基于MOD09产品的水稻叶面积指数和叶绿素含量的遥感估算模型

基于中分辨率成像光谱仪MODIS (moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer)反射率产品MOD09的同步野外实测水稻叶面积指数（LAI）和叶绿素含量（Chltot）相关数据,探寻用MOD09产品提取的植被指数(VIs)与水稻LAI和Chltot之间的相关性以及估算模型. 结果表明,MOD09计算的VI数值比MODIS前3个波段数值偏大,归一化植被指数NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) 值普遍比增强性植被指数EVI(enhanced vegetation index) 值大. 通过4种不同植被指数与LAI相关性的比较,得出EVI与LAI的相关关系在水稻各个生育期优于其它植被指数,基于MOD09-EVI建立水稻LAI的遥感估算模型,经实际地面同步数据检验, 模型精度较高. 因而, MOD09-EVI较适用于水稻叶面积指数的实时遥感监测. MOD09红波段与Chltot之间的相关性在水稻前中期达到显著,并且优于其它植被指数,基于MOD09红波段建立了水稻前中期Chltot的估算模型并进行了精度检验. 除水稻孕穗期叶绿素含量估算模型的相关系数和F值通过了显著性检验外, 其余生育期估算模型都没有通过显著性检验.     

家蚕分子生物学研究进展

近年来,应用RAPD技术,通过构建近等基因系的方法,已筛选出家蚕性别、抗性等连锁的分子标记。日本已成功地构建了家蚕28个连锁群的RAPD分子连锁图,并有7个连锁群和经典的遗传图相对应．我国也公布了RAPD和AFLP分子连锁图,由于密度不够出现28个以上的连锁群;家蚕生物反应器研究和开发已近20年历史,表达了数百种外源基因,由于表达量不高及产物分离纯化难度和成本问题,至今未能进入产业化;家蚕转基因有过比较好的尝试,改进转基因技术提高外源基因的整合率是今后主攻方向。     

结直肠癌P53蛋白定量分析及其与肿瘤生物学行为的关系

应用MD-20显微图象分析仪对30例结直肠癌的P53蛋白免疫组织化学反应产物进行定量测定,以观察P53蛋白相对含量与肿瘤生物学行为的关系.结果显示:结直肠癌P53蛋白MOD值与PCNA增殖指数呈正相关(P<0.05).P53蛋白MOD值大的肿瘤多里浸润性生长方式,且浸润至浆膜外者多(PM<0.01,P<0.05).淋巴结转移与MOD值无明显关系(P>0.05).结果提示:结直肠癌P53蛋白相对含量对肿瘤的生物学行为有重要影响.     

不同嵌体修复MOD洞型的三维有限元分析

目的：建立近中-合面-远中（MOD）洞型嵌体修复下颌第一磨牙的计算机三维实体和有限元模型,并进行初步应力分析。方法：通过螺旋CT扫描,利用Mimics、GeomagicStudio7等图像处理软件建立第一恒磨牙的云纹点模型,通过UG软件建立下颌第一恒牙的三维几何模型,通过有限元软件ABAQUS进行网格划分,并在MSC．MARC有限元软件中建立下颌第一磨牙三维有限元模型。结果：建立起包含牙釉质、本质、髓腔以及牙槽骨的精细下颌第一磨牙三维有限元模型。结论：将CT扫描技术、数字图像处理技术与有限元方法结合起来,建立出高精度的下颌第一磨牙MOD洞型的三维有限元模型,为MOD洞型采用嵌体修复提供了研究手段．     

基于叶面积指数估算植被总初级生产力

长时间序列的陆地碳通量数据在全球生态环境变化研究中具有重要意义。采用MODIS GPP(Gross Primary Productivity)算法,基于GIMMS LAI3g,MODIS15和Improved-MODIS15三种叶面积指数(LAI),估算了全球2000至2010年的植被总初级生产力(GPP)。该估算的GPP数值经过全球20个通量站点的验证,并结合MODIS17分析了它们在时空变化上的异同。结果表明:(1)4种GPP精度如下:GPP_(MOD17)GPP_(impro_MOD15)GPP_(LAI3g)GPP_(MOD15)。(2)4种GPP整体上具有一致的季节波动,冬季和夏季整体好于春季和秋季。GPP_(LAI3g)的4个季节精度较相近,而GPP_(MOD17)除了春秋季外其它季节都较好。(3)GPP_(LAI3g)在中等GPP值分布区的估值相对较高,其全球总GPP大体为(117±1.5)Pg C/a,GPP_(MOD17)和GPP_(impro_MOD15)相近且都低于该值。(4)GPP_(LAI3g)和GPP_(impro_MOD15)在大约63.29%的陆面上呈显著(P0.05)的正相关关系,它们和GPP_(MOD17)在LAI不确定性小的地区呈显著的正相关关系。GPP_(LAI3g)和GPP_(MOD15)正相关分布面积占比为40.61%。     

氮源流加对Alcaligenes eutrophus积累聚β-羟基丁酸的影响

以真养产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes eutrophus)为 聚β羟基丁酸(PHB)的生产菌株,在分析了PHB发酵过程参数变化的基础上,进一步探讨了PHB合成期不同的硫酸铵流加速率对PHB合成的影响。研究结果表明,在PHB合成阶段,培养基中氮源的完全缺乏,导致细胞合成PHB能力的下降;在PHB合成期,不同的氮源流加速率对PHB合成过程存在着显著的影响,当流加速率较小时,尽管最终胞内PHB含量很高,但细胞干重、PHB浓度和PHB生产强度都较低。当氮源流加速率过大时,会导致最终胞内PHB含量显著下降,使PHB浓度和PHB生产强度降低。当硫酸铵流加速率在05g/h左右时,可以得到较好的发酵效果。     

脐血流S／D比值异常108例临床分析

目的：应用胎儿脐血流检测仪测定脐动脉S／D值探讨导致脐血流S／D比值升高的主要原因。方法：对2009年9月-2010年12月在我院进行产前检查的1919例孕28-42周的孕妇检测胎儿脐动脉血流（S／D）。结果：异常组108例的脐带因素、胎儿窘迫、羊水过少及妊高征的发生率均明显高于正常组,两者比较差异有显著性（P〈0．0S）。结论：脐动脉S／D比值增高可及早地警示和发现胎儿宫内缺氧情况,指导临床提早采取干预和处理措施,提高围产保健质量。     

脐血流S/D 比值异常108 例临床分析

目的:应用胎儿脐血流检测仪测定脐动脉S/D值探讨导致脐血流S/D比值升高的主要原因。方法:对2009年9月~2010年12月在我院进行产前检查的1919例孕28~42周的孕妇检测胎儿脐动脉血流(S/D)。结果:异常组108例的脐带因素、胎儿窘迫、羊水过少及妊高征的发生率均明显高于正常组,两者比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:脐动脉S/D比值增高可及早地警示和发现胎儿宫内缺氧情况,指导临床提早采取干预和处理措施,提高围产保健质量。     

大白菜相对于结球甘蓝连锁群特异SSR标记的筛选

以9个大白菜品种和10个结球甘蓝品种为试材,对位于芸薹属A基因组10个连锁群的207对SSR引物进行PCR筛选,共筛选出33个大白菜相对于结球甘蓝的特异SSR标记,涉及了大白菜的10个连锁群,其中位于A1连锁群3对,A2连锁群4对,A3连锁群5对,A4连锁群2对,A5连锁群3对,A6连锁群4对,A7连锁群2对,A8连锁群1对,A9连锁群2对,A10连锁群7对。为进一步利用SSR标记鉴定结球甘蓝—大白菜异附加系奠定了基础。     

缺血性脑卒中后神经元自噬流障碍的病理机制研究进展

自噬是一个将损伤细胞器、陈旧蛋白、多余胞质组分甚至病原体等通过自噬体呈递给溶酶体进行降解的细胞内代谢过程。它包括自噬启动、自噬体形成、自噬体-溶酶体融合和自噬底物在自噬溶酶体内降解和清除4个步骤。当这些过程呈连续通畅状态则可称为自噬流,自噬/溶酶体信号通路中某一或某些步骤发生阻滞均可导致自噬流障碍。众多研究表明,脑卒中后自噬流障碍是导致脑卒中后缺血半影区神经元损伤的重要原因。本文总结了缺血性脑卒中后神经元自噬流障碍的病理机制研究进展,并介绍了目前改善神经元自噬流障碍方法的研究进展,为深入探究脑卒中病理损伤机制提供参考。     

The ontogenetic allometry of body morphology and chemical composition in dairy goat wethers

We studied the ontogenetic growth of goat wethers (castrated male goats) of the Saanen and Swiss Alpine breeds based on a large range of intraspecific body mass (BM). The body parts and the chemical constituents of the empty body were described by the allometric function by using BM and the empty body mass (EBM) as the predictors for morphological traits and chemical composition, respectively. We fitted the allometric scaling function by applying the SAS NLMIXED procedure, but to evaluate assumptions regarding variances in morphological and compositional traits, we combined the scaling function with homoscedastic (MOD1), and the heteroscedastic exponential (MOD2) and power-of-the-mean (MOD3) variance functions. We also predicted the ontogenetic growth by using the traditional log-log transformation and back-transformed results into the arithmetic scale (MOD4). We obtained predictions from MOD4 in the arithmetic scale by a two-step process, and evaluated MOD1, MOD2 and MOD3 by a model selection framework, and compared MOD4 with MOD1, MOD2 and MOD3 based on goodness-of-fit measures. Based on information criteria for model selection, heterogeneous variance functions were more likely to describe 10 over 36 traits with a low level of model selection uncertainty. One trait was predicted by averaging the MOD1 and MOD2 variance functions; and nine traits were better described by averaging the MOD2 and MOD3 variance functions. The predictions for other 16 traits were averaged from MOD1, MOD2 and MOD3. However, MOD4 better described 11 traits according to the goodness-of-fit measures. Depending on the variable being analyzed, the body parts and the chemical amounts exhibited the three types of allometric behavior with respect to BM and EBM, that is, positive, negative and isometric ontogenetic growth. Reference BMs, that is, 20, 27, 35 and 45 kg, were used to compute the net protein and energy requirements based on the first derivative of the scaling function, and the results were presented in reference to the EBM and EBM^0.75. Both the net protein and energy requirements scaled to EBM^0.75 increased from 20 to 45 kg of BM.     

Behavioral and cross sensitization after repeated exposure to modafinil and apomorphine in rats

Repeated exposure to psychostimulant drugs has been known to produce behavioral sensitization, a phenomenon explicitly indexed by locomotion (LM) and stereotyped movements (SM). So far, no evidence has demonstrated that this phenomenon can be displayed following the administration of modafinil (MOD) in animal study. We, therefore, assessed the possibility of behavioral sensitization of MOD and a direct dopamine agonist, apomorphine (APO), and cross-sensitization of these two drugs with one other. Pretreatment with MOD (64 mg/kg) or APO (0.5 mg/kg or 1.0 mg/kg) for 10 consecutive days was followed by a short-term (3 days) or long-term (21 days) withdrawal. Rats were then challenged with the drug and reciprocally re-challenged with the counterpart drug. The results showed that following short-term and long-term washout periods, both MOD and APO successfully induced sensitization in LM and SM. There was no cross-sensitization; an even lesser magnitude in LM when MOD-sensitized rats were challenged with APO was observed. However, after both the short-term and long-term withdrawal periods, APO (1.0 mg/kg)-sensitized rats showed cross-sensitization in LM and SM to MOD (64 mg/kg) challenge. The magnitude of APO-MOD cross-sensitization was lesser than the behavioral sensitization induced by APO alone. Our results indicated behavioral sensitization could be induced in rats exposed to MOD. In addition, changes in dopaminergic receptor activities could be involved in cross-sensitization of APO to MOD but not vice versa.     

Cross-adaptation and molecular modeling study of receptor mechanisms common to four taste stimuli in humans

Psychophysical cross-adaptation experiments were performed with two carbohydrates, sucrose (SUC) and fructose (FRU), and two sweeteners, acesulfame-K (MOD) and dulcin (DUL). Seven subjects were asked to match concentrations that elicited the same intensity as a sucrose reference (30 g/l). Cross-adaptation levels were calculated as the ratio of isointense concentrations measured for a given stimulus before and under adaptation. On average, cross-adaptation between SUC and FRU is low and apparently reciprocal. By contrast, cross-adaptation between SUC and MOD is clearly non-reciprocal: SUC adapts MOD significantly (24%, P < 0.005), but MOD fails to adapt SUC (2%, P < 0.79). Significant and reciprocal cross-enhancement is observed between DUL and MOD (approximately -20%, P < 0.03), and also between SUC and DUL (approximately -15%, P < 0.08). In parallel, molecular modeling of the four tastants was performed in order to look for the 12 common binding motifs that were isolated on 14 other tastants in a previous study. SUC and FRU each display 10 out of the 12 binding motifs, whereas DUL and MOD only display four and five distinct motifs respectively and do not have any motif in common. Experimental cross-adaptation levels seem to correlate well with the number of motifs that molecules have in common. FRU and SUC share a majority of binding motifs and correlatively show mutual cross-adaptation. Four motifs of MOD are found among the 10 motifs of SUC, which may explain why SUC cross-adapts MOD but not vice versa. By contrast, DUL and MOD do not share any motif and do not cross- adapt. The various molecular mechanisms that may be responsible for cross-adaptation and/or cross-enhancement are discussed in light of our results.      

Exchanging the yellow fever virus envelope proteins with Modoc virus prM and E proteins results in a chimeric virus that is neuroinvasive in SCID mice

A chimeric flavivirus infectious cDNA was constructed by exchanging the premembrane (prM) and envelope (E) genes of the yellow fever virus vaccine strain 17D (YF17D) with the corresponding genes of Modoc virus (MOD). This latter virus belongs to the cluster of the "not-known vector" flaviviruses and is, unlike YF17D, neuroinvasive in SCID mice. Replication of in vitro-transcribed RNA from this chimeric flavivirus was shown by [(3)H]uridine labeling and RNA analysis. Expression of the MOD prM and E proteins was monitored by radioimmunoprecipitation and revealed that the MOD proteins were correctly and efficiently produced from the chimeric precursor protein. The MOD E protein was shown to be N-linked glycosylated, whereas prM, as predicted from the genome sequence, did not contain N-linked carbohydrates. In Vero cells, the chimeric virus replicated with a similar efficiency as the parental viruses, although it formed smaller plaques than YF17D and MOD. In SCID mice that had been infected intraperitoneally with the chimeric virus, the viral load increased steadily until death. The MOD/YF virus, like MOD from which it had acquired the prM and E structural proteins, but unlike YF, proved neuroinvasive in SCID mice. Animals developed neurological symptoms about 15 days after inoculation and died shortly thereafter. The distribution of MOD/YF RNA in the brain of infected mice was similar to that observed in MOD-infected mice. The observations provide compelling evidence that the determinants of neuroinvasiveness of flaviviruses are entirely located in the envelope proteins prM and E.     

Effect of intermittent high-intensity compared with continuous moderate exercise on glucose production and utilization in individuals with type 1 diabetes

Previously, the decline in glycemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes has been shown to be less with intermittent high-intensity exercise (IHE) compared with continuous moderate-intensity exercise (MOD) despite the performance of a greater amount of total work. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether this lesser decline in glycemia can be attributed to a greater increment in endogenous glucose production (Ra) or attenuated glucose utilization (Rd). Nine individuals with type 1 diabetes were tested on two separate occasions, during which either a 30-min MOD or IHE protocol was performed under conditions of a euglycemic clamp in combination with the infusion of [6,6-(2)H]glucose. MOD consisted of continuous cycling at 40% VO2 peak, whereas IHE involved a combination of continuous exercise at 40% VO2 peak interspersed with additional 4-s maximal sprint efforts performed every 2 min to simulate the activity patterns of intermittent sports. During IHE, glucose Ra increased earlier and to a greater extent compared with MOD. Similarly, glucose Rd increased sooner during IHE, but the increase by the end of exercise was comparable with that elicited by MOD. During early recovery from IHE, Rd rapidly declined, whereas it remained elevated after MOD, a finding consistent with a lower glucose infusion rate during early recovery from IHE compared with MOD (P<0.05). The results suggest that the lesser decline in glycemia with IHE may be attributed to a greater increment in Ra during exercise and attenuated Rd during exercise and early recovery.     

Inconsistent Definitions for Intention-To-Treat in Relation to Missing Outcome Data: Systematic Review of the Methods Literature

Background

Authors of randomized trial reports seem to hold a variety of views regarding the relationship between missing outcome data (MOD) and intention to treat (ITT). The objectives of this study were to systematically investigate how authors of methodology articles define ITT in the presence of MOD, how they recommend handling MOD under ITT, and to make a proposal for potential improvement in the definition and use of ITT in relation to MOD.

Methods and Findings

We systematically searched MEDLINE in February 2009 for methodological articles written in English that devoted at least one paragraph to ITT and two other paragraphs to either ITT or MOD. We excluded original trial reports, observational studies, and clinical systematic reviews. Working in teams of two, we independently extracted relevant information from each eligible article. Of 1007 titles and abstracts reviewed, 66 articles met eligibility criteria. Five (8%) did not provide a definition of ITT; 25 (38%) mentioned MOD but did not discuss its relationship to ITT; and 36 (55%) discussed the relationship of MOD with ITT. These 36 articles described one or more of three statements: complete follow-up is required for ITT (58%); ITT and MOD are separate issues (17%); and ITT requires a specific strategy for handling MOD (78%); 17 (47%) endorsed more than one relationship. The most frequently mentioned strategies for handling MOD within ITT were: using the last outcome carried forward (50%); sensitivity analysis (50%); and use of available data to impute missing data (46%).

Conclusion

We found that there is no consensus on the definition of ITT in relation to MOD. For conceptual clarity, we suggest that both reports of randomized trials and systematic reviews separately consider and describe how they deal with participants with complete data and those with MOD.     

Calibration of Terra/MODIS gross primary production over an irrigated cropland on the North China Plain and an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau

This paper evaluated the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) gross primary production (GPP) product (MOD17) by using estimated GPP from eddy‐covariance flux measurements over an irrigated winter wheat and maize double‐cropping field on the North China Plain in 2003–2004, and an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau in 2002–2003. The mean annual GPP from MOD17 accounted for 1/2–2/3 of the surface estimated mean annual GPP for the alpine meadow, but only about 1/5–1/3 for the cropland. This underestimation was partly attributed to low estimates of leaf area index by a MODIS product (MOD15) because it is used to calculate absorbed photosynthetically active radiation in the MOD17 algorithm. The main reason is that the parameter maximum light use efficiency (ε_max) in the MOD17 algorithm was underestimated for the two biomes, especially for the cropland. Contrasted to the default, ε_max was optimized using surface measurements. The optimized ε_max for winter wheat, maize and meadow was 1.18, 1.81 and 0.73 g C/MJ, respectively. By using the surface measurements and optimized ε_max , the MOD17 algorithm significantly improved the accuracy of GPP estimates. The optimum MOD17 algorithm explained about 82%, 68%, and 79% of GPP variance for winter wheat, maize, and meadow, respectively. These results suggest that it is necessary to adjust the MOD17 parameters for the estimation of cropland and meadow GPP, particularly over cropland.     

Skiing efficiency versus performance in double-poling ergometry

This study is on how leg utilisation may affect skiing efficiency and performance in double-poling ergometry. Three experiments were conducted, each with a different style of the double-poling technique: traditional with small knee range-of-motion and fixed heels (TRAD); modern with large knee range-of-motion and fixed heels (MOD1) and modern with large knee range-of-motion and free heels (MOD2). For each style, motion data were extracted with automatic marker recognition of reflective markers and applied to a 3D full-body musculoskeletal simulation model. Skiing efficiency (skiing work divided by metabolic muscle work) and performance (forward impulse) were computed from the simulation output. Skiing efficiency was 4.5%, 4.1% and 4.1% for TRAD, MOD1 and MOD2, respectively. Performance was 111, 143 and 149 Ns for TRAD, MOD1 and MOD2, respectively. Thus, higher lower body utilisation increased the performance but decreased the skiing efficiency. These results demonstrate the potential of musculoskeletal simulations for skiing efficiency estimations.