彩色马铃薯花青素生物合成相关microRNAs及其靶基因表达分析北大核心CSCD

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是植物中具有调控功能的非编码小RNA,可调节植物生长发育、次生代谢及胁迫响应。为挖掘彩色马铃薯花青素合成相关的miRNAs,本研究基于miRNA和降解组测序数据,对筛选出和花青素相关的miRNA及靶基因进行鉴定,分析其理化性质、蛋白质结构、调控关系及在不同彩色马铃薯品种的表达。结果表明:stu-miR156a_R-1_StSPL9、stu-miR828_StMYB3、stu-miR858_StMYB4、stu-miR5021_StMYB在马铃薯块茎的不同发育时期存在显著的负相关关系。不同彩色马铃薯品种中,stu-miR828负调控靶基因StMYB3,抑制花青素合成;stu-miR156a_R-1负调控靶基因StSPL9,促进花青素合成。stu-miR858负调控靶基因StMYB4,在紫色马铃薯中促进花青素合成,在红色马铃薯中抑制花青素合成。stu-miR5021负调控靶基因StMYB,在紫色马铃薯中抑制花青素合成,在红色马铃薯中促进花青素合成。     

三阴性乳腺癌相关miRNA筛选及其靶基因的生物信息学分析

应用生物信息学方法筛选并分析三阴性乳腺癌（triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC）相关miRNA及其靶基因,为TNBC的研究提供潜在的分子靶点。采用GEO2R分析TNBC相关miRNA芯片数据集,筛选差异表达倍数最大的5个上调和5个下调miRNA。miRWalk、TargetScan和miRDB预测靶基因并进行Veen分析取交集。利用DAVID对靶基因进行GO富集分析和KEGG通路分析。利用STRING数据库构建蛋白互作网络,并结合Cytoscape构建miRNA-靶基因调控网络,从而筛选出关键的miRNA及其关键靶基因。利用GEPIA2数据库对靶基因进行生存分析。GEO2R筛选出486个差异miRNA,上调和下调的miRNA分别有298个和188个。对差异倍数最大的5个上调和5个下调miRNA的靶基因进行富集分析显示,靶基因主要参与ErbB信号通路、癌症中转录调控紊乱和cGMP-PKG信号通路等。miRNA-靶基因调控网络显示,表达上调的关键miRNA为miR-611,其关键靶基因为CDC27、UBE2D2、UBR1、SPSB1、HERC2和RLIM;表达下调的关键miRNA为miR-1205,其关键靶基因为WSB1、FBXL8、UBE2W、PTPN11、ARF6、DNAJC6和COPS2。生存分析表明,UBR1（P=0.007 2）和PTPN11（P=0.029）表达上调可显著降低TNBC患者的整体生存率。经筛选获得的关键miRNA及其关键靶基因可作为潜在分子标记物用于TNBC的早期诊断、治疗靶点选择和预后判断,并为后续的研究提供参考依据。     

小麦R2R3-MYB转录因子TaMYB3-4D的克隆及功能分析

MYB转录因子是植物最大的转录因子家族之一,广泛参与植物各种生理生化过程。该研究通过对小麦基因组测序数据库进行同源搜索,利用电子克隆技术从紫色籽粒小麦品种‘高原115’中分离得到了一个新的MYB基因TaMYB3-4 D。结果表明,TaMYB3-4D仅含有一个内含子,其编码蛋白含有2个连续的MYB结构域,为典型的R2R3-MYB蛋白。TaMYB3-4D系统发生关系上与调控花青素合成的MYB基因亲缘关系较近。TaMYB3-4 D与bHLH基因ZmR瞬时表达能够诱导白色胚芽鞘中花青素的合成。此外,TaMYB3-4 D基因仅在‘高原115’含花青素的种皮和胚芽鞘中表达,在根、茎、叶中均未表达。研究表明,TaMYB3-4 D基因是一个具有调控花青素合成代谢功能的R2R3-MYB基因,很有可能参与小麦花青素的生物合成。     

家蚕5龄幼虫精巢和卵巢microRNA芯片及转录组比较分析

【目的】本研究旨在通过对家蚕Bombyx mori 5龄幼虫精巢和卵巢组织微小RNA (microRNA, miRNA)基因芯片及转录组进行分析,找到参与家蚕性腺发育相关的miRNA分子及可能的靶基因。【方法】采用新一代高通量测序平台对家蚕5龄幼虫精巢和卵巢(分别定义为Test和Control)进行miRNA基因芯片检测及转录组测序分析,根据P＜0.05且log₂(fold change, FC)≥2的标准,通过比较筛选出Test vs Control的差异表达miRNA;根据q≤0.05且|log₂(fold change)|≥1的标准,通过比较筛选出Test vs Control的差异表达基因 (differentially expressed genes, DEGs);随机选取8个上调和12个下调差异表达miRNA,对其表达及其预测的5个靶基因进行qRT-PCR验证;对DEGs以及差异表达miRNA的靶基因进行KEGG通路富集分析。【结果】从精巢和卵巢样本中(Test vs Control)分别鉴定出68个差异表达miRNA和3 991个DEGs,其中上调和下调miRNA分别为36和32个,上调和下调DEGs分别为2 033和1 958个。差异表达miRNA的qRT PCR验证结果均与芯片数据一致。KEGG通路富集分析结果显示DEGs在新陈代谢及核糖体的信号通路显著富集。对差异表达miRNA在DEGs中的可能靶基因进行预测,结果找到了4组表达趋势相反的miRNA与靶基因：分别是bmo-miR-2774a与LOC101745556;bmo-miR-92b与LOC101735954以及bmo-miR-3266与LOC733130和LOC778467;1组表达趋势一致的miRNA与靶基因：bmo-miR-3321与LOC101744895。5个靶基因的qRT-PCR验证结果与转录组测序结果一致。【结论】本研究获得了家蚕5龄幼虫精巢和卵巢转录组及miRNA芯片数据,筛选并验证了4组差异表达和1组一致表达miRNA及潜在靶基因,为探究家蚕精巢和卵巢发育差异奠定了基础。     

基于高通量测序的“紫娟”茶树叶片miRNA分析

"紫娟"是特异的茶树资源,含有丰富的次生代谢物儿茶素、花青素、黄酮等,其生物合成是由多条代谢途径通过相应的节点连在一起的网络途径,受到多种结构基因和调控基因的控制。Micro RNA又称miRNA,是一种非编码RNAs,能通过对基因表达的调控来调节植物生长、发育以及次生代谢等许多方面。本研究利用高通量测序技术分别构建了"紫娟"茶树芽、第二叶、开面叶、成熟叶的miRNA文库并进行测序,鉴定出已知的miRNA 126个,分为26个家族,预测到的新miRNA 119个。基于"紫娟"茶树转录组数据分析已知miRNA和新miRNA分的靶基因,分别预测到靶基因724条和2 285条。预测的靶基因大多为转录因子,包括调控次生代谢物花青素、黄酮类生物合成的MYB、b HLH转录因子等。这些注释信息的完成为后期研究miRNA在调控茶树叶片发育和次生代谢物的生物合成提供理论依据。     

人胚胎干细胞定向中胚层细胞分化的miRNA-mRNA网络调控

胚胎来源的中胚层细胞可以分化为心血管、血液和肌肉组织等多种类型细胞,而应用人胚胎干细胞分化为中胚层细胞的体外模型可为研究中胚层及其衍生的细胞谱系的分子调控机制提供重要手段。miRNA调控基因的表达通过多条信号通路参与中胚层细胞分化,但其调控机制虽有相关研究却并未完全阐明,特别是从整体水平上探索基因与非编码RNA表达变化及其相互作用的网络调控。该研究根据生物信息学分析,构建通过调节多条信号通路参与人胚胎干细胞向中胚层分化的潜在miRNA-mRNA调控网络,以便更全面地阐明人胚胎干细胞的分化机制。通过基因芯片和二代测序(RNAseq)技术检测筛选人胚胎干细胞诱导分化为中胚层细胞过程差异表达的miRNA和基因,并应用生物信息学分析预测差异表达miRNA的靶基因,将靶基因与差异表达基因取交集获得目标基因。同时,对差异表达基因和目标基因进行GSEA富集、GO注释及KEGG富集分析。最后,构建miRNA-mRNA的调控网络和筛选出关键基因并检测关键基因的表达。该研究共筛选出287个差异表达的miRNA和739个差异表达基因,预测差异表达miRNA的靶基因为13 064个,13 064个靶基因与739个差异表达基因取交集共获得目标基因401个。GSEA和KEGG富集分析发现,多条参与中胚层分化的信号通路,主要涉及Wnt/β-catenin、TGF-β和Hippo三条重要的信号通路。通过构建miRNA-mRNA调控网络,结果显示100个miRNA靶向Wnt/β-catenin通路中的11个基因,59个miRNA靶向TGF-β通路中的7个基因,有106个miRNA靶向Hippo通路中的10个基因。通过RT-qPCR验证三条通路中关键基因的表达。因此,该研究揭示了在中胚层分化过程中,Wnt/β-catenin、TGF-β和Hippo信号通路起了重要的调控作用,可能通过与各种miRNA-mRNA相互作用形成复杂的网络调控系统,精确调控人胚胎干细胞定向分化为中胚层细胞。     

植物花青素苷生物合成及调控的研究进展

花青素苷( anthocyanin)是植物新陈代谢过程中产生的类黄酮物质,决定被子植物花、果实、种皮、茎、叶和根等的颜色,具有重要的营养价值和药理作用.近年来关于花青素生物合成途径的研究已取得突破,综述了植物花青素苷基因研究现状和发展趋势,包括植物花青素生物合成途径、参与生物合成途径中相关的结构基因和调控基因及功能研究以及影响花青素苷生物合成的环境因素等的研究进展.     

结肠癌中核内miRNA的激活调控作用研究

为了探究增强子介导的核内miRNA在结肠癌发生中的作用,本研究筛选了结肠癌中的差异表达的miRNA数据、结肠的特异性增强子数据、结肠癌中差异表达基因数据,利用细胞核内miRNA靶向增强子预测算法,筛选miRNA调控的结肠特异性增强子;利用增强子靶基因预测数据,筛选核内miRNA调控的差异表达靶基因,并且构建核内miRNA-靶基因网络,并通过网络的分析和筛选获得结肠癌中关键的致病基因,同时对网络中的靶基因进行GO的功能注释。结果表明,我们所构建的核内miRNA-激活调控靶基因网络包含miRNA-靶基因关系对2 121个,259个节点,其中包含34个下调基因、183个上调的基因,7个下调的miRNA,35个上调的miRNA。而后我们分析了网络进行的节点度的整体分布情况,发现网络中大部分的节点的度都是小于10的,仅有少量miRNA结合和部分的差异表达基因节点的度大于10。核内miRNA主要通过激活调控了一些应激反应相关的功能和,同时,抑制调控了细胞周期、细胞凋亡、细胞死亡巨噬细胞代谢等相关功能,通过激活和抑制相关功能诱发结肠癌的发生。从核内miRNA的激活调控角度研究结肠癌的发病机制,是对原有细胞浆中miRNA抑制调控机制的补充,也为结肠癌的系统研究提供了新的视野。     

miR-252-5p通过靶向调控保幼激素酸甲基转移酶基因JHAMT的表达而影响果蝇变态发育

【目的】保幼激素酸甲基转移酶(juvenile hormone acid methyl transferase, JHAMT)是保幼激素(juvenile hormone, JH)合成通路中的关键限速酶。本研究旨在筛选并验证靶向调控黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster JHAMT转录表达的miRNA,揭示miRNA在JH生物合成中的作用机理。【方法】首先通过miRanda, TargetScan和microT-CDS在线网站对靶向黑腹果蝇JHAMT的miRNA进行预测,取3个网站均能预测到的miRNA作为候选靶向JHAMT的miRNA;利用双荧光素酶系统对候选miRNA与JHAMT的靶向关系进行验证;qRT-PCR检测候选miRNA与JHAMT在黑腹果蝇生长发育中的表达模式;利用qRT-PCR和果蝇GAL4-UAS系统分别检测黑腹果蝇咽侧体中超表达miRNA对JHAMT的表达以及对黑腹果蝇变态发育的影响。【结果】 miRanda, TargetScan和microT-CDS分别预测到5, 18和16个靶向JHAMT的miRNA,共同预测到4个miRNA,分别是miR-252-5p, miR-277-3p, miR-1002-5p和miR-987-5p。双荧光素酶检测结果表明,miR-252-5p mimics可显著降低野生型JHAMT 3′UTR荧光素酶报告基因载体所表达的荧光素酶活性,而JHAMT 3′UTR区中miR-252-5p结合位点突变后,该抑制作用被解除。qRT-PCR检测结果表明,miR-252-5p与JHAMT在黑腹果蝇卵、幼虫及预蛹期的转录表达模式相反。咽侧体中超表达miR-252后,可显著降低JHAMT和JH初级反应基因Kr-h1的表达水平;且表现出类似JH缺失的表型,如化蛹时间推迟、体重变轻以及蛹期死亡增加。【结论】miR-252-5p可通过靶向作用于JHAMT参与JH生物合成调控,从而影响果蝇变态发育。     

植物花青素合成的环境调控研究进展

花青素是一种重要的色素,与植物茎、叶、花瓣、果实、种皮等组织器官的呈色密切相关。植物花青素的生物合成主要受遗传控制,环境因子也对其合成有重要调控作用。环境主要通过影响结构基因和转录因子的表达而影响花青素的积累与植物显色。温度、光照、糖、激素、干旱、盐、低氮、pH值等均对植物花青素的生物合成有显著影响。本文综述了环境因子对植物花青素合成代谢调控的研究情况,以期为花青素合成代谢的相关研究提供参考。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen,chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale

Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S₁=3.5, S₂=6, S₃=8.5, and S₄=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W₁), 40% (W₂) and 20% (W₃) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S₃ and S₄ the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R² for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.