Enhancement of Ultrasonic Seed Treatment on Yield,Grain Quality Characters,and 2-Acetyl-1-Pyrroline Biosynthesis in Different Fragrant Rice Genotypes

Fragrant rice is popular for the good grain quality and special aroma. The present study conducted a field experiment to investigate the effects of ultrasonic seed treatment on grain yield, quality characters, physiological properties and aroma biosynthesis of different fragrant rice genotypes. The seeds of three fragrant rice genotypes were exposed to 1 min of ultrasonic vibration and then cultivated in paddy field. The results of present study showed that ultrasonic seed treatment increased grain yield of all fragrant rice genotypes but the responses of yield formation to ultrasonic were varied with different genotypes. Compared with control, ultrasonic seed treatment increased grain 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP, the key component of fragrant rice aroma) content by 13.40%–44.88%. Ultrasonic seed treatment also reduced the crude protein contents in grains. The head rice rate, rice length, chalky rice rate, and chalkiness degree were influenced by ultrasonic for one or two fragrant rice genotypes. The activities of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were also enhanced due to ultrasonic seed treatment. In conclusion, ultrasonic seed treatment increased grain, regulated grain aroma and quality, and improved stress resistance of fragrant rice varieties.     

Grain Yield,Quality and 2-Acetyl-1-Pyrroline of Fragrant Rice in Response to Different Planting Seasons in South China

Climate conditions is an important factor affected the fragrant rice growth and development. In order to study the effects of different planting seasons on fragrant rice performance in South China, present study was conducted with three planting seasons (early season (April to July), middle season (June to September) and late season (August to November)) and three fragrant rice cultivars, ‘Basmati-385’, ‘Meixiangzhan-2’ and ‘Xiangyaxiangzhan’. The results showed that the highest grain yield and grain 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP, key component of fragrant rice aroma) content were both recorded in late season treatment while the fragrant rice in middle season treatment produced the lowest grain yield, grain filling percentage, 1000-grain weight and gain 2-AP content. The highest contents of precursors (proline, pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid and 1-pyrroline) which related to 2-AP biosynthesis were recorded in late season treatment compared with early season treatment and middle season treatment. The highest activities of enzymes (proline dehydrogenase, pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid synthetase and ornithine transaminase) which involved in 2-AP biosynthesis were also observed in late season treatment. Moreover, the fragrant rice cultivars in late season possessed the lowest chalk rice rate, chalkiness as well as the highest brown rice rate, head rice and protein content. Thus, the optimal season for fragrant rice production in South China is the late season.     

Additional Nitrogen Application Under Different Water Regimes at Tillering Stage Enhanced Rice Yield and 2-Acetyl-1-Pyrroline (2AP) Content in Fragrant Rice

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation - Water (W) and nitrogen (N) management at tillering stage could largely affect aroma biosynthesis in fragrant rice. In the present study, three rice cultivars,...     

Foliar Application of Brassinolide Induced Regulation of Grain Yield and Quality,Antioxidant Responses and Aroma in Fragrant Rice

Brassinolide (BR) is a new green plant growth regulator. The present field study was conducted on two fragrant rice cultivars (i.e., Meixiangzhan-2 and Xiangyaxiangzhan) to study the effects of foliar application of BR on fragrant rice performance. At the heading stage, BR solutions at 0.05, 0.15, 0.25 and 0.50 mg L-1 were sprayed on fragrant rice at 600 liters per hectare; these treatments were named as BR1, BR2, BR3 and BR4, respectively. The treatment sprayed with distilled water was taken as a control (CK). Compared with CK, the BR2 treatment significantly enhanced the chlorophyll concentration and net photosynthetic rate for Meixiangzhan-2, and Xiangyaxiangzhan. The BR3 and BR4 treatments increased the concentrations of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid, and also enhanced net photosynthetic rate by 31.91% and 40.43%, respectively. Higher grain yields were recorded in the BR2 treatment than on CK on Meixiangzhan-2, while on Xiangyaxiangzhan, the BR3 and BR4 treatments increased grain yield compared with CK. In relation to CK, higher head rice rates were recorded in the BR2 treatment for Meixiangzhan-2, and in the BR3 and BR4 treatments for Xiangyaxiangzhan. BR treatments (BR2 for Meixiangzhan-2, BR3 and BR4 for Xiangyaxiangzhan) also significantly enhanced the activities of GPX, SOD and CAT by 10.22% to 23.00%, and reduced the malonaldehyde concentration. In addition, we observed that some BR treatments (BR2 for Meixiangzhan-2, BR3 and BR4 for Xiangyaxiangzhan) decreased the grain 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline concentration of fragrant rice.     

Modulation of Antioxidant Attributes and Grain Yield in Fragrant Rice by Exogenous Cu Application

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation - Despite copper (Cu) being an essential nutrient for the growth and development of all living organisms, the yield and tolerance mechanisms of fragrant rice...     

Modulation of 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) Accumulation,Yield Formation and Antioxidant Attributes in Fragrant Rice by Exogenous Methylglyoxal (MG) Application

Pot experiments were conducted to investigate the physiological and biochemical effect of exogenous MG application on two fragrant rice cultivars, Meixiangzhan and Yuxiangyouzhan. The MG application included four treatments: 1 mmol·L^–1 (MG1), 5 mmol·L^–1 (MG5), and 10 mmol·L^–1 (MG10), and deionized water as control (MG0). Results indicated that MG1 significantly increased the yield by 11.54–14.06% through promoting the seed-setting rate. Increases on grain 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) content at maturity were found in MG1. The contents of proline, Δ1-pyrrolin-5-carboxylic acid (P5C), pyrroline, and MG, and the activities of proline dehydrogenase (PDH), ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), and Δ1-pyrrolin-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS) in plant tissues at all sampling stage were also increased in MG1 than MG0. In addition, although the malondialdehyde (MDA) content at all sampling stage was increased by MG application, MG1 increased the antioxidant enzyme activities and soluble protein content in all plant tissues and the pigment content in leaves. However, high-level MG (10 mmol·L^–1) application significantly decreased the yield and grain 2-AP content. Overall, this study suggested that exogenous MG application regulated the 2-AP accumulation, yield formation, and antioxidant attributes in fragrant rice, and that MG application at the concentration of 1 mmol·L^–1 increased the 2-AP content.

     

不同施磷水平对冷浸田水稻磷含量、光合特性及产量的影响

为探讨施磷对冷浸田水稻(Oryza sativa)生长的作用,研究不同施磷水平对水稻植株的磷含量、光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,分蘖期增施磷肥使根、茎叶的磷含量和叶片净光合速率增加10.53%~36.84%、18.52%~37.03%和15.17%~29.88%;抽穗期使根、茎叶和稻穗的磷含量增加11.76%~23.53%、24.13%~41.38%和9.68%~22.58%,叶片净光合速率和可溶性糖含量提高13.41%~27.10%和6.03%~22.38%,而淀粉含量则降低12.05%~41.77%;成熟期的稻穗磷含量和产量增加0.71%~28.57%和4.65%~10.32%。施磷量(X)与稻谷产量(Y)满足方程:Y=-0.0835X~2+14.224X+6530.9(r=0.94*),抽穗期茎叶磷含量、叶片净光合速率与稻谷产量的相关系数分别为0.57*和0.77*。因此,冷浸田增施磷肥可提高水稻植株的磷含量、叶片净光合速率和可溶性糖含量,并降低叶片淀粉累积,从而提高稻谷产量。抽穗期是磷肥影响冷浸田水稻产量的关键时期,0.38%的茎叶磷含量可作为磷素养分丰缺的诊断指标,冷浸田水稻磷肥(P2O5)的推荐用量为85.17 kg hm–2。     

Genotypes Analyses of Ten Genes Related to Eating Quality of Twenty-three Fragrant Rice Cultivars by Molecular Marker

Fragrance is a very important quality traits of rice, fragrant rice research has been an important research issue in rice research fields in nowadays. In our study, using the detection method of molecular markers, genotypes of the 10 genes (Wx, SSII 3, SBE3, AGPiso, SSIII 2, AGPlar, PUL, SSI, ISA, SSIV 2) associated rice eating quality were analyzed in the 23 fragrant rice cultivars. The result indicated that the “2845”rice cultivar possesses the best combination of genotypes related to the highest eating quality, and the next best rice cultivars were “Songxiangzaojing”, ”Suhuxiangjing”, “B1”, “Wuyun2645”, “Tongyunjing”, “Yinxiang28”, “Xiangjing49②”, “99983”, “Wxiang99075”, “07-08”, “Yunjingyou15”, “29185”, “Nanhai318”. Other 9 rice cultivars (“Dahuaxiangjing”, “Wuxiang14”, “Xiangjing”, “Della”, “Dalixiang”, “Taiguoxiangdao”, “Cxiang517”, “Xiangdao No1”, “Zhongxiang No1”) obtain some of bad genotypes which may have adverse effect on rice eating quality. This study was helpful to establish an overall understanding of the genotypes of these ten eating quality related genes in the 23 tested fragrant rice cultivars, and provides the important genotype information in selecting and cultivating new fragrant rice with good eating quality in future via molecular markers assisted selection method.     

分子标记分析二十三种香型水稻十个食味品质相关基因的基因型

选取23种香型水稻品种为供试材料,利用分子标记检测方法,进行了10个与稻米食味品质相关基因：耽、SSII-3、SBE3、AGPiso、SSIII-2、AGPlar、P比、SSI、ISA、SSIV-2的基因型分析。结果发现,含有最好食味品质基因型的水稻是“2845”;其次是“松香早粳”、“苏沪香粳”、“B1”、“武运2645”、“通运粳”、“银香28”、“香粳49②”、“99983”、“W香99075”、“07-08”、“云粳优15”、“29185”、“南海318”：另外9种香稻,“大华香粳”、“武香14”、“香粳”、“Della光身稻”、“大粒香”、“泰国香稻”、“C香517”、“香稻1号”、“中香1号”都分别含有一些可能会影响稻米食味品质的基因型。开展本研究不仅能够使人们对这些香稻食味品质基因型有一个全面的认识,还可为今后利用分子标记辅助培育优良食味品质香稻新品种和亲本的选择提供重要的基因型信息。     

杂交粳稻及其亲本千粒重与产量、品质的相关性

为了探明杂交粳稻及其亲本千粒重与产量、品质的关系,以4个千粒重介于23.1~28.0 g之间的BT型不育系和24个千粒重介于18.1~32.0 g之间的三系粳稻恢复系,采用p×q不完全双列杂交(NCⅡ)设计,配制96个杂交组合为试验材料,对F1千粒重优势表现、F1千粒重与亲本千粒重及其与产量、品质性状间的相关性进行分析,确定高产优质兼顾的杂交粳稻的千粒重范围。结果表明:(1)56.3%的杂交组合千粒重超过其双亲平均值,19.8%的杂交组合千粒重表现正向超亲优势;(2)F1千粒重与母本千粒重、父本千粒重、双亲千粒重平均值的相关性均达极显著水平(r=0.33**、0.71**、0.78**),且恢复系千粒重对杂种的影响大于不育系;(3)F1千粒重、父本千粒重及双亲千粒重平均值与组合单株产量的相关性均达极显著水平(r=0.55**、0.47**、0.51**),母本千粒重与组合单株产量相关不显著;(4)F1千粒重、父本千粒重与糙米率、精米率、整精米率、垩白粒率、粒长、粒宽均呈极显著正相关,与透明度呈显著正相关,母本千粒重与垩白粒率、垩白度、粒长均呈极显著正相关,与粒宽呈显著正相关;(5)杂交粳稻育种中具有高产优质兼顾的F1千粒重范围应在25.1~27.0 g之间。     

The Effects of Grain Nitrogen and Applied Nitrate on Growth, Photosynthesis and Protein Content of the First Leaf of Barley Cultivars

Five cultivars of barley with widely differing grain nitrogencontents were compared. In the absence of exogenous nitratesupply plants grown from high nitrogen grain showed a more rapidleaf emergence, greater leaf size, especially of the first leaf,higher photosynthetic rate and greater total souble proteinand Fraction 1 protein content of the first leaf, than plantsgrown from low nitrogen grain. However, early supply of nitrateto plants grown from low nitrogen grain enabled these to performas well as those from grain with a high nitrogen content. Regressionanalysis showed that Fraction 1 content of the first leaf isclosely correlated with grain nitrogen which exerts a progressivelygreater effect on content of this protein as application ofexogenous nitrate is delayed. The more rapid photosyntheticrate of plants grown with high nitrogen, and the consequentgreater rate of dry matter accumulation, is attributable mainlyto effects of nitrogen availability on leaf area and much lessto effects on leaf protein.     

水稻籽粒矿质元素含量遗传及主要农艺性状相关性分析

通过了解水稻子粒钙、镁、铜、铁、锌和硒等矿质元素含量,以绿旱1号作为父本与102S、KD36S、7HS012及7HS013不育系为母本进行配组,对父本与杂交后代主要农艺及经济性状、水稻子粒中的矿质元素含量进行了遗传分析,并对各杂交后代的主要农艺性状和子粒中矿质元素含量以及各矿质元素含量间进行了相关性分析.结果表明,杂交后代农艺及经济性状多数表现出超高亲分离现象,且LK3的农艺及经济性状均表现为最好.水稻子粒矿质元素含量与部分农艺和经济性状存在明显的正相关或负相关关系,且K、Mg、Zn、Se等元素含量与水稻产量密切相关.水稻子粒中矿质元素含量大小依次为P＞K ＞Mg ＞S＞ Ca＞ Mn ＞Fe ＞Zn ＞Cu ＞Se,4个杂交后代的K元素含量表现出超高亲分离现象,LK2、LK3和LK4的Fe元素含量也表现出超高亲分离现象.水稻子粒大量与微量元素之间相关性最高,微量元素之间相关性次之,大量元素之间相关性最小,以7HS012不育系为母本得到的杂交后代农艺性状表现较好,矿质元素含量最高,7HS013次之,其他不育系表现一般.本研究为选育出耐旱及营养价值高的水稻新品种母本的选择提供了理论依据.     

Effects of Field Application of Tebuconazole on Yield, Yield Components and the Mycotoxin Content of Fusarium-infected Wheat Grain

Winter wheat cultivar Basalt was artificially inoculated with Fusarium culmorum at the end of anthesis and treated with the systemic fungicide tebuconazole (Folicur^®) a few days before and/or after inoculation. Check plots remained uninoculated and unsprayed. Head infections, yield, yield components and the percentage of Fusarium‐ infected kernels were determined. Artificial Fusarium inoculation lowered yield significantly by 24.2‐45.0%. Any fungicide treatment saved yield, thousand grain weight and kernel numbers per head. Pre‐infectional application of tebuconazole was superior to application carried out post‐infection. Moreover, the fungicide controlled deoxynivalenol (DON) synthesis in the field to a considerable extent, and enabled good control of Fusarium head blight, glume blotch and the percentage of Fusarium‐infected kernels. The levels of Fusarium kernel infection after harvest clearly reflected the DON content of w heat grain.     

Moderate Salinity Stress Reduces Rice Grain Yield by Influencing Expression of Grain Number- and Grain Filling-Associated Genes

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation - Soil salinity is an environmental stress severely impacting on rice grain yield. However, limited information is available on how salinity affects expression...     

Contribution of Pre-Anthesis Assimilates and Current Photosynthesis to Grain Yield,and their Relationships to Drought Resistance in Wheat Cultivars Grown Under Different Soil Moisture

We investigated the relative importance of pre-anthesis assimilates stored in plant parts, mainly in the stem, and post-anthesis photosynthesis to drought resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars Hongwangmai (drought resistant) and Haruhikari (drought sensitive) subjected to two soil moisture regimes: irrigated and non-irrigated. In the irrigated treatment, soil moisture was maintained near field capacity throughout the growing season, while in the non-irrigated treatment water was withheld from 81 d after sowing until maturity. Drought stress reduced grain yield of Hongwangmai and Haruhikari by 41 and 60 %, respectively. Remobilization of pre-anthesis assimilates to the grain (remobilization) was reduced by drought in Hongwangmai but increased in Haruhikari. The contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to the grain decreased under non-irrigated treatment in Hongwangmai. However, under water stress, Hongwangmai maintained a higher net photosynthetic rate in the flag leaf than Haruhikari. These results indicated that maintenance of post-anthesis photosynthetic rate was related to drought resistance in Hongwangmai rather than to remobilization under drought stress.     

施钾方式对抗虫杂交棉光合特性和产量品质的影响

以抗虫杂交棉‘中棉所29’和‘鲁棉研15号’为材料,研究了育苗移栽种植条件下施钾方式对其光合特性及产量品质的影响。结果显示:与不施钾肥相比,在棉苗移栽期和初花期分2次或移栽期一次性施入氯化钾225kg/hm2,能提高棉花LAI、叶片SPAD值和叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo和ФPSⅡ,加大叶片Gs,提高叶片Pn;棉花总成铃数、铃重和衣分均有不同程度提高,皮棉产量显著增加;并改善了棉纤维2.5%跨距长度、比强度和整齐度等品质性状。表明于棉花移栽期和初花期分2次施入钾肥比移栽期一次性施入效果更好,平均籽棉和皮棉产量分别增加4.43%和5.87%。     

Biofortification and Bioavailability of Rice Grain Zinc as Affected by Different Forms of Foliar Zinc Fertilization

Background

Zinc (Zn) biofortification through foliar Zn application is an attractive strategy to reduce human Zn deficiency. However, little is known about the biofortification efficiency and bioavailability of rice grain from different forms of foliar Zn fertilizers.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Four different Zn forms were applied as a foliar treatment among three rice cultivars under field trial. Zinc bioavailability was assessed by in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model. Foliar Zn fertilization was an effective agronomic practice to promote grain Zn concentration and Zn bioavailability among three rice cultivars, especially, in case of Zn-amino acid and ZnSO₄. On average, Zn-amino acid and ZnSO₄ increased Zn concentration in polished rice up to 24.04% and 22.47%, respectively. On average, Zn-amino acid and ZnSO₄ increased Zn bioavailability in polished rice up to 68.37% and 64.43%, respectively. The effectiveness of foliar applied Zn-amino acid and ZnSO₄ were higher than Zn-EDTA and Zn-Citrate on improvement of Zn concentration, and reduction of phytic acid, as a results higher accumulation of bioavailable Zn in polished rice. Moreover, foliar Zn application could maintain grain yield, the protein and minerals (Fe and Ca) quality of the polished rice.

Conclusions

Foliar application of Zn in rice offers a practical and useful approach to improve bioavailable Zn in polished rice. According to current study, Zn-amino acid and ZnSO₄ are recommended as excellent foliar Zn forms to ongoing agronomic biofortification.     

除草剂对冬小麦光合特性、籽粒产量及品质的调控效应

通过田间试验研究了4种除草剂(2,4-D丁酯、‘巨星’、‘世玛’和‘骠马’)对2个小麦品种(‘临优145’和‘临汾138’)光合特性、籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明:2,4-D丁酯使小麦灌浆期间旗叶的叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)和净光合速率(Pn)一直较低,千粒重和籽粒产量显著低于对照;‘巨星’使灌浆前期的SPAD值和Pn较高而中后期快速下降,灌浆持续时间缩短,产量与对照相近;‘世玛’使灌浆前中期SPAD值和Pn较低但后期下降缓慢,灌浆持续时间延长,千粒重和籽粒产量显著高于对照和其它处理;‘骠马’对光合特性和产量影响较小。2,4-D丁酯和‘骠马’使籽粒的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、吸水率、评价值显著或极显著提高,稳定时间延长,而形成时间与对照相近;‘巨星’和‘世玛’处理的品质指标大多低于或接近对照。研究发现,除草剂通过调控小麦旗叶光合特性和灌浆进程来影响其千粒重和籽粒产量,且除草剂和品种间存在差异;2,4-D丁酯虽能明显改善小麦品质但却显著降低籽粒产量,‘骠马’使小麦品质特性改善的同时也使籽粒产量有所提高,‘世玛’虽能显著提高籽粒产量却使品质特性变差。