain in Shaanxi Province, north-west China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain PTYR-5^T is a member of the genus Rhizobium, exhibiting the highest sequence similarities to R. cellulosilyticum LMG 23642^T (97.2 %), R. huautlense LMG 18254^T (97.2 %) and R. alkalisoli CCBAU 01393^T (97.1 %). The levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with respect to other Rhizobium species with validly published names were less than 97.0 %. Phylogenies of the housekeeping genes atpD, recA and glnII confirmed its distinct position, showing low similarity with respect to those of recognized Rhizobium species (no more than 94.1?, 90.0 and 88.0 ?    % similarity, respectively). The DNA–DNA relatedness values of strain PTYR-5^T with R. cellulosilyticum LMG 23642^T, R. huautlense LMG 18254^T and R. alkalisoli CCBAU 01393^T were 33.6, 21.4 and 29.5 %, respectively. Based on phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic data, strain PTYR-5^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Rhizobium, for which the name Rhizobium smilacinae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PTYR-5^T (=CCTCC AB 2013016^T=KCTC 32300^T=LMG 27604^T).     

Rhizobium cauense sp. nov., isolated from root nodules of the herbaceous legume Kummerowia stipulacea grown in campus lawn soil

Three bacterial isolates (CCBAU 101002^T, CCBAU 101000 and CCBAU 101001) originating from root nodules of the herbaceous legume Kummerowia stipulacea grown in the campus lawn of China Agricultural University were characterized with a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the isolates shared 99.85–99.92% sequence similarities and had the highest similarities to the type strains of Rhizobium mesoamericanum (99.31%), R. endophyticum (98.54%), R. tibeticum (98.38%) and R. grahamii (98.23%). Sequence similarity of four concatenated housekeeping genes (atpD, glnII, recA and rpoB) between CCBAU 101002^T and its closest neighbor (R. grahamii) was 92.05%. DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain CCBAU 101002^T and the four type strains of the most closely related Rhizobium species were less than 28.4 ± 0.8%. The G + C mol% of the genomic DNA for strain CCBAU 101002^T was 58.5% (Tm). The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone (Q-10). Summed feature 8 (18:1ω7cis/18:1ω6cis) and 16:0 were the predominant fatty acids. Strain CCBAU 101002^T contained phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as major polar lipids, and phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin as minor ones. No glycolipid was detected. Unlike other strains, this novel species could utilize dulcite or sodium pyruvate as sole carbon sources and it was resistant to 2% (w/v) NaCl. On the basis of the polyphasic study, a new species Rhizobium cauense sp. nov. is proposed, with CCBAU 101002^T (=LMG 26832^T = HAMBI 3288^T) as the type strain.     

Rhizobium qilianshanense sp. nov., a novel species isolated from root nodule of Oxytropis ochrocephala Bunge in China

During a study of the diversity and phylogeny of rhizobia isolated from root nodules of Oxytropis ochrocephala grown in the northwest of China, four strains were classified in the genus Rhizobium on the basis of their 16S rRNA gene sequences. These strains have identical 16S rRNA gene sequences, which showed a mean similarity of 94.4 % with the most closely related species, Rhizobium oryzae. Analysis of recA and glnA sequences showed that these strains have less than 88.1 and 88.7 % similarity with the defined species of Rhizobium, respectively. The genetic diversity revealed by ERIC-PCR fingerprinting indicated that the isolates correspond to different strains. Strain CCNWQLS01^T contains Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone. The major fatty acids were identified as feature 8 (C18: 1ω7c and/or C18: 1ω6c; 67.2 %). Therefore, a novel species Rhizobium qilianshanense sp. nov. is proposed, and CCNWQLS01^T (= ACCC 05747^T = JCM 18337^T) is designated as the type strain.     

Gilliamella intestini sp. nov., Gilliamella bombicola sp. nov., Gilliamella bombi sp. nov. and Gilliamella mensalis sp. nov.: Four novel Gilliamella species isolated from the bumblebee gut

Spectra of five isolates (LMG 28358^T, LMG 29879^T, LMG 29880^T, LMG 28359^T and R-53705) obtained from gut samples of wild bumblebees of Bombus pascuorum, Bombus lapidarius and Bombus terrestris were grouped into four MALDI-TOF MS clusters. RAPD analysis revealed an identical DNA fingerprint for LMG 28359^T and R-53705 which also grouped in the same MALDI-TOF MS cluster, while different DNA fingerprints were obtained for the other isolates.Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of the four different strains identified Gilliamella apicola NCIMB 14804^T as nearest neighbour species. Average nucleotide identity values of draft genome sequences of the four isolates and of G. apicola NCIMB 14804^T were below the 96% threshold value for species delineation and all four strains and G. apicola NCIMB 14804^T were phenotypically distinct. Together, the draft genome sequences and phylogenetic and phenotypic data indicate that the four strains represent four novel Gilliamella species for which we propose the names Gilliamella intestini sp. nov., with LMG 28358^T as the type strain, Gilliamella bombicola sp. nov., with LMG 28359^T as the type strain, Gilliamella bombi sp. nov., with LMG 29879^T as the type strain and Gilliamella mensalis sp. nov., with LMG 29880^T as the type strain.     

Rubrimonas shengliensis sp. nov. and Polymorphum gilvum gen. nov., sp. nov., novel members of Alphaproteobacteria from crude oil contaminated saline soil

Four bacterial strains were isolated from a crude oil contaminated saline soil in Shengli Oilfield, China. Strains SL014B-28A2^T and SL014B-80A1 were most closely related to Rubrimonas cliftonensis OCh 317^T, while strains SL003B-26A1^T and SL003B-26A2 were most closely related to but readily different from the species in the Pannonibacter-Labrenzia-Roseibium-Stappia cluster. The major fatty acids were C_18:1ω7c, C_16:0, C_18:0 and 11-Methyl C_18:1ω7c, and C_18:1ω7c, 11-Methyl C_18:1ω7c and C_18:0, respectively, for these two groups of isolates. Q-10 was the predominant ubiquinone. The G + C contents of genomic DNA of the four isolates were 67.9, 69.7, 65.6 and 65.6 mol%. Based on the polyphasic taxonomic characteristics, strains SL014B-28A2^T and SL014B-80A1 represented a novel species of the genus Rubrimonas, for which the name Rubrimonas shengliensis sp. nov. is proposed, with strain SL014B-28A2^T (=LMG 26072^T = CGMCC 1.9170^T) as the type strain. Isolates SL003B-26A1^T and SL003B-26A2 represented a novel genus and species of the family Rhodobacteraceae, for which the name Polymorphum gilvum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed, with strain SL003B-26A1^T (=LMG 25793^T = CGMCC 1.9160^T) as the type strain.     

Achromobacter animicus sp. nov., Achromobacter mucicolens sp. nov., Achromobacter pulmonis sp. nov. and Achromobacter spiritinus sp. nov., from human clinical samples

The phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of fourteen human clinical Achromobacter strains representing four genogroups which were delineated by sequence analysis of nusA, eno, rpoB, gltB, lepA, nuoL and nrdA loci, demonstrated that they represent four novel Achromobacter species. The present study also characterized and provided two additional reference strains for Achromobacter ruhlandii and Achromobacter marplatensis, species for which, thus far, only single strains are publicly available, and further validated the use of 2.1% concatenated nusA, eno, rpoB, gltB, lepA, nuoL and nrdA sequence divergence as a threshold value for species delineation in this genus. Finally, although most Achromobacter species can be distinguished by biochemical characteristics, the present study also highlighted considerable phenotypic intraspecies variability and demonstrated that the type strains may be phenotypically poor representatives of the species. We propose to classify the fourteen human clinical strains as Achromobacter mucicolens sp. nov. (with strain LMG 26685^T [=CCUG 61961^T] as the type strain), Achromobacter animicus sp. nov. (with strain LMG 26690^T [=CCUG 61966^T] as the type strain), Achromobacter spiritinus sp. nov. (with strain LMG 26692^T [=CCUG 61968^T] as the type strain), and Achromobacter pulmonis sp. nov. (with strain LMG 26696^T [=CCUG 61972^T] as the type strain).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhizobium sphaerophysae</Emphasis> sp. nov., a novel species isolated from root nodules of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sphaerophysa salsula</Emphasis> in China

Four gram-negative, aerobic, motile, non-spore, forming rods with a wide pH and temperature range for growth (pH 7.0–11.0, optimum pH 8.0; 20–45°C, optimum 28°C) strains were isolated from root nodules of Sphaerophysa salsula and characterized by means of a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the four strains formed a new lineage related to the genus Rhizobium and the sequence similarities between the isolate and the most related type strain Rhizobium giardinii was 96.5%. These strains also formed a distinctive group from the reference strains for defined Rhizobium species based on housekeeping gene sequences (atpD and recA), BOX-PCR fingerprinting, phenotypic features and symbiotic properties. The representative strain CCNWGS0238^T has DNA-DNA relatedness of less than 33.4% with the most closely related species R. giardinii. It is therefore proposed as a new species, Rhizobium sphaerophysae sp. nov., with isolate CCNWGS0238^T (=ACCC17498^T = HAMBI3074^T) as the type strain.     

Rhizobium cremeum sp. nov., isolated from sewage and capable of acquisition of heavy metal and aromatic compounds resistance genes

Two strains of Rhizobia isolated from sewage collected from the Chinese Baijiu distillery were characterized using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strains W15^T and W16 were grouped as a separate clade closely related to Rhizobium daejeonense L61^T (98.6%). Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) with three housekeeping genes (recA, glnII and rpoA) also showed that strains W15^T and W16 belonged to the genus Rhizobium. Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values between genome sequences of strain W15^T and the closely related species ranged from 77.0% to 87.8% and from 23.9% to 30.9%. The DNA G + C content of strain W15^T was 61.6 mol%. Strain W15^T contained Q-10 as the major ubiquinone and the dominant fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C _18:1ω7c and/or C _18:1ω6c; 73.1%) and C_18:0 (7.6%). The main polar lipids are phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. On the basis of the evidences presented in this study, strains W15^T and W16 represents a novel species of the genus Rhizobium, for which the name Rhizobium cremeum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is W15^T (= CGMCC 1.18731^T = KACC 22344^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhizobium helanshanense</Emphasis> sp. nov., a bacterium that nodulates <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sphaerophysa salsula</Emphasis> (Pall.) DC. in China

Studying rhizobia in the root nodules of Sphaerophysa salsula (Pall.) DC in the northwest of China, we obtained five strains classified as genus Rhizobium on the basis of their 16S rRNA gene sequences. The sequence similarity of strain CCNWQTX14^T with the most related species was 99.0%. Further phylogenetic analysis of housekeeping genes (recA and atpD) suggested the five strains comprised a novel lineage within Rhizobium. The nifH and nodD gene sequences of CCNWQTX14^T were phylogenetically closely related with those of Sinorhizobium kummerowiae and R. sphaerophysae, respectively. The five strains isolated from different places were also distinct from related Rhizobium species using ERIC fingerprint profiles. The DNA–DNA hybridization value was 41.8% between CCNWQTX14^T and Rhizobium sphaerophysae CCNWGS0238^T. Our novel strains were only able to form effective nodules on its original host Sphaerophysa salsula. Our data showed that the five Rhizobium strains formed a unique genomic species, for which a novel species Rhizobium helanshanense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CCNWQTX14^T (=ACCC 16237^T =HAMBI 3083^T).     

Rhizobium ruizarguesonis sp. nov., isolated from nodules of Pisum sativum L

Four strains, coded as UPM1132, UPM1133^T, UPM1134 and UPM1135, and isolated from nodules of Pisum sativum plants grown on Ni-rich soils were characterised through a polyphasic taxonomy approach. Their 16S rRNA gene sequences were identical and showed 100% similarity with their closest phylogenetic neighbors, the species included in the ‘R. leguminosarum group’: R. laguerreae FB206^T, R. leguminosarum USDA 2370^T, R. anhuiense CCBAU 23252^T, R. sophoreae CCBAU 03386^T, R. acidisoli FH13^T and R. hidalgonense FH14^T, and 99.6% sequence similarity with R. esperanzae CNPSo 668^T. The analysis of combined housekeeping genes recA, atpD and glnII sequences showed similarities of 92-95% with the closest relatives. Whole genome average nucleotide identity (ANI) values were 97.5-99.7% ANIb similarity among the four strains, and less than 92.4% with closely related species, while digital DNA-DNA hybridization average values (dDDH) were 82-85% within our strains and 34-52% with closely related species. Major fatty acids in strain UPM1133^T were C18:1 ω7c / C18:1 ω6c in summed feature 8, C14:0 3OH/ C16:1 iso I in summed feature 2 and C18:0. Colonies were small to medium, pearl-white coloured in YMA at 28 °C and growth was observed in the ranges 8-34 °C, pH 5.5-7.5 and 0-0.7% (w/v) NaCl. The DNA G + C content was 60.8 mol %. The combined genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data support the classification of strains UPM1132, UPM1133^T, UPM1134 and UPM1135 into a novel species of Rhizobium, for which the name Rhizobium ruizarguesonis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is UPM1133^T (=CECT 9542^T = LMG 30526^T).     

Proposal of Ensifer psoraleae sp. nov., Ensifer sesbaniae sp. nov., Ensifer morelense comb. nov. and Ensifer americanum comb. nov

In a survey of rhizobia associated with the native legumes in Yunnan Province, China, seven and nine strains isolated from the root nodules of Psoralea corylifolia, Sesbania cannabina and Medicago lupulina were respectively classified into the novel genomic species groups I and II in the genus Ensifer (former Sinorhizobium) based on the sequence analyses of the 16S rRNA gene. Analyses of concatenated housekeeping genes (atpD, recA and glnII) further revealed that they were distinct lineages in the genus, and group I was most similar to Ensifer terangae and Ensifer garamanticus (both with 94.2% similarity), while group II was most similar to Ensifer adhaerens (94.0%). These groups could be distinguished from closely related species by DNA–DNA relatedness, MALID-TOF MS, cellular fatty acid profiles and a series of phenotypic characters. Therefore, two novel species were proposed: Ensifer psoraleae sp. nov. (seven strains, type strain CCBAU 65732^T = LMG 26835^T = HAMBI 3286^T) and Ensifer sesbaniae sp. nov. (nine strains, type strain CCBAU 65729^T = LMG 26833^T = HAMBI 3287^T). They had a DNA G + C mol% (T_m) of 58.9 and 60.4, respectively. Both of the type strains formed effective nodules on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and their hosts of origin. In addition, the previously described species Sinorhizobium morelense and Sinorhizobium americanum were renamed as Ensifer morelense comb. nov. and Ensifer americanum comb. nov. according to the accumulated data from different studies.     

Endophytic Bosea spartocytisi sp. nov. Coexists with rhizobia in root nodules of Spartocytisus supranubius growing in soils of Teide National Park (Canary Islands)

Two rod-shaped Gram negative strains, SSUT16^T and SSUT22, were isolated from root nodules of Spartocytisus supranubius in soils of the Teide National Park (Tenerife, Spain). The 16S rRNA gene sequences of these two novel strains classified them within genus Bosea with similarity values ranging from 97.65 % to 99.54 % with respect to the other species of this genus. The MLSA analysis from a concatenation of the two housekeeping- genes, recA and gyrB, showed that Bosea thiooxidans LMG 26210^T and B. robiniae LMG 26381^T are the two closest relative species with which they share similarity sequences values of 94.42 % and 94.27 %, respectively. The genome sequence analysis of strain SSUT16^T showed average nucleotide identity percentages (ANIb) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) below 84 % and 33 %, respectively, with the type strains of all sequenced species of genus Bosea. These values are much lower than the currently accepted cut-off values for these two parameters to delineate bacterial species, confirming that the novel strains constitute a novel Bosea species. In addition, they are also distinguished from the other closest species in their fatty acid composition and in other phenotypic characteristics. Genome sequence analysis showed the absence of the common nodulation and nitrogen fixation genes in the novel strains. Therefore, based on the results of phylogenetic, genomic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic characterization, we propose a new species named Bosea spartocytisi sp. nov., with type strain SSUT16^T (=LMG 32510^T = CECT 30526^T = HAMBI 3759^T).     

Pseudocitrobacter gen. nov., a novel genus of the Enterobacteriaceae with two new species Pseudocitrobacter faecalis sp. nov., and Pseudocitrobacter anthropi sp. nov,isolated from fecal samples from hospitalized patients in Pakistan

Four isolates of Gram-negative facultatively anaerobic bacteria, three of them producing NDM-1 carbapenemase, were isolated from hospitalized patients and outpatients attending two military hospitals in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, and studied for their taxonomic position. Initially the strains were phenotypically identified as Citrobacter species. Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences then showed that the four strains shared >97%, but in no case >98.3%, 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to members of the genera Citrobacter, Kluyvera, Pantoea, Enterobacter and Raoultella, but always formed a separate cluster in respective phylogenetic trees. Based on multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) including partial recN, rpoA, thdF and rpoB gene sequence and respective amino acid sequence analysis it turned out that the strains also here always formed separate clusters. Based on further comparative analyses including DNA–DNA hybridizations, genomic fingerprint analysis using rep- and RAPD-PCRs and physiological tests, it is proposed to classify these four strains into the novel genus Pseudocitrobacter gen. nov. with a new species Pseudocitrobacter faecalis sp. nov. with strain 25 CIT^T (= CCM 8479^T = LMG 27751^T) and Pseudocitrobacter anthropi sp. nov. with strain C138^T (= CCM 8478^T = LMG 27750^T), as the type strains, respectively.     

Classification of Achromobacter genogroups 2, 5, 7 and 14 as Achromobacter insuavis sp. nov., Achromobacter aegrifaciens sp. nov., Achromobacter anxifer sp. nov. and Achromobacter dolens sp. nov., respectively

The phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of seventeen Achromobacter strains representing MLST genogroups 2, 5, 7 and 14 were examined. Although genogroup 2 and 14 strains shared a DNA–DNA hybridization level of about 70%, the type strains of both genogroups differed in numerous biochemical characteristics and all genogroup 2 and 14 strains could by distinguished by nitrite reduction, denitrification and growth on acetamide. Given the MLST sequence divergence which identified genogroups 2 and 14 as clearly distinct populations, the availability of nrdA sequence analysis as a single locus identification tool for all Achromobacter species and genogroups, and the differential phenotypic characteristics, we propose to formally classify Achromobacter genogroups 2, 5, 7 and 14 as four novel Achromobacter species for which we propose the names Achromobacter insuavis sp. nov. (with strain LMG 26845^T [= CCUG 62426^T] as the type strain), Achromobacter aegrifaciens sp. nov. (with strain LMG 26852^T [= CCUG 62438^T] as the type strain), Achromobacter anxifer sp. nov. (with strain LMG 26857^T [= CCUG 62444^T] as the type strain), and Achromobacter dolens sp. nov. (with strain LMG 26840^T [= CCUG 62421^T] as the type strain).     

Two novel species isolated from wheat rhizospheres in Serbia: Pseudomonas serbica sp. nov. and Pseudomonas serboccidentalis sp. nov.

Pseudomonas strains IT-194P, IT-215P, IT-P366^T and IT-P374^T were isolated from the rhizospheres of wheat grown in soils sampled from different fields (some of them known to be disease-suppressive) located near Mionica, Serbia. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA genes and of whole genome sequences showed that these strains belong to two potentially new species, one containing strains IT-P366^T and IT-194P and clustering (whole genome analysis) next to P. umsongensis DSM16611^T, and another species containing strains IT-P374^T and IT-215P and clustering next to P. koreensis LMG21318^T. Genome analysis confirmed the proposition of novel species, as ANI was below the threshold of 95% and dDDH below 70% for strains IT-P366^T (compared with P. umsongensis DSM16611^T) and IT-P374^T (compared with P. koreensis LMG21318^T). Unlike P. umsongensis DSM16611^T, strains of P. serbica can grow on D-mannitol, but not on pectin, D-galacturonic acid, L-galactonic acid lactone and α-hydroxybutyric acid. In contrary to P. koreensis LMG21318^T, strains of P. serboccidentalis can use sucrose, inosine and α-ketoglutaric acid (but not L-histidine) as carbon sources. Altogether, these results indicate the existence of two novel species for which we propose the names Pseudomonas serbica sp. nov., with the type strain IT-P366^T (=CFBP 9060 ^T = LMG 32732 ^T = EML 1791 ^T) and Pseudomonas serboccidentalis sp. nov., with the type strain IT-P374^T (=CFBP 9061 ^T = LMG 32734 ^T = EML 1792 ^T). Strains from this study presented a set of phytobeneficial functions modulating plant hormonal balance, plant nutrition and plant protection, suggesting a potential as Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR).     

Photobacterium malacitanum sp. nov., and Photobacterium andalusiense sp. nov., two new bacteria isolated from diseased farmed fish in Southern Spain

Three strains, H01100409B^T, H01100413B, and H27100402H^T, were isolated from several internal organs of diseased redbanded seabream (Pagrus auriga) reared in Andalusia (Southern Spain). All strains were studied by phenotypic, including chemotaxonomy, and genomic characteristics. Phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated sequences of six housekeeping genes (gyrB, ftsZ, topA, mreB, gapA, and 16S rRNA) supported the inclusion of the strains within the clade Phosphoreum of the genus Photobacterium, and two of the strains (H27100402H^T and H01100409B^T) formed a tight group separated from the closest species P. aquimaris. Genomic analyses, including average nucleotide identity (ANIb and ANIm) and DNA–DNA hybridization (DDH), clearly separated strains H27100402H^T and H01100409B^T from the other species within the clade Phosphoreum with values below the thresholds for species delineation. The chemotaxonomic features (including FAME analysis and MALDI-TOF-MS) of H27100402H^T and H01100409B^T strains confirmed their differentiation from the related taxa. The results demonstrated that strain H01100413B was classified as P. aquimaris and the strains H27100402H^T and H01100409B^T represented a new species each in the genus Photobacterium, for which we propose the names Photobacterium malacitanum sp. nov., type strain H27100402H^T (=CECT 9190^T = LMG 29992^T), and Photobacterium andalusiense sp. nov., type strain H01100409B^T (=CECT 9192^T = LMG 29994^T).     

Acetobacter oryzifermentans sp. nov., isolated from Korean traditional vinegar and reclassification of the type strains of Acetobacter pasteurianus subsp. ascendens (Henneberg 1898) and Acetobacter pasteurianus subsp. paradoxus (Frateur 1950) as Acetobacter ascendens sp. nov., comb. nov.

Twelve Acetobacter pasteurianus-related strains with publicly available genomes in GenBank shared high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (>99.59%), but average nucleotide identity (ANI) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) values and multilocus sequence- and genome-based relatedness analyses suggested that they were divided into four different phylogenetic lineages. Relatedness analyses based on multilocus sequences, 1,194 core genes and whole-cell MALDI-TOF profiles supported that strains LMG 1590^T and LMG 1591 (previously classified as the type strains of A. pasteurianus subsp. ascendens and paradoxus, respectively) and strain SLV-7^T do not belong to A. pasteurianus. Strain SLV-7^T, isolated from Korean traditional vinegar, shared low ANI (<91.0%) and in silico DDH (44.2%) values with all other Acetobacter type strains analyzed in this study, indicating that strain SLV-7^T represents a new Acetobacter species. The phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses confirmed these results and therefore a new species named Acetobacter oryzifermentans sp. nov. is proposed with SLV-7^T (= KACC 19301^T = JCM 31096^T) as the type strain. Strains LMG 1590^T and LMG 1591 shared high ANI (99.4%) and in silico DDH (96.0%) values between them, but shared low ANI (<92.3%) and in silico DDH (<49.0%) values with other type strains analyzed in this study, indicating that strains LMG 1590^T and LMG 1591 should be reclassified into a new single species that should be named Acetobacter ascendens sp. nov., comb. nov., with LMD 51.1^T (= LMG 1590^T = NCCB 51001^T) as its type strain.     

Arcobacter cloacae sp. nov. and Arcobacter suis sp. nov., two new species isolated from food and sewage

Three strains recovered from mussels (F26), sewage (SW28-13^T) and pork meat (F41^T) were characterized as Arcobacter. They did not appear to resemble any known species on the basis of their 16S rDNA-RFLP patterns and the rpoB gene analyses. However, strains F26 and SW28-13^T appeared to be the same species. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of strains SW28-13^T and F41^T to the type strains of all other Arcobacter species ranged from 94.1% to 99.6% and 93.4% to 98.8%, respectively. Phenotypic characteristics and the DNA–DNA hybridization (DDH) results showed that they belonged to 2 new Arcobacter species. A multilocus phylogenetic analysis (MLPA) with the concatenated sequences of 5 housekeeping genes (gyrA, atpA, rpoB, gyrB and hsp60) was used for the first time in the genus, showing concordance with the 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis and DDH results. The MALDI-TOF mass spectra also discriminated these strains as two new species. The names proposed for them are Arcobacter cloacae with the type strain SW28-13^T (=CECT 7834^T = LMG 26153^T) and Arcobacter suis with the type strain F41^T (=CECT 7833^T = LMG 26152^T).