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1.
Fernando Pliego-Alfaro Mary Joy R. Monsalud Richard E. Litz Dennis J. Gray Pamela A. Moon 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》1996,44(1):63-70
Inhibition of mango somatic embryo growth was inducedin vitro by treatments for 4 or more weeks with abscisic acid (0–100 M ABA) with and without high osmolarity provided by mannitol (0–10%). High osmolarity and ABA significantly affected somatic embryo length, precocious germination and the production of good quality secondary somatic embryos. High osmolarity also affected root elongation. Abscisic acid was more effective in suppressing growth and development of 0.5 cm-length somatic embryos than smaller somatic embryos. Development beyond the heart stage was significantly inhibited by both ABA and mannitol treatments. The recovery of good quality somatic embryos was enhanced by high levels of ABA (100 M) with and without mannitol (0–5%). Somatic embryos that had been pulsed with ABA were partially desiccated at different relative humidities. Weight loss was affected only by relative humidity; and ABA did not enhance desiccation tolerance.Abbreviations ABA
Abscisic acid
- 2,4-D
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- MM1
Mango maturation medium
- RH
Relative humidity 相似文献
2.
Dry artificial seeds and desiccation tolerance induction in microspore-derived embryos of broccoli 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Y. Takahata D. C. W. Brown W. A. Keller N. Kaizuma 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》1993,35(2):121-129
Desiccation tolerance of broccoli microspore-derived embryos was induced by exogenous application of abscisic acid (ABA). Embryos, which were desiccated to about 10% water content, were estimated for viability after rehydration. Survival was dependent on the ABA concentration and the development stage of embryo, but not on the length of exposure period to ABA or genotype. Cotyledonary stage embryos acquired the highest desiccation tolerance when treated with 1×10-4M ABA. Under this condition, on average 27–48% of the desiccated embryos could convert into plants. Embryos treated with 1×10-6M ABA or no ABA or earlier development-staged embryos, such as globular and heart stages, lost viability after desiccation. A one day exposure to ABA had the similar effect on the induction of desiccation tolerance as a 7-day treatment. The dried embryos maintained their ability of plant conversion after three months of storage under room conditions. The plants derived from the desiccated embryos were not different in the morphology or ploidy level from those from non-desiccated ones.Abbreviations ABA
abscisic acid
- RH
relative humidity 相似文献
3.
Onset of desiccation tolerance during development of the barley embryo 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
We have investigated events which take place in the developing barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) embryo during its acquisition of desiccation tolerance. Excised embryos are capable of precocious germination as early as 8 d after pollination (DAP). At this age, however, they are not capable of resisting a desiccation treatment which induces a loss of 96–98% of their initial water content. At 16 DAP the embryos germinate despite the drastic drying treatment. The pattern of in-vivo and in-vitro proteins synthesized by the developing embryos from 12 DAP (desiccation-intolerant) and 16 DAP (desiccation-tolerant) were compared. A set of 25–30 proteins was identified which is denovo synthesized or enhanced during the developmental period leading to desiccation tolerance. Abscisic acid (ABA; 100 M) applied in vitro for 5 d to 12-DAP embryos induces desiccation tolerance and represses a subset of polypeptides preferentially associated with 16-DAP embryos. During in vitro culture of barley embryos ABA stimulates the appearance of a set of proteins and prevents the precocious germination allowing embryogenesis to continue in vitro. It also suppresses a set of germination-related proteins which appear 4 h after the incubation of the dissected embryo on a germination medium without ABA. Almost all mRNAs remain functional for translation when isolated embryos are dried at the desiccation-intolerant and tolerant stages of embryo development.Abbreviations ABA
abscisic acid
- DAP
days after pollination
- GM
germination medium
- poly(A)RNA
polyadenylated RNA
- SDS
sodium dodecyl sulfate 相似文献
4.
Control of hyperhydricity of mango somatic embryos 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Mary-Joy Monsalud Helena Mathews Richard E. Litz Dennis J. Gray 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》1995,42(2):195-206
Hyperhydricity of immature somatic embryos has been a limiting factor for the development of highly embryogenic suspension cultures of many important mango cultivars. Reversion of hyperhydricity was achieved in two ways: 1) heart-stage somatic embryos (2–3 mm length) were partially dehydrated under controlled conditions at high relative humidity (RH) for 24–48 h and 2) the gelling agent (Gel-Gro) concentration of the plant growth medium was increased from 2.0 to 6.0 g l-1. Partially dehydrated immature somatic embryos were normal in appearance. Somatic embryos that were partially dehydrated germinated precociously when cultured on maturation medium. Although abscisic acid (ABA) did not reverse hyperhydricity of primary somatic embryos, ABA did stimulate the reversal of this abnormal pattern of development among secondary embryos. ABA (500 M) inhibited precocious germination and permitted somatic embryo maturation. Partially dehydrated, immature somatic embryos (4–7 mm long) remained viable for up to 32 days in the absence of maturation medium under high RH.Abbreviations 2,4-d
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- ABA
abscisic acid
- BA
6-benzyladenine
- RH
relative humidity 相似文献
5.
In order to obtain dry artificial seeds, carrot somatic embryos were pre-treated before being encapsulated into calcium-alginate-gellan gum, and slowly dehydrated unitil 15% RH (relative humidity of the chamber). ABA (1 to 10 μM), 1 to 5 mM proline, an osmotic pressure of ±520 mOsm, or heat (35°C) enhanced the desiccation tolerance of encapsulated somatic embryos. Some treatments were complementary, like 10 μM ABA and 10% sucrose, 10 μM ABA and heat (35°C), or 10% sucrose and cold (4°C). In such conditions, complete or almost total (95.6–100% germination) desiccation tolerance was then obtained. These treatments may act by the acquisition of sufficient-and well-balanced-protein and starch reserves. osmotic treatments, ABA, and above all proline, promoted protein accumulation, meanwhile starch reserves were slightly depleted by 10–20 μM ABA, proline, and poor sucrose-osmotic treatments (8% trehalose). All the treatments were found to enhance viability during dehydration, as observed by fluorescence. Sucrose may be partly replaced by other osmotica. Alone, it has a negative effect on the depletion of starch reserves. Cold (4°C) with 10% sucrose may favor the glassy state transition. ABA and proline appear to be involved in the same process leading to the acquisition of partial desiccation tolerance. Heat (35°C), or 10% sucrose, have been found to complement ABA action in the acquisition of full desiccation tolerance. 相似文献
6.
Abscisic acid and proline improve desiccation tolerance and increase fatty acid content of celery somatic embryos 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Desiccation tolerance of celery (Apium graveolens L.) somatic embryos was increased by supplementation of embryo-production medium with 1 M abscisic acid (ABA) or 1 mM proline, with highest survival obtained with a combination of 1 M ABA and 1 mM proline. Addition of ABA and proline increased fatty acid accumulation by somatic embryos; the effect on fatty acid composition was inconsistent. Somatic embryos capable of germination differed from mature zygotic embryos by greater size, lower fatty acid level, and substantially lower proportion of oleic acid (18:1) as compared to linoleic acid (18:2). 相似文献
7.
8.
Effect of abscisic acid and cytokinins on the development of somatic embryos in Hevea brasiliensis 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Addition of liquid medium, conditioned by an embryogenic suspension, to MH1 solid medium (3,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 9 M, 6-benzyladenine 9 M) permitted the frequent induction of highly embryogenic calli from slices of internal integument of immature seeds of Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg. The proliferation of embryogenic cell clusters was achieved in MH1 liquid medium. Abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinins and adenine were tested for their ability to affect development of somatic embryos to plantlets. The transfer of embryogenic cell clusters on auxin-free solid medium with 10-5M ABA for 2 months stimulated embryo development. When torpedo-shaped embryos were transferred to medium with adenine or cytokinins they turned green in 1 month. Green embryos produced secondary embryos when they were collected and placed on medium without growth regulators.Abbreviations ABA
abscisic acid
- BA
6-benzyladenine
- IBA
indole-3-butyric acid
- NOA
-naphthoxyacetic acid
- 2iP
2-iso-pentenyladenine
- 3,4-D
3,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 相似文献
9.
Compared to seeds, somatic embryos accumulated relatively low levels and different types of storage carbohydrates. The regulation of starch accumulation was studied to determine its effects on desiccation tolerance and vigor of dry somatic embryos. Somatic embryos of Medicago sativa are routinely matured through three phases: 7 days of development; 10 days of phase I maturation, a rapid growth phase; and 10 days of phase II maturation, a phase leading to the acquisition of desiccation tolerance. The control of starch deposition was investigated in alfalfa somatic embryos by manipulating the composition of the phase I maturation medium with different levels of sucrose, abscisic acid, glutamine and different types of carbohydrates and amino acids. After phase II maturation, mature somatic embryos were collected for desiccation and subsequent conversion, or for biochemical analyses. Starch deposition occurred primarily during phase I maturation, and variations in the composition of this medium influenced embryo quality, storage protein and starch accumulation. A factorial experiment with two levels of glutamine × three levels of sucrose showed that increasing the sucrose concentration from 30 to 80 g/l increased embryo size and starch content, but had minimal effect on accumulation of storage proteins; glutamine also increased embryo size, but decreased starch content and increased accumulation of the high salt soluble S-2 (medicagin) storage proteins. ABA did not influence any of the parameters tested when included in phase I maturation at concentration up to 10 μM. Replicating sucrose with maltose, glucose, or glucose and fructose did not alter embryo size or starch accumulation (mg/g fresh weight), but replacement with fructose alone reduced embryo size, and replacement with glucose alone reduced germination. Suplementation with the amino acids, asparagine, aspartic acid and glutamine increased seedling vigor, but decreased the starch content of embryos. The data indicate that starch accumulation in somatic embryos is regulated by the relative availability of carbon versus nitrogen nutrients in the maturation medium. The quality of mature somatic embryos, determined by the rate of seedling development (conversion and vigor), correlated with embryo size, storage protein and free amino acid but not with starch. Therefore, further improvements in the quality of somatic embryo may be achieved through manipulation of the maturation medium in order to increase storage protein, but not starch deposition. 相似文献
10.
In order to enhance post-germinative vigour, somatic embryos of Picea glauca (Moench) Voss. were matured under in-vitro conditions that stimulated triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis. In P. glauca seeds over 90% of the TAG was stored within the megagametophyte, and isolated zygotic embryos contained twice the amount of TAG of somatic embryos cultured for four weeks on basal medium containing 16 M abscisic acid (ABA). Polyethylene glycol-4000 (PEG) as a non-permeating osmoticum with ABA promoted TAG biosynthesis by somatic embryos and sustained maturation throughout an eight-week culture period. Treatments that promoted TAG biosynthesis also prevented precocious germination and promoted desiccation tolerance. Thus, the optimal culture conditions for maturation, desiccation survival, and plantlet regeneration were 16–24 M ABA and 7.5% PEG for eight weeks, followed by desiccation. Under these conditions the levels of TAG per somatic embryo were raised ninefold to about five times the zygotic-embryo level, and the TAG fatty-acid composition became similar to that of zygotic embryos. A study of sectioned material, using light and transmission electron microscopy, showed that the structure and distribution of lipid bodies within these somatic embryos and the degree of embryo development were similar to mature zygotic embryos. Up to 81% of the desiccated somatic embryos regenerated to plantlets during which time the TAG was utilised in a manner similar to zygotic seedlings.Abbreviations ABA
abscisic acid
- PEG
polyethylene glycol
- TAG
triacylglycerol
- TL
total lipid
- TEM
transmission electron microscopy
Plant Research Centre contribution No. 1383We are grateful to Dawn Moore and Ken Stanley for technical assistance, and thank Pat Rennie for the electron microscopy. We acknowledge financial support through an NSERC/Forestry Canada/Weyerhaeuser Canada Ltd (Prince Albert, Sask.) research partnership programme. 相似文献
11.
12.
P. I. P. Perera D. M. D. Yakandawala V. Hocher J-L. Verdeil L. K. Weerakoon 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2009,96(2):171-180
The effect of growth regulators on induction of androgenesis in coconut was investigated using seven different growth regulators
at various concentrations and combinations. Three auxins (1-naphthalene acetic acid—NAA, indoleacetic acid—IAA, picloram)
and three cytokinins (2-isopentyl adenine-2-iP, kinetin, zeatin) were tested either alone or in combination with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid (2,4-D), using modified Eeuwens Y3 liquid medium as the basal medium. Among the tested auxins, 100 μM NAA in combination
with 100 μM 2,4-D enhanced the production of calli/embryos (123) whereas IAA and picloram showed negative and detrimental
effects, respectively, for androgenesis induction over 100 μM 2,4-D alone. Kinetin and 2-iP enhanced the production of calli/embryos
when 100 μM 2,4-D was present in the culture medium. Both cytokinins at 10 μM yielded the highest frequencies of embryos (113
and 93, respectively) whereas zeatin (1 or 2.5 μM) had no impact on microspore embryogenesis. When calli/embryos (produced
from different treatments in different experiments) were sub-cultured in somatic embryo induction medium (Y3 medium containing 66 μM 2,4-D), followed by maturation medium (Y3 medium without growth regulators) and germination medium (Y3 medium containing 5 μM-6-benzyladenine—BA and 0.35 μM gibberellic acid—GA3), plantlets were regenerated at low frequencies (in most treatments ranging from 0% to 7%). 相似文献
13.
P. I. P. Perera V. R. M. Vidhanaarachchi T. R. Gunathilake D. M. D. Yakandawala V. Hocher J. L. Verdeil L. K. Weerakoon 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2009,99(1):73-81
Coconut is a cross pollinating palm, propagated only by seeds. Tissue culture is the only vegetative propagation method available
for coconut. Consistent callogenesis was obtained by culturing unfertilised ovaries at -4 stage in CRI 72 medium containing
100 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.1% activated charcoal. Callusing was improved by application of 9 μM thidiazuron
(TDZ). Embryogenic calli were subcultured onto somatic embryogenesis induction medium containing 66 μM 2,4-D. Stunted growth
was observed in the somatic embryos after subculture onto CRI 72 medium containing abscisic acid (ABA). Maturation of somatic
embryos could be achieved in Y3 medium without growth regulators. Conversion of somatic embryos was induced by adding gibberellic acid (GA3) to conversion medium containing 5 μM 6-benzyladenine (BA) while 2-isopentyl adenine (2iP) increased the frequency of plant
regeneration. A total of 83 plantlets was produced from 32 cultured ovaries. 相似文献
14.
This study examined the role of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) in indirect somatic embryogenesis of
Medicago sativa L. A multiplex GC-MS/MS technique allowed quantitative single-run analyses of ABA, JA, 12-oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA) and
indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The preparation of initial explants led to a strong accumulation of ABA, JA and OPDA but not of
IAA. Substantially higher levels of ABA, JA and OPDA were detected in developing somatic embryos than in callus or embryogenic
suspension. Fluridone (FLD) decreased ABA, JA and OPDA levels. Indoprofen (INP) appeared to be a specific inhibitor of octadecanoid
biosynthesis. Somatic embryo production and development were negatively affected by FLD or INP. Only INP (0.5 μM) applied
during proliferation phase increased the number of cotyledonary embryos. The results strongly indicate the involvement of
ABA and JA in somatic embryogenesis of M. sativa. Surprisingly, low IAA contents in comparison to stress-related compounds (ABA, JA and OPDA) were detected in explants, embryogenic
tissues and somatic embryos. 相似文献
15.
Roles of jasmonic acid in the development of sweet cherries as measured from fruit or disc samples 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The effect of jasmonic acid (JA) on callus formation was investigated ondiscs taken from the pulp of sweet cherry fruit (Prunusavium L.). The discs were sampled at 16 days after full bloom(DAFB),22 DAFB, and 29 DAFB and cultured on B5 medium involving different combinationsof 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), N6-benzyl adenine (BA), and JA.Only at 16 DAFB, 1.0 M JA concentration increased callusweightgain relative to discs incubated without hormonal additives, although JAinhibited, or had no effect on callus formation, at 22 and 29 DAFB. The weightof the callus, which was subcultured, was also increased by 0.45–1.0M JA, without hormonal additives. Although the number of cellsincreased until 15 DAFB, after this time it did not change. These resultsdemonstrate that endogenous JA may be related to cell division in sweet cherryfruit. The interactions between JA and abscisic acid (ABA) were alsoinvestigated. Discs from pulp at 20 DAFB (immaturity), 32 DAFB (beforematuration), and 48 DAFB (maturation) were placed in petri dishes containing 10ml 0.4 M mannitol with JA or ABA. In addition, at 48DAFB, JA or ABA solutions had been absorbed by the fruit for 7 days via theshoot. ABA treatment did not influence endogenous JA concentrations in discs,with few exceptions. Although the ABA concentration in the fruit increased to2.2 times that of the control by ABA the 7 day treatment, endogenous JA failedto increase. Thus, ABA may not influence the JA pathway in sweet cherry fruit.Although the increase of endogenous ABA was observed in discs at earlier timesafter JA treatment, ABA concentration decreased in the fruit treated for 7 dayswith JA. This implies that the concentration of JA may influence ABA levels. JAtreatment did not influence anthocyanin accumulation, in spite of the increaseof JA in the fruit by the treatment. JA may not play a role in anthocyaninaccumulation in sweet cherry fruit. 相似文献
16.
Osmotic stress and endogenous hormone levels may have a role in shoot organogenesis, but a systematic study has not yet to
investigate the links. We evaluated the changes of the endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) levels
in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Tainan 5) callus during shoot organogenesis induced by exogenous plant growth regulator treatments or under osmotic
stress. Non-regenerable callus showed low levels of endogenous ABA and IAA, with no fluctuation in level during the period
evaluated. The addition of 100 μM ABA or 2 mM anthranilic acid (IAA precursor) into Murashige and Skoog basal induction medium
containing 10 μM 2,4-D enhanced the regeneration frequency slightly, to 5 and 35%, respectively, and their total cellular
ABA or IAA levels were increased significantly, correspondingly to the treatments. However, the regeneration frequency was
greatly increased to 80% after treatment with 0.6 M sorbitol or 100 μM ABA and 2 mM anthranilic acid combined. Both treatments
produced high levels of total cellular ABA and IAA at the callus stage, which was quickly decreased on the first day after
transfer to regeneration medium. Thus, osmotic stress-induced simultaneous accumulation of endogenous ABA and IAA is involved
in shoot regeneration in rice callus. 相似文献
17.
Somatic embryogenesis was induced in hypocotyls of Digitalis obscura using indoleacetic acid or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid with different culture and subculture conditions. Indoleacetic acid-induced embryogenic cultures were used to investigate the effects of amino acids, polyamines and growth regulators on embryo differentiation and maturation. Supplementation of the media with amino acids, polyamines or abscisic acid did not influence or had an adverse effect on embryogenic response. Gibberellic acid at 1.4 M in either culture (30 days) or subculture medium was effective in promoting both differentiation and normal embryo development. The efficiency of somatic embryogenesis was greatly enhanced when isolated indoleacetic acid-induced proembryogenic masses were subcultured in liquid medium with reduced auxin content.Abbreviations ABA
abscisic acid
- 2,4-D
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- GA
gibberellic acid
- IAA
indoleacetic acid
- Ptr
putrescine
- Spd
spermidine
- Spn
spermine 相似文献
18.
Knowledge of the relationship between indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) is relevant to control the development and the maturation of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) somatic embryos. The addition of 1 M ABA to the culture medium significantly promoted somatic embryo maturation and increased both fresh and dry matter without affecting the relative water content. This effect was parallel to the pattern of variation observed in the endogenous ABA level, which increased from the immature to the mature stage. Endogenous ABA content during the occurrence of secondary embryogenesis was similar to that of the immature stage, showing that embryos with lower ABA levels produced secondary embryos. In contrast, IAA showed the highest concentration during early embryo development and decreased afterwards. Only in somatic embryos subjected to 1-week desiccation followed by stratification at 4 °C for 2 weeks, was a moderate increment of endogenous IAA content observed. IAA and ABA showed opposite levels during the development and maturation of cork oak somatic embryos and characterised specific stages of the embryonic development. 相似文献
19.
Changes in the abscisic acid (ABA) levels in embryo axes of seeds, belonging to the orthodox (Norway maple — Acer platanoides L.) and recalcitrant (sycamore — Acer pseudoplatanus L.) categories, were investigated throughout maturation using an ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) test. Concentration
of ABA in embryo axes substantially differed depending on species and sampling date. ABA was always higher in Norway maple
except at the end of seed maturation when ABA content was similar in both species. During maturation ABA decreased in both
species but the decline was more marked in Norway maple than in sycamore (11 vs. 3 fold). These species also differed in the pattern of ABA changes, which in sycamore embryo axes was very regular, while
in Norway maple a sharp decrease was recorded after acquisition by the seeds of tolerance to desiccation. Dehydration of embryo
axes of Norway maple caused a further significant decrease of ABA level. In contrast, in dehydrated sycamore embryo axes ABA
content did not decrease, but slightly increased. The role of ABA in desiccation tolerance and dormancy of Norway maple and
sycamore seeds is discussed. 相似文献
20.
Adriana Bochicchio Paolo Vernieri Serenella Puliga Francesca Balducci Cuncetta Vazzana 《Physiologia plantarum》1994,91(4):615-622
The effect of exogenous ABA on acquisition of desiccation tolerance has been well documented for the embryos of several species. including maize ( Zea mays L.). It has also been suggested that endogenous ABA plays a role in regulating the same phenomena. To test this hypothesis, endogenous ABA was quantified by radioimmunoassay. Our results show that: (1) during embryogenesis in maize, endogenous ABA increase-concomitantly with the acquisition of desiccation tolerance: (2) ABA deficient embryos of the vp 5 mutant are desiccation intolerant, but tolerance can he induced by exogenous ABA: and (3) desiccation tolerance is acquired if desiccation sensitive embryos undergo a slow drying treatment, during which ABA increases. However, when embryos were preincubated in fluridone to prevent ABA accumulation during slow drying, desiccation tolerance was induced in spite of the low level of endogenous ABA in the embryo. Our results cast doubts on an exclusive role of ABA in the acquisition of desiccation tolerance in maize embryo. 相似文献