鸟苷酸结合蛋白家族在感染性疾病中调控炎症小体活化的研究进展

鸟苷酸结合蛋白(guanylate-binding proteins,GBP)是一类干扰素诱导蛋白，在应对细菌、病毒、衣原体以及寄生虫等病原体感染时，其发挥的作用存在差异，并且影响感染性疾病的发展和结局。目前，研究者发现在细菌等病原体感染引发的细胞自主免疫中，GBP蛋白通过影响炎症小体的经典和非经典活化途径调控细胞焦亡。本文对GBP家族成员结构、进化特征以及炎症小体的经典和非经典活化途径进行了介绍，综述了GBP蛋白调控炎症小体活化的相关研究进展，归纳总结了GBP蛋白影响不同病原体感染的作用机制，以期为感染性疾病的发病机制和诊疗提供新的基础研究线索。     

G蛋白在细胞信息转导中的作用

概况 鸟苷酸结合调节蛋白(guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins)曾先后被不同实验室命名为N(指具有核苷酸结合特性)蛋白或G/F(指与鸟苷酸/氟离子有关)蛋白,近年来则称之为G蛋白。G蛋白的发现和研究只有不到20年的历史,却已是继作为胞内信使cAMP     

干扰素诱导蛋白鸟苷酸结合蛋白1研究进展

鸟苷酸结合蛋白1(Guanylate-binding protein 1,GBP1)为一种干扰素诱导蛋白,其属于鸟苷酸结合蛋白家族的一员。GBP1在抗病原微生物与抗肿瘤等多种生物学反应中发挥着重要作用。随着对GBP1的深入研究,发现IFN-α、IFN-β、IFN-γ、IL1α、IL1β、TNF-α和LPS均能够诱导GBP1的表达;因此,GBP1发挥的生物学效应也越来越广泛,并逐步地被挖掘和展现出来。尤其是GBP1发挥的抗病原微生物与抗肿瘤功能受到了极为广泛的关注。本论文综述了GBP1的分子结构、生物学活性、抗病原微生物特性以及已发现的一些其他功能的研究进展,为GBP1的后续研究提供参考和依据。     

G-蛋白和cGMP在光敏色素介导的尾穗苋苋红素合成中的作用

以尾穗苋幼苗为材料 ,对G 蛋白和cGMP在红光诱导、光敏色素介导的苋红素合成过程中的作用进行了研究 ,结果表明G 蛋白激活剂霍乱毒素可在暗中诱导苋红素合成 ,其抑制剂百日咳毒素则抑制红光诱导的合成 ;cGMP可以在暗中诱导苋红素合成 ,而Genistein抑制红光、CTX及外源cGMP诱导的苋红素合成 ;鸟苷酸环化酶抑制剂LY 835 83可以抑制红光及CTX诱导的苋红素合成 ,却不能抑制由外源cGMP诱导的苋红素合成 .上述结果表明G 蛋白、鸟苷酸环化酶及cGMP可能都参与了苋红素合成过程中红光信号的转导 ,并且红光信号传递链的顺序可能是红光→光敏色素→G 蛋白→鸟苷酸环化酶→cGMP .     

铜绿假单胞菌中PA0847二鸟苷酸环化酶活性受非催化位点Y700调控

【目的】鉴定铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)中PA0847胞内结构域及其突变体的二鸟苷酸环化酶活性,并初步探究其催化机制。【方法】利用刚果红平板染色法验证PA0847胞内域的二鸟苷酸环化酶活性;采用PCR技术构建PA0847 PAS-GGDEF结构域及其单点突变体,并经过表达纯化获得相应蛋白;经凝胶分子筛层析分析蛋白在溶液中的聚集状态;通过体外酶促反应鉴定蛋白的二鸟苷酸环化酶活性,基于噻唑橙荧光染色检测蛋白酶促反应后环鸟苷二磷酸(cyclic diguanylate monophosphate, c-di-GMP)的生成量,并筛选与二鸟苷酸环化酶活性密切相关的氨基酸残基;联用结构预测和分子对接获得PA0847 PAS-GGDEF二聚体以及结合三磷酸鸟苷(guanosine triphosphate, GTP)的复合物结构模型。【结果】PA0847 PAS-GGDEF主要以二聚体形式发挥催化活性,PAS结构域促进二聚体形成,有效提高二鸟苷酸环化酶活性;突变筛选发现,在低蛋白浓度(0.6 mg/mL)下,非催化位点突变体Y700A活性较野生型显著提高;凝胶分子筛层析表明,其高活性可能与Y700A突变促进GGDEF (Gly-Gly-Asp-Glu-Phe)结构域二聚化有关;结构模型分析显示,PA0847 PAS-GGDEF与GTP结合位点保守,其中K722的氨基侧链在结合GTP的磷酸基团中发挥着重要作用,而Y700芳香环侧链与K722所在的α螺旋有疏水互作,因此Y700A突变可能改变了K722所在螺旋的空间取向,进而促进K722与底物GTP的结合以及GGDEF二聚化。【结论】铜绿假单胞菌PA0847的非催化位点Y700可间接调控二鸟苷酸环化酶活性。     

IL-2对淋巴细胞膜中特异性鸟苷酸结合蛋白有刺激作用

IL-2是多肽生长因子,可刺激 T 淋巴细胞的增殖分化。活化的 T 细胞、克隆化的 IL-2依赖细胞系以及几种其它类型的细胞都表达有 IL-2受体。已证实 IL-2受体没有内部信号传导功能;也证实 IL-2与高亲和力受体相互作用,可激活钙离子或磷脂-依赖的蛋白激酶 C(PKC)。鸟苷酸结合蛋白(G 蛋白)可调节一系列的     

大肠杆菌中高表达重组Era可溶性蛋白的纯化及其生化特性

质粒pCE31含有在P_L起动子控制下的重组era基因,在大肠杆菌中、42℃诱导高表达出Era蛋白,经溶菌酶处理裂菌、沉淀离心洗涤后所得的纯Era是不溶的,生物活性也不高。改在40℃诱导2h,在Era底物GDP的存在下裂菌,60％以上的Era处于可溶状态。用蛋白酶抑制剂防止Era蛋白降解,经盐析、Q-SepharoseFF柱层析分离,获得可溶性纯Era蛋白。该蛋白能特异地与鸟苷酸结合、并具有GTP酶活性,表明Era是一种G蛋白。动力学定量分析结果:在4℃时,每分子Era肽链能结合一分子GTP或GDP,表明所纯化的Era蛋白几乎都具有活性;4℃下,Era蛋白与GTP或GDP结合的解离常数,分别为5.49和1.01μmol/L;37℃时,Era蛋白GTP酶的Km值为9.0μmol/L,催化GTP水解的最大速度为9.8mmolCTP/mol Era/min。     

血管钠肽对中度低氧诱导的心肌细胞蛋白合成有抑制作用

实验探讨了心房钠尿肽家族新成员血管钠肽（vasonatrin peptide,VNP)对中度低氧诱导的心肌细胞蛋白合成的影响,在培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞上,用四唑盐（MTT）比色实验,总蛋白含量测定和^3H-亮氨酸掺入实验等方法观察细胞数和蛋白合成情况,并用放免法测定VNP对细胞内环鸟苷酸（cGMP)和环腺苷酸（cAMP)以及培养上清液中内皮素含理的影响,探讨VNP的作用机制,结果显示,重度低氧24h,心肌细胞数和蛋白合成均降低,而中度低氧显著增加蛋白的合成,具有促心肌细胞肥大的作用,VNP浓度依赖性地抑制中度低氧诱导的心肌细胞蛋白合成增加,并且升高细胞内cGMP水平,降低低氧诱导的培养上清液中内皮素的含量,结果提示,VNP抑制中度低氧诱导的新生大鼠心肌细胞蛋白合成增加,该作用与其升高细胞内cGMP浓度、降低低氧诱导的内皮素合成和/或释放增加有关。     

Ras蛋白信号途径及其对线虫生长发育的调控作用

Ras蛋白是一个分子质量为21 kD左右的单体GTP酶,具有两种构象:GTP结合构象(Ras.GTP)及GDP结合构象(Ras.GDP),这两种构象在一定条件下可发生互变.由生长因子介导的Ras信号传导途径是诸多信号途径中与细胞增殖、分化密切相关的重要信号途径.受体型TPK/Ras/MAPK信号转导途径是是目前研究的最为清楚的受Ras蛋白调节的信号传导途径,该途径包括受体型酪氨酸蛋白激酶(RTK)、接头蛋白、鸟苷酸释放因子(GNEF)、Ras蛋白以及MAPK级联反应体系.目前,TPK/Ras/MAPK信号转导途径在秀丽杆线虫(Caenorhabolitis elegans中研究的最为清楚:Ras信号途径对于许多发育进程是必需的,包括阴门、子宫、交合刺、P12以及排泄管细胞的诱导分化;控制着性肌原细胞迁移、轴突导向;对细胞减数分裂粗线期具有促进作用.对C.elegans的研究加深了对TPK/Ras/MAPK信号途径结构、突变体表型以及与其他信号途径的互作的了解,将会促进Ras信号途径对植物寄生线虫调控作用的研究.     

结构域B在鼠冠状病毒S蛋白的抗原性及膜融合中的作用

棘突(spike, S)蛋白是冠状病毒表面必不可少的跨膜糖蛋白,在病毒进入宿主细胞时具有结合受体和诱导膜融合的双重作用。大部分冠状病毒S蛋白的受体结合域位于S1-CTD(即相对应的结构域B),而经典的乙型冠状病毒模型鼠肝炎病毒(mouse hepatitis virus, MHV)的受体mCEACAM1a与S1-NTD(即相对应的结构域A)结合,其结构域B的作用仍未完全清楚。本研究通过构建结构域B和S2膜融合元件的缺失突变体,并使其在鼠神经母细胞瘤细胞系Neuro-2a内成功表达,证实了结构域B对病毒S蛋白导致的细胞-细胞间膜融合是必需的。用不同方法处理的病毒颗粒作为抗原免疫小鼠,所获得的多克隆抗体进一步显示,结构域B不但是S蛋白的主要抗原决定簇,而且能诱导中和抗体明显抑制病毒感染和S蛋白介导的膜融合作用。此结果为阐述不同冠状病毒的致病性与感染性差异提供了新思路。     

Autophagy restricts Chlamydia trachomatis growth in human macrophages via IFNG-inducible guanylate binding proteins

Interferon γ (IFNG) is a key host response regulator of intracellular pathogen replication, including that of Chlamydia spp The antichlamydial functions of IFNG manifest in a strictly host, cell-type and chlamydial strain dependent manner. It has been recently shown that the IFNG-inducible family of immunity-related GTPases (IRG) proteins plays a key role in the defense against nonhost adapted chlamydia strains in murine epithelial cells. In humans, IFN-inducible guanylate binding proteins (hGBPs) have been shown to potentiate the antichlamydial effect of IFNG; however, how hGBPs regulate this property of IFNG is unknown. In this study, we identified hGBP1/2 as important resistance factors against C. trachomatis infection in IFNG-stimulated human macrophages. Exogenous IFNG reduced chlamydial infectivity by 50 percent in wild-type cells, whereas shRNA hGBP1/2 knockdown macrophages fully supported chlamydial growth in the presence of exogenous IFNG. hGBP1/2 were recruited to bacterial inclusions in human macrophages upon stimulation with IFNG, which triggered rerouting of the typically nonfusogenic bacterial inclusions for lysosomal degradation. Inhibition of lysosomal activity and autophagy impaired the IFNG-mediated elimination of inclusions. Thus, hGBP1/2 are critical effectors of antichlamydial IFNG responses in human macrophages. Through their capacity to remodel classically nonfusogenic chlamydial inclusions and stimulate fusion with autophagosomes, hGBP1/2 disable a major chlamydial virulence mechanism and contribute to IFNG-mediated pathogen clearance.     

Human Guanylate Binding Proteins Potentiate the Anti-Chlamydia Effects of Interferon-γ

Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular pathogens that are sensitive to pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon-γ. IFN-γ-inducible murine p47 GTPases have been demonstrated to function in resistance to chlamydia infection in vivo and in vitro. Because the human genome does not encode IFN-γ-inducible homologues of these proteins, the significance of the p47 GTPase findings to chlamydia pathogenesis in humans is unclear. Here we report a pair of IFN-γ-inducible proteins, the human guanylate binding proteins (hGBPs) 1 and 2 that potentiate the anti-chlamydial properties of IFN-γ. hGBP1 and 2 localize to the inclusion membrane, and their anti-chlamydial functions required the GTPase domain. Alone, hGBP1 or 2 have mild, but statistically significant and reproducible negative effects on the growth of Chlamydia trachomatis, whilst having potent anti-chlamydial activity in conjunction with treatment with a sub-inhibitory concentration of IFN-γ. Thus, hGBPs appear to potentiate the anti-chlamydial effects of IFN-γ. Indeed, depletion of hGBP1 and 2 in cells treated with IFN-γ led to an increase in inclusion size, indicative of better growth. Interestingly, chlamydia species/strains harboring the full-length version of the putative cytotoxin gene, which has been suggested to confer resistance to IFN-γ was not affected by hGBP overexpression. These findings identify the guanylate binding proteins as potentiators of IFN-γ inhibition of C. trachomatis growth, and may be the targets of the chlamydial cytotoxin.     

A new splice variant of the human guanylate-binding protein 3 mediates anti-influenza activity through inhibition of viral transcription and replication

Guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) belong to the family of large GTPases that are induced in response to interferons. GBPs contain an N-terminal globular GTPase domain and a C-terminal α-helical regulatory domain that are connected by a short middle domain. Antiviral activity against vesicular stomatitis virus and encephalomyocarditis virus has been shown for hGBP-1; however, no anti-influenza virus properties for GBPs have been described to date. Here we show that hGBP-1 and hGBP-3 possess anti-influenza viral activity. Furthermore, we have identified a novel splice variant of hGBP-3, named hGBP-3ΔC, with a largely modified C-terminal α-helical domain. While all three GBP isoforms were up-regulated on influenza virus infection, hGBP-3ΔC showed the most prominent antiviral activity in epithelial cells. Mutational analysis of hGBPs revealed that the globular domain is the principal antiviral effector domain, and GTP-binding, but not hydrolysis, is necessary for antiviral action. Furthermore, we showed that hGBP-3ΔC strongly represses the activity of the viral polymerase complex, which results in decreased synthesis of viral vRNA, cRNA, mRNA, and viral proteins, as well.     

CD38 expression enhances sensitivity of lymphoma T and B cell lines to biochemical and receptor-mediated apoptosis

CD38 has been widely characterised both as an ectoenzyme and as a receptor. In the present paper, we investigated the role of CD38 as possible modulator of apoptosis. CD38-positive (CD38(+)) and negative (CD38(-)) fractions, obtained by sorting CD38(+) cells from lymphoma T (Jurkat) and lymphoma B (Raji) and by transfecting lymphoma LG14 and myeloid leukemia K562 cell lines, were used. Cellular subpopulations were exposed to different triggers (H(2)O(2), UV-B, alpha-TOS and hrTRAIL) and the extent of apoptosis was determined by Annexin V-FITC/PI assay. Our data showed that, in lymphoma cells, propensity to apoptosis was significantly linked to CD38 expression and that, remarkably, such response was independent of the nature of the trigger used. Inhibition of CD38 expression by antisense oligonucleotides treatment resulted in CD38-silenced fractions which were as prone to apoptosis as CD38(-) ones. Notably, susceptibility of K562 to apoptosis-inducing challenges was not affected by CD38 expression.     

Substrate specificity of DNA polymerases. I. Enzyme-catalysed incorporation of 5-''1-alkenyl)-2''-deoxyuridines into DNA.

A series of (E)-5-(1-alkenyl)-dUTPs as well as 5-vinyl-and (Z)-5-(1-propenyl)-dUTP have been synthesized to study steric requirements in DNA polymerase reactions. Experiments were carried out in E. coli DNA polymerase I Klenow fragment enzyme system. Substrates were characterized by KM and Vmax-values, initial incorporation rates as well as by total extent of incorporation of the analogues into poly(dA-dT) as a template-primer. Incorporation of the analogues could be best correlated with Vmax-values as well as the very similar initial incorporation rate values. Reactivity (Vmax/KM) showed no correlation with the extent of incorporation. 5-Vinyl-dUTP proved to be as good a substrate of the enzyme as dTTP, whereas (E)-5-(1-heptenyl)-and (E)-5-(1-octenyl)-dUTPs were very poor substrates, their incorporation was strongly limited and they also proved to be very efficient inhibitors of DNA replication, as shown by Ki-values. Substrate specificity of the Klenow enzyme can be explained by the steric hindrance of C-5 substituent, by the "orientational steric substituent effect" concept.     

Gastroprotection by pentoxyfilline against stress-induced gastric damage. Role of lipid peroxidation, antioxidizing enzymes and proinflammatory cytokines.

Impairment of blood perfusion in gastric mucosa results in the formation of erosions and ulcers. Nitric oxide (NO), produced via activity of NO-synthase (NOS), appears to be a one of major factors, involved in the regulation of the gastric blood flow (GBF). Inhibition of this enzyme by N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) results in local decrease of NO production, reduces GBF and impairs gastric mucosal integrity, the effects that can be reversed by the pretreatment with L-arginine, the NOS substrate. However, little information is available regarding the contribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced lipid peroxidation and NO to the mechanism of gastric mucosal integrity. Therefore, the aim of our present study was to determine the action of pentoxyfilline (PTX), an inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) with or without NOS inhibition by L-NNA administration in rats with water immersion and restraint stress (WRS)-induced gastric lesions. Experiments were carried out on 100 male Wistar rats. The gastric blood flow (GBF) was measured using laser Doppler flowmeter. The area of gastric lesions was determined by planimetry and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta and TNFalpha) were measured by ELISA. Colorimetric assays were employed to determine gastric mucosal levels of lipid peroxidation products, such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, as well as tissue concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH). Administration of PTX significantly attenuated the gastric lesions, induced by 3.5 h of WRS and this was accompanied by the rise in the GBF and a significant decrease in plasma proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta and TNFalpha) levels, as well as the reduction of lipid peroxidation. Exposure of rats to WRS suppressed the SOD and GSH activities and these effects were reversed by PTX. The protective and hyperemic effects of PTX, as well as an increase in mucosal SOD activity and GSH concentration were counteracted by pretreatment with L-NNA, but restored by the pretreatment with L-arginine, a NOS substrate. We conclude that PTX exerts beneficial, gastroprotective effect against WRS-induced gastric lesions due to enhancement in gastric microcirculation, possibly mediated by the enhanced NOS activity as well as local action of NO and by the attenuation of oxidative metabolism and generation proinflammatory cytokines.     

The use of wild edible plants in western and central Anatolia (Turkey)

In this study, 121 wild edible plants used as food in Anatolia were surveyed to determine the plant parts used and their detailed preparation methods. The results of this study show that the plants may be boiled, fried in fat, and eaten raw or as rolled vegetables. They may also be consumed as pickles, fruits, sweets and spices, and drunk as cold and hot drinks. Thirty species (8 genera) were identified as belonging to the Lamiaceae family, 15 species (15 genera) belong to the Asteraceae family, 13 species (5 genera) belong to the Rosaceae family, 8 species (7 genera) belong to the Brassicaceae family, 6 species (3 genera) belong to the Orchidaceae family and 5 species (5 genera) belong to the Apiaceae family. The genera represented by the highest number of species in the study are as follows:Sideritis L. is represented by 13 species, Origanum L. by 7 species,Rubus L. by 5 species,Thymus L. by 4 species andRumex L. by 4 species.     

A synthetic peptide bearing the HIV-1 integrase 161-173 amino acid residues mediates active nuclear import and binding to importin alpha: characterization of a functional nuclear localization signal

In spite of recent efforts to elucidate the nuclear import pathway of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase protein (IN), its exact route as well as the domains that mediate its import are still unknown. Here, we show that a synthetic peptide bearing the amino acid residues 161-173 of the HIV-1 IN is able to mediate active import of covalently attached bovine serum albumin molecules into nuclei of permeabilized cells and therefore was designated as nuclear localization signal-IN (NLS(IN)). A peptide bearing residues 161-173 in the reversed order showed low karyophilic properties. Active nuclear import was demonstrated by using fluorescence microscopy and a quantitative ELISA-based assay system. Nuclear import was blocked by addition of the NLS(IN) peptide, as well as by a peptide bearing the NLS of the simian virus 40 T-antigen (NLS-SV40). The NLS(IN) peptide partially inhibited nuclear import mediated by the full-length recombinant HIV-1 IN protein, indicating that the sequence of the NLS(IN) is involved in mediating nuclear import of the IN protein. The NLS(IN) as well as the full-length IN protein interacted specifically with importin alpha, binding of which was blocked by the NLS(IN) peptide itself as well as by the NLS-SV40.     

Phytochelatin homologs induced in hairy roots of horseradish

When exposed to excess heavy metals, plants induce phytochelatins and related peptides (all designated as PCAs). Thus, when hairy roots of horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) were exposed for 3 days to cadmium (1 mM) along with reduced glutathione (2 mM), PCA induction occurred. Moreover, a new family of thiol peptides was detected as well as the previously known PCAs, as revealed by postcolumn-derivatization HPLC. Two were isolated and their structures were identified as (gamma-Glu-Cys)n-Gln (n = 3 and 4) by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometer spectra, this being confirmed by chemical synthesis of the peptides. These new analogs constitute the sixth PCA family identified to date.