高等植物中脱落酸的代谢及其调节

在高等植物体内脱落酸主要通过氧化、结合及还原三条途径降解。迄今已报道的降解产物有23种,但其中只有红花菜豆酸在抑制大麦糊粉层α—淀粉酶分泌系统中表现强烈活性。脱落酸的代谢受到遗传因素、环境因素及化学因素的影响。     

脱落酸对植物抗逆性影响的研究进展

脱落酸（ABA）是一种重要的植物激素,受到生物胁迫和非生物胁迫的调控,在植物对胁迫环境抗逆性中发挥重要作用。综述了近些年来国内外有关ABA生理功能抗逆性研究的一些最新进展,重点介绍ABA在植物干旱、高盐、低温、病虫害等逆境胁迫反应中起重要作用,在植物保护和农林业生产中的应用有重要意义。     

脱落酸调节植物抵御水分胁迫的机制研究

干旱、盐渍、低温等均可导致植物可利用水分的亏缺,表现为水分胁迫。植物感受到水分胁迫,诱导脱落酸（abscisic acid,ABA）生物合成。ABA可通过促使气孔关闭或抑制气孔开放,使作物尽可能地降低蒸腾失水,以抵御水分胁迫。该文就植物激素ABA及其下游信号过氧化氢（hydrogenperoxide,H2O2）、一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）以及Ca2＋等在植物气孔运动调节方面的研究进展进行概述,以构建水分胁迫下ABA调节植物气孔运动的可能模式。     

缺铁胁迫的铁转运激活蛋白—AFT1

酵母（Ｘｃｃｈａｒｏａｐｃｅｓｃｅｒｅｖｉｓ功ｅ）是一种优良的研究许多真核细胞的基础代谢过程的模式生物。１９９５年,美国科学家（Ｙａｍａｐｏｃｈｉ－ｌｗａｉｅｔａｌ）利用筛选铁代谢异常的酵母突变体方法,克隆并鉴定了铁转运激活蛋白（ＡｎｆｆｅｈＶａｔＯＦＯｆｆＣＩＴＯＵＳｔａｐｏｆｔ,ＡＦＴＩ）ｌ‘］。将酵母ｆｒｅｌ的５’上游区融合到ｈｉｓ３基因上,由于铁对ｆｒｅｌ启动子的影响,这种结构在铁充足的条件下,不能表达,转化到不含有ｈｉｓ３的酵母细胞中后,细胞在高铁缺组氨酸的培养基上死亡,将少数存活的突…     

脱落酸与植物细胞的抗氧化防护

水分胁迫是一种影响植物生长发育、限制植物产量的重要胁迫因子.植物能够通过感知刺激、产生和传导信号、启动各种防护机制来响应与适应水分胁迫.植物激素脱落酸(ABA)作为一种胁迫信号,在调节植物对水分胁迫的反应中起着重要的作用.ABA不仅能诱导气孔关闭,而且能诱导编码耐脱水蛋白的基因表达.正在增加的证据显示,ABA增强水分胁迫的耐性与其诱导抗氧化防护系统有关.本文综述了ABA在诱导活性氧(ROS)产生、调节抗氧化酶基因表达以及增强抗氧化防护系统方面的作用,着重讨论了在ABA诱导的抗氧化防护过程中Ca2 、NADPH氧化酶与ROS之间的交谈机制.     

脱落酸与植物细胞的抗氧化防护

水分胁迫是一种影响植物生长发育、限制植物产量的重要胁迫因子。植物能够通过感知刺激、产生和传导信号、启动各种防护机制来响应与适应水分胁迫。植物激素脱落酸(ABA)作为一种胁迫信号,在调节植物对水分胁迫的反应中起着重要的作用。ABA不仅能诱导气孔关闭,而且能诱导编码耐脱水蛋白的基因表达。正在增加的证据显示,ABA增强水分胁迫的耐性与其诱导抗氧化防护系统有关。本文综述了ABA在诱导活性氧(ROS)产生、调节抗氧化酶基因表达以及增强抗氧化防护系统方面的作用,着重讨论了在ABA诱导的抗氧化防护过程中Ca2 、NADPH氧化酶与ROS之间的交谈机制。     

逆境胁迫下植物体内脱落酸的生理功能和作用机制

文章介绍逆境胁迫下植物体内ABA的生理功能和作用机制研究进展。     

高等植物的脱落酸生物合成及其调节

高等植物脱落酸生物合成存在C_(40)途径,但也不排除C_(15)途径。质体是ABA合成的主要部位。ABA的合成取决于遗传基因和环境条件。干旱等逆境引起正常光照下叶片 ABA合成的过程可能包括:胁迫→类囊体光合磷酸化受阻→质体基质酸化→细胞区隔pH梯度破坏→质体ABA外流→反馈抑制消除→基因表达→ABA从头合成。     

渗透胁迫诱导的植物细胞中脱落酸的合成及其调控机制

植物细胞受到渗透胁迫后,细胞内脱落酸（ABA）迅速积累,文中就渗透胁迫诱导细胞中ABA的合成以及与其有关的信号感觉,转换,转导,相关基因的表达等过程及其调控机制作了概述。     

Ferritins control interaction between iron homeostasis and oxidative stress in Arabidopsis

Ferritin protein nanocages are the main iron store in mammals. They have been predicted to fulfil the same function in plants but direct evidence was lacking. To address this, a loss-of-function approach was developed in Arabidopsis. We present evidence that ferritins do not constitute the major iron pool either in seeds for seedling development or in leaves for proper functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus. Loss of ferritins in vegetative and reproductive organs resulted in sensitivity to excess iron, as shown by reduced growth and strong defects in flower development. Furthermore, the absence of ferritin led to a strong deregulation of expression of several metal transporters genes in the stalk, over-accumulation of iron in reproductive organs, and a decrease in fertility. Finally, we show that, in the absence of ferritin, plants have higher levels of reactive oxygen species, and increased activity of enzymes involved in their detoxification. Seed germination also showed higher sensitivity to pro-oxidant treatments. Arabidopsis ferritins are therefore essential to protect cells against oxidative damage.     

NADK3, a novel cytoplasmic source of NADPH, is required under conditions of oxidative stress and modulates abscisic acid responses in Arabidopsis

In plants, excess reactive oxygen species are toxic molecules induced under environmental stresses, including pathogen invasions and abiotic stresses. Many anti-oxidant defense systems have been reported to require NADPH as an important reducing energy equivalent. However, the sources of NADPH and the molecular mechanisms of maintaining cytoplasmic redox balance are unclear. Here, we report the biological function of a putative cytoplasmic NADH kinase (NADK3) in several abiotic stress responses in Arabidopsis. We found that cytoplasmic NADPH is provided mostly by the product of the NADK3 gene in Arabidopsis. Expression of he NADK3 gene is responsive to abscisic acid (ABA) and abiotic stress conditions, including methyl violgen (MV), high salinity and osmotic shock. An NADK3 null mutant showed hypersensitivity to oxidative stress in both seed germination and seedling growth. Seed germination of the mutant plants also showed increased sensitivity to ABA, salt and mannitol. Furthermore, stress-related target genes were identified as upregulated in the mutant by mannitol and MV. Our study indicates that this cytoplasmic NADH kinase, a key source of the cellular reductant NADPH, is required for various abiotic stress responses.     

Effects of abscisic acid on CAM in Portulacaria afra

Water stress induces Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in Portulacaria afra as manifested by day stomatal closure, organic acid fluctuation, and night CO₂ uptake. We now have evidence that abscisic acid treatment of leaves causes partial stomatal closure that is accompanied by the induction of CAM in a manner similar to water stress. There appears to be an inverse relationship between exogenous CO₂ uptake and decarboxylation of organic acids in that organic acids remain high during the day providing stomata are open. When stomata close, there is consumption of organic acids by decarboxylation. The hypothesis is that stomatal opening controls CAM in this species.This material is based upon work supported by the Science and Education Administration of the USDA under Competitive Grant No. 5901-0410-8-0018-0.     

The biosynthesis of abscisic acid in Cercospora rosicola

1′-Deoxyabscisic acid (1′-deoxy-ABA) has been isolated from cultures of Cercospora rosicola which are actively synthesizing abscisic acid (ABA)     

Regulation of programmed cell death in maize endosperm by abscisic acid

Cereal endosperm undergoes programmed cell death (PCD) during its development, a process that is controlled, in part, by ethylene. Whether other hormones influence endosperm PCD has not been investigated. Abscisic acid (ABA) plays an essential role during late seed development that enables an embryo to survive desiccation. To examine whether ABA is also involved in regulating the onset of PCD during endosperm development, we have used genetic and biochemical means to disrupt ABA biosynthesis or perception during maize kernel development. The onset and progression of cell death, as determined by viability staining and the appearance of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, was accelerated in developing endosperm of ABA-insensitive vp1 and ABA-deficient vp9 mutants. Ethylene was synthesized in vp1 and vp9 mutant kernels at levels that were 2–4-fold higher than in wild-type kernels. Moreover, the increase and timing of ethylene production correlated with the premature onset and accelerated progression of internucleosomal fragmentation in these mutants. Treatment of developing wild-type endosperm with fluridone, an inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis, recapitulated the increase in ethylene production and accelerated execution of the PCD program that was observed in the ABA mutant kernels. These data suggest that a balance between ABA and ethylene establishes the appropriate onset and progression of programmed cell death during maize endosperm development.