中医推拿法手部受力的生物力学建模及分析

目的建立中医法的简化生物力学模型,对法过程中手部主要部位的受力进行定量分析。方法应用摄像机和推拿手法测定仪实测推拿专家法推拿的运动学和力信号,建立含手部及桡骨、尺骨的简化的生物力学模型和方程,求解手部桡骨和尺骨远端点处的受力。结果 法外推时,手部桡骨和尺骨远端点处X方向（动方向）受力方向不变,出现两个峰值,近外推结束时受力最大;回收时两处受力大小和方向出现波动。手部桡骨和尺骨远端点处,Y方向和Z方向受力趋势相同,在逐步上升后出现了一个平缓变化的阶段,之后急骤下降。结论建立的简化生物力学模型可对中医法推拿手部受力进行较好的定量分析。     

俯卧位腰椎交叉按压微调法（横突）作用力测量与初步分析

目的测量俯卧位腰椎交叉按压微调法（横突）的作用力和作用点,探讨其治疗腰椎疾病的力学机制。方法采用离体实验的方法采集手法作用力和作用点数据,其中作用力由2台FZ-I型推拿手法测定仪和2个三分力测力指套测得,作用点由普通数码相机测得。在此基础上,计算各主要作用力形成的力矩,从生物力学的角度分析各作用力的作用效果。结果得到了手法作用力-时间关系图和手法作用点示意图,左右手垂直作用力产生的力矩同轴,且方向相反,左右手水平作用力产生的力矩方向相同,但异轴。结论俯卧位腰椎交叉按压微调法（横突）的作用力主要具备两种作用效果,一方面,通过＂拉伸＂使相邻两椎骨产生松动,减少椎骨间的摩擦,有利于整复;另一方面,通过＂扭转＂使相邻两椎骨整复,以达到治疗疾病的目的。     

针灸联合手法推拿对腰椎间盘突出症的应用效果及血浆β-内啡肽及腰椎功能的影响

摘要 目的：探讨针灸联合手法推拿对腰椎间盘突出症的应用效果及血浆β-内啡肽（β-EP）及腰椎功能的影响。方法：选取我院2020年1月到2022年12月收治的102例腰椎间盘突出症患者作为研究对象,随机分为A（n=35）、B（n=35）、C（n=32）三组。A组患者采取针灸治疗,B组患者采取手法推拿治疗,C组患者采取针灸联合手法推拿治疗,对比三组患者临床疗效,治疗前与治疗1个月后的血清炎症因子及血浆β-内啡肽表达水平,疼痛水平以及腰椎功能情况。结果：C组治疗总有效率明显高于A组和B组（P＜0.05）,但A组与B组对比无明显差异（P＞0.05）;三组患者治疗前肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、基质金属蛋白酶-3（MMP-3）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、β-EP对比无差异（P＞0.05）,治疗后三组患者TNF-α、MMP-3、IL-1β水平均降低,且C组低于A组与B组（P＜0.05）,β-EP水平升高,且C组高于A组与B组（P＜0.05）;三组患者治疗前简式疼痛量表（MPQ）与视觉模拟疼痛量表（VAS）评分对比无差异（P＞0.05）,治疗后三组患者VAS、MPQ评分均降低,且C组低于A组与B组（P＜0.05）;三组患者治疗前脊柱功能指数量表（SFI）评分、Osweatry功能障碍指数（ODI）对比无差异（P＞0.05）,治疗后三组患者SFI评分均升高,且C组高于A组与B组（P＜0.05）,ODI指数均降低,且C组低于A组与B组（P＜0.05）。结论：针灸联合手法推拿比单一针灸与推拿更能够提升腰椎间盘突出症的治疗效果,且可降低炎症因子,提升?茁-内啡肽,减轻疼痛程度,进一步提升腰椎功能,值得临床应用推广。     

动态吸附与气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用分析密蒙花（醉鱼草科）的挥发性花香成分

采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对动态吸附法收集的密蒙花（Buddleja officinalis）花香成分进行了分析,并用气相色谱面积归-化法对各成分进行了定量。从密蒙花中分离出16个挥发性成分,定性定量出其中的11个,占挥发性成分总量的95．44％。其中丁基醋酸乙酯（81．57％）、苯甲醛（4．92％）、3-已烯-1-醇（3．26％）、欧洲丁香醛（2．34％）和芳樟醇（1．05％）为主要成分。该研究阐明了自然条件下密蒙花的花香成分及组成,其结果为今后定向创新醉鱼草属新香型观赏品种提供了科学依据。     

煮沸裂解法和试剂盒法提取浸矿菌基因组DNA的比较

目的：在生物浸出中,微生物群落结构分析有着重要意义,而群落分析的基础是提取纯度高、损失少的基因组DNA。为了解决这一问题,本实验通过比较两种较常用的DNA提取方法,煮沸裂解法和试剂盒法,寻找一种灵敏、快速、经济实用的制备浸矿细菌基因组DNA的方法。方法：分别用煮沸裂解法和试剂盒法提取6种浸矿菌的基因组DNA,从所提取的基因组DNA浓度、纯度、回收率和对PCR扩增反应的影响方面比较了两种方法的提取效果;用两种方法来处理不同浓度梯度的一种菌,通过实时定量PCR来比较两种方法的灵敏性。结果：相同处理量（108个）的革兰氏阳性菌（1株）、革兰氏阴性菌（4株）、古菌（1株）经两种方法提取的基因组DNA差异较大,煮沸裂解法所得的6组基因组DNA更纯,其OD260／OD280的值更接近1．8-2．0（纯DNA的OD260／OD280在1．8—2．0之间）,前者所提DNA回收率最大可达后者的16．7倍;煮沸裂解法只需较少菌（102个）便能让实时定量PCR检测到所提DNA模板浓度,比试剂盒法灵敏。结论：两种方法提取的基因组DNA均可用于后续的PCR扩增,此外,前者提取的DNA浓度随细菌浓度增加而呈线性增大,而后者随茵浓度增大,所提DNA量增加有限,因此,在生物浸出中微生物基因组DNA的提取可直接采用简单快速的煮沸提取法,为实验节约成本和时间。     

中药法落海挥发油化学成分研究

目的：分析和鉴定法落海中挥发油的化学成分。方法：用蒸馏法提取法落海中的挥发油，借助GC-MS法将挥发油中各化学成分进行分离和鉴定，用峰面积归一化法测定其相对含量。结果：法落海挥发油离子流图共有99个峰，鉴定出了77种化合物，占挥发油总量96.1%，其中主要成分为：α-蒎烯（27.33%）、α-水芹烯（9.87%），十二烷醇（8.41%）、罗勒烯（7.24%）、4,4,6,6-四甲基-二环[3.1.0]己-2-烯（5.55%）、肉豆蔻脑酸（3.58%）、蛇麻烯（2.76%）等。结论：本实验采用GC-MS联用技术分析了法落海中所含挥发油成分，使用峰面积归一化法计算挥发油中的相对含量，该方法操作简单，灵敏度高，检测效果好。简要讨论主要成分中化学成分的药理作用，为开发利用法落海提供理论依据。     

油气田土壤DNA提取方法及油气指示菌基因定量结果的比较

采用4种提取方法对油田上方6个土壤样品微生物总基因组DNA进行提取,并比较了其纯度和浓度。利用定量PCR技术定量分析各土壤中甲烷单加氧酶基因（pmoA）和丁烷单加氧酶基因（brnoX）。与DNA试剂盒法相比,玻璃珠击打法、液氮研磨法、反复冻融法得到DNA纯度较低,需纯化才能进行后续的PCR扩增。液氮研磨法得到的DNA完整性、纯度和得率较其他提取方法均较好,尤其对于生物量较少的深层油田土壤DNA提取较为实用,成本较低。甲烷单加氧酶基因（pmoA）和丁烷单加氧酶基因（bmoX）的定量PCR结果表明,液氮研磨法提取DNA样品的定量结果在气区和油区均出现一定的高值。液氮研磨法较其他方法更适合于油田土壤DNA的提取。下一步研究可以把丁烷氧化茵作为油气指示茵研究中的重点检测对象。     

蒸馏法与溶剂萃取法提取金柚果皮精油成分的比较分析

采用蒸馏法和溶剂萃取法,提取梅州金柚（Citrus grandis Osbeck cv.）果皮精油,利用GC-MS联用技术测定其化学成分和质量分数,并对两种提取方法进行比较分析。蒸馏法和溶剂萃取法提取的柚皮精油经GC-MS分析,分别鉴定出15个和17个成分,分别占峰面积的99.01%和97.55%,两者共有成分有6个,主要成分均为柠檬烯,梅州金柚果皮可作为柠檬烯的重要资源。此外,溶剂萃取法提取的精油中,质量分数相对较高的9,12-四环辛二烯酸（0.62%）、蛇床子素（0.5%）和谷甾醇（0.5%）,在有关金柚精油成分的研究中尚未见报道。其中蛇床子素有抗骨质疏松、抗病毒等药理活性,谷甾醇有降低血清胆固醇的作用。     

Trizol RNA提取法在雪貂组织的流感病毒H3N2定量PCR检测中优于RNeasy mini kit（Qiagen）柱子法

目的比较RNeasy mini kit（Qiagen）柱子法和Trizol法提取RNA在雪貂肺和肠组织H3N2 SYBRGreen PCR定量中的去干扰作用,从而找到适合该定量体系的RNA提取方法。方法比较Trizol法,RNeasy minikit柱子法,改良RNeasy mini kit柱子法1和改良RNeasy mini kit柱子法2提取肺肠组织RNA的质量,RNA逆转录成cDNA后,利用SYBR Green PCR方法检测样品中H3N2的载量,比较产物的特异性,综合评价RNA提取方法。结果 4种方法提取的肺和肠组织的RNA质量不相同,紫外分光光度仪测得RNeasy mini kit柱子法提取的RNA的A260/280低于1.8,其余3种方法的A 260/280在1.8～2.1之间,A 260/230只有Trizol法能达到2.0左右,其余3种方法均远低于2.0。电泳可见Trizol法提取的RNA有3条带：28 s、18 s和5 s,而RNeasy mini kit柱子法的RNA除了有28 s、18 s外,还有基因组DNA,改良RNeasy mini kit柱子法1和2提取的RNA只有28 s和18 s带。RNA逆转录后进行荧光定量PCR,从溶解曲线看,不论是鼻甲刮取物还是肺肠组织的样品模板,4种方法获得的样品与标准品均为单一峰溶解曲线峰,并且波峰位置重叠。而鼻甲刮取物定量的产物跑琼脂糖凝胶电泳均为单一的特异性条带,而肺肠组织的产物电泳发现：Trizol法获得的模板定量产物与标准品一致,为单一的特异性条带,而其它3种方法获得的模板则均有非特异性条带。结论鼻甲刮取物的病毒定量选用RNeasy mini kit柱子法提取定量结果与Trizol法一样可靠,说明对于简单样品该体系及引物非常适用,结果可信。对于组织样品肺和肠,Trizol法获得的样品定量结果比其它3种方法可靠。     

基于SPE法的新型DNA提取微芯片的制作和研究

在生物医学和临床诊断中,DNA提取是关键的步骤。随着生物分析仪器的小型化和芯片化,有必要制作DNA提取芯片。固相提取法（Solid-Phase Extraction,SPE法）是近年来实验室常用的DNA提取方法,其操作简单,时间消耗少,但是基于SPE法制作的微芯片报道较少,利用硅微加工工艺制作DNA提取芯片,并使用SPE法进行PCR产物中DNA提取实验及大肠菌培养液中DNA的提取实验。此芯片可以在半个小时内完成DNA的提取,易于和别的芯片（如PCR芯片等）整合,具有很好的发展前景。     

GoQBot: a caterpillar-inspired soft-bodied rolling robot

Rolling locomotion using an external force such as gravity has evolved many times. However, some caterpillars can curl into a wheel and generate their own rolling momentum as part of an escape repertoire. This change in body conformation occurs well within 100 ms and generates a linear velocity over 0.2 m s(-1), making it one of the fastest self-propelled wheeling behaviors in nature. Inspired by this behavior, we construct a soft-bodied robot to explore the dynamics and control issues of ballistic rolling. This robot, called GoQBot, closely mimics caterpillar rolling. Analyzing the whole body kinematics and 2D ground reaction forces at the robot ground anchor reveals about 1G of acceleration and more than 200 rpm of angular velocity. As a novel rolling robot, GoQBot demonstrates how morphing can produce new modes of locomotion. Furthermore, mechanical coupling of the actuators improves body coordination without sensory feedback. Such coupling is intrinsic to soft-bodied animals because there are no joints to isolate muscle-generated movements. Finally, GoQBot provides an estimate of the mechanical power for caterpillar rolling that is comparable to that of a locust jump. How caterpillar musculature produces such power in such a short time is yet to be discovered.     

Quantifying the complexity of bat wing kinematics

Body motions (kinematics) of animals can be dimensionally complex, especially when flexible parts of the body interact with a surrounding fluid. In these systems, tracking motion completely can be difficult, and result in a large number of correlated measurements, with unclear contributions of each parameter to performance. Workers typically get around this by deciding a priori which variables are important (wing camber, stroke amplitude, etc.), and focusing only on those variables, but this constrains the ability of a study to uncover variables of influence. Here, we describe an application of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) for assigning importances to kinematic variables, using dimensional complexity as a metric. We apply this method to bat flight kinematics, addressing three questions: (1) Does dimensional complexity of motion change with speed? (2) What body markers are optimal for capturing dimensional complexity? (3) What variables should a simplified reconstruction of bat flight include in order to maximally reconstruct actual dimensional complexity? We measured the motions of 17 kinematic markers (20 joint angles) on a bat (Cynopterus brachyotis) flying in a wind tunnel at nine speeds. Dimensional complexity did not change with flight speed, despite changes in the kinematics themselves, suggesting that the relative efficacy of a given number of dimensions for reconstructing kinematics is conserved across speeds. By looking at subsets of the full 17-marker set, we found that using more markers improved resolution of kinematic dimensional complexity, but that the benefit of adding markers diminished as the total number of markers increased. Dimensional complexity was highest when the hindlimb and several points along digits III and IV were tracked. Also, we uncovered three groups of joints that move together during flight by using POD to quantify correlations of motion. These groups describe 14/20 joint angles, and provide a framework for models of bat flight for experimental and modeling purposes.     

Canalisation in the wild: effects of developmental conditions on physiological traits are inversely linked to their association with fitness

Ecological conditions affect fitness, but mechanisms causing such effects are not well known, while evolved responses to environmental variation may depend on the underlying mechanisms. Consequences of environmental conditions vary strongly between traits, but a framework to interpret such variation is lacking. We propose that variation in trait response may be explained by differential canalisation, with traits with larger fitness effects showing weaker responses to environmental perturbations due to preferential resource allocation to such traits. We tested the canalisation hypothesis using brood size manipulation in wild jackdaw nestlings in which we measured eight physiological traits (mainly oxidative stress markers), and two feather traits. For each trait, we estimated manipulation response and association with fitness (over‐winter survival). As predicted, a strong negative correlation emerged between manipulation response and association with fitness (r =?0.76). We discuss the consequences of differential trait canalisation for the study of mechanisms mediating environmental effects on fitness.     

Game Theoretical Analysis on Cooperation Stability and Incentive Effectiveness in Community Networks

Community networks, the distinguishing feature of which is membership admittance, appear on P2P networks, social networks, and conventional Web networks. Joining the network costs money, time or network bandwidth, but the individuals get access to special resources owned by the community in return. The prosperity and stability of the community are determined by both the policy of admittance and the attraction of the privileges gained by joining. However, some misbehaving users can get the dedicated resources with some illicit and low-cost approaches, which introduce instability into the community, a phenomenon that will destroy the membership policy. In this paper, we analyze on the stability using game theory on such a phenomenon. We propose a game-theoretical model of stability analysis in community networks and provide conditions for a stable community. We then extend the model to analyze the effectiveness of different incentive policies, which could be used when the community cannot maintain its members in certain situations. Then we verify those models through a simulation. Finally, we discuss several ways to promote community network’s stability by adjusting the network’s properties and give some proposal on the designs of these types of networks from the points of game theory and stability.     

便于抗性基因分离和分子重组的系列质粒的构建

在分子克隆实验中,选择性标记特别是抗生素抗性标记是最常用和不可或缺的分子材料。为便于实验室获得和使用携带有不同末端序列的选择性标记,以质粒pBlueScriptSK(-)为基础,构建了分别携带有卡那霉素、博莱霉素、红霉素、潮霉素和庆大霉素等抗性基因的系列质粒pSKsymKm、pSKsymBle、pSKsymEry、pSKsymHyg和pSKsymGm。通过限制性酶切和胶回收技术,可以从上述构建的质粒中方便地获得带有理想接头的抗生素抗性基因。     

基于氨基酸特征序列的蛋白质结构分析

针对蛋白质序列中氨基酸的核苷酸组成部分及其相关特征信息,提出另外的σ-等序列的概念,并讨论了其主要特征与次要特征,可作为对蛋白质进行定性和定量比较的一种方法,用来判断这些物种的同源性和相似性程度。然后,对所取的全α螺旋,全β折叠和αβ类序列,利用σ-,τ-,στ序列的概念,给出蛋白质序列的相关氨基酸特征序列。同时对三类共18个蛋白质序列进行数值刻划,给出数值刻划图并进行分析。     

Effects of limb mass distribution on the ontogeny of quadrupedalism in infant baboons (Papio cynocephalus) and implications for the evolution of primate quadrupedalism

Primate quadrupedal kinematics differ from those of other mammals. Several researchers have suggested that primate kinematics are adaptive for safe travel in an arboreal, small-branch niche. This study tests a compatible hypothesis that primate kinematics are related to their limb mass distribution patterns. Primates have more distally concentrated limb mass than most other mammals due to their grasping hands and feet. Experimental studies have shown that increasing distal limb mass by adding weights to the limbs of humans and dogs influences kinematics. Adding weights to distal limb elements increases the natural period of a limb's oscillation, leading to relatively long swing and stride durations. It is therefore possible that primates' distal limb mass is responsible for some of their unique kinematics. This hypothesis was tested using a longitudinal ontogenetic sample of infant baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Because limb mass distribution changes with age in infant primates, this project examined how these changes influence locomotor kinematics within individuals. The baboons in this sample showed a shift in their kinematics as their limb mass distributions changed during ontogeny. When their limb mass was most distally concentrated (at young ages), stride frequencies were relatively low, stride lengths were relatively long, and stance durations were relatively long compared to older ages when limb mass was more proximally concentrated. These results suggest that the evolution of primate quadrupedal kinematics was tied to the evolution of grasping hands and feet.     

Artefact-reduced kinematics measurement using a geometric finger model with mixture-prior particle filtering

It is challenging to measure the finger's kinematics of underlying bones in vivo. This paper presents a new method of finger kinematics measurement, using a geometric finger model and several markers deliberately stuck on skin surface. Using a multiple-view camera system, the optimal motion parameters of finger model were estimated using the proposed mixture-prior particle filtering. This prior, consisting of model and marker information, avoids generating improper particles for achieving near real-time performance. This method was validated using a planar fluoroscopy system that worked simultaneously with photographic system. Ten male subjects with asymptomatic hands were investigated in experiments. The results showed that the kinematic parameters could be estimated more accurately by the proposed method than by using only markers. There was 20–40% reduction in skin artefacts achieved for finger flexion/extension. Thus, this profile system can be developed as a tool of reliable kinematics measurement with good applicability for hand rehabilitation.