The more insect trypanosomatids under study-the more diverse Trypanosomatidae appears

From 10 trypanosomatids genera six comprise monogenetic parasites of insects and for the rest of four genera insects may serve as vectors. The invertebrate host is an essential element of trypanosomatids life cycle, but from more than 900 recognised vertebrate hosts only about 500 species of insects have been discovered to be the hosts of homoxenous trypanosomatids. Nothing or very little is known about insect trypanosomatids in many extensive areas such as South East Asia, Australia, Japan and some others. Each new region explored brings many new findings. Recently flagellates were found in new insect species and families. The border of parasites distribution was expanded till Central Asia, Far East and North over the Polar Circle. As paleogeographical events are now under contemplating in trypanosomatids phylogeny researches so northern insect trypanosomatids may attract some attention as the elements of postglacial fauna which is definitely young. Very broad host specificity of insect trypanosomatids and high probability to isolate non-specific parasite show causes that only the investigation of a culture may solve the question 'what parasite was really isolated?'. Examination of cell morphotypes in the host has clearly demonstrated that they are not sufficient for classification and may lead us to be mistaken. The number of insect trypanosomatid cultures is inadequate for characterisation of the diversity of insects trypanosomatids. Trypanosoma is actually the only trypanosomatid genus which is out of questions. Insect trypanosomatids comprise the most diversified part of trypanosomatids evolutionary tree. Recent ssrRNA phylogenetic analysis and morphological data show that three insect isolates represent new lineages on trypanosomatid evolutionary tree, as well as dendrograms derived from PCR data demonstrated some new groups of isolates. Therefore, the more insect trypanosomatids are involved in laboratory investigations--the more new clusters or/and new lineages are appearing on the tree.     

High Prevalence and Endemism of Trypanosomatids on a Small Caribbean Island

We describe the monoxenous trypanosomatids parasitizing true bugs and flies on the island of Curaçao. Out of 248 examined true bugs belonging to 17 species, 93 individuals were found to be infected (overall 38% prevalence) by at least one trypanosomatid species (referred to as typing units; TUs). Out of 80 flies, six were infected. All detected trypanosomatids were compared based on their 18S rRNA sequences with TUs parasitizing bugs and flies described from mainland South America, allowing us to assess their diversity and distribution. Besides Leptomonas pyrrhocoris and Leptomonas seymouri, two known species of the subfamily Leishmaniinae, our analysis revealed six new TUs falling into the groups ‘jaculum’, Blastocrithidia and Herpetomonas. Moreover, two new members of the genus Phytomonas and three new TUs belonging to the monophyletic group designated as ‘new clade II’ sensu Mol. Phylogenet. Evol, 69, 255 (2013) were isolated. The detected trypanosomatids were characterized by moderate diversity (13 TUs) species richness. Out of nine and four TUs from the heteropteran and dipteran hosts, respectively, 11 TUs have not been encountered before. Although a sampling bias may partially affect the comparison between trypanosomatid communities on Curaçao and the mainland, the high proportion of unique TUs from the former location suggests that the prominent role of islands in increasing the global diversity of macroscopic organisms may also extend to their protistan parasites.     

Diversity of insect trypanosomatids assessed from the spliced leader RNA and 5S rRNA genes and intergenic regions

We have determined the sequences of 5S rRNA and spliced leader (SL) RNA genes, and adjacent intergenic regions for representatives of all known trypanosomatid genera parasitizing insects. The genetic loci have been analyzed separately as well as by a combined approach. Several isolates, assigned by morphology to different genera (Leptomonas spp., Blastocrithidia spp.), seem to belong to a single species with an unexpectedly wide host and geographical range. An unnamed trypanosomatid isolated from rats in Egypt was found to belong to the genus Herpetomonas, so far associated with insect hosts only. It is closely related to Herpetomonas ztiplika, a parasite of a blood-sucking biting midge. Apparently several different trypanosomatid species can infect one insect species, as exemplified by Leptomonas sp. PL and Wallaceina sp. Wsd, which were isolated from different specimens of Salda littoralis on the same locality and day. However, since the same species of Leptomonas was obtained from insect hosts belonging to different genera, some insect trypanosomatids may have low host specificity. Our data revealed additional discrepancies between molecular phylogenetic data and cell morphology, rendering current trypanosomatid taxonomy unreliable.     

Phylogenetic relationships of trypanosomatids parasitising true bugs (Insecta: Heteroptera) in sub-Saharan Africa

Three hundred and eighty-six heteropteran specimens belonging to more than 90 species captured in Ghana, Kenya and Ethiopia were examined for the presence of trypanosomatid flagellates. Of those, 100 (26%) specimens were positive for trypanosomatids and the spliced leader RNA gene sequence was obtained from 81 (80%) of the infected bugs. Its sequence-based analysis placed all examined flagellates in 28 typing units. Among 19 newly described typing units, 16 are restricted to sub-Saharan Africa, three belong to previously described species and six to typing units found on other continents. This result was corroborated by the analysis of the ssrRNA gene, sequenced for at least one representative of each major spliced leader RNA-based clade. In all trees obtained, flagellates originating from sub-Saharan Africa were intermingled with those isolated from American, Asian and European hosts, revealing a lack of geographic correlation. They are dispersed throughout most of the known diversity of monoxenous trypanosomatids. However, a complex picture emerged when co-evolution with their heteropteran hosts was taken into account, since some clades are specific for a single host clade, family or even species, whereas other flagellates display a very low host specificity, with a capacity to parasitise heteropteran bugs belonging to different genera/families. The family Reduviidae contains the widest spectrum of trypanosomatids, most likely a consequence of their predatory feeding behaviour, leading to an accumulation of a variety of flagellates from their prey. The plant pathogenic genus Phytomonas is reported here from Africa, to our knowledge for the first time. Finding the same typing units in hosts belonging to different heteropteran families and coming from different continents strongly indicates that the global diversity of the insect trypanosomatids is most likely lower than was predicted on the basis of the "one host-one parasite" paradigm. The analysis presented significantly extends the known diversity of monoxenous insect trypanosomatids and will be instrumental in building a new taxonomy that reflects their true phylogenetic relationships.     

Discovery and barcoding by analysis of spliced leader RNA gene sequences of new isolates of Trypanosomatidae from Heteroptera in Costa Rica and Ecuador

Trypanosomatid diversity in Heteroptera was sampled using a culture-independent approach based on amplification and sequencing of Spliced Leader RNA gene repeats from environmental samples. By combining the data collected herein with that of previous work, the prevalence of parasites was found to be 22%-23%. Out of approximately 170 host species investigated nearly 60 were found to harbor trypanosomatids. The parasites found were grouped by cluster analysis into 48 typing units. Most of these were well separated from the known groups and, therefore, likely represent new trypanosomatid species. The sequences for each typing unit serve as barcodes to facilitate their recognition in the future. As the sampled host species represent a minor fraction of potential hosts, the entire trypanosomatid diversity is far greater than described thus far. Investigations of trypanosomatid diversity, host-specificity, and biogeography have become feasible using the approach described herein.     

Genetic differentiation associated with host plants and geography among six widespread species of South American Blepharoneura fruit flies (Tephritidae)

Tropical herbivorous insects are astonishingly diverse, and many are highly host‐specific. Much evidence suggests that herbivorous insect diversity is a function of host plant diversity; yet, the diversity of some lineages exceeds the diversity of plants. Although most species of herbivorous fruit flies in the Neotropical genus Blepharoneura are strongly host‐specific (they deposit their eggs in a single host plant species and flower sex), some species are collected from multiple hosts or flowers and these may represent examples of lineages that are diversifying via changes in host use. Here, we investigate patterns of diversification within six geographically widespread Blepharoneura species that have been collected and reared from at least two host plant species or host plant parts. We use microsatellites to (1) test for evidence of local genetic differentiation associated with different sympatric hosts (different plant species or flower sexes) and (2) examine geographic patterns of genetic differentiation across multiple South American collection sites. In four of the six fly species, we find evidence of local genetic differences between flies collected from different hosts. All six species show evidence of geographic structure, with consistent differences between flies collected in the Guiana Shield and flies collected in Amazonia. Continent‐wide analyses reveal – in all but one instance – that genetically differentiated flies collected in sympatry from different host species or different sex flowers are not one another's closest relatives, indicating that genetic differences often arise in allopatry before, or at least coincident with, the evolution of novel host use.     

Latitudinal trends in foliar oils of eucalypts: Environmental correlates and diversity of chrysomelid leaf‐beetles

Eucalypts are characterized by their oleaginous foliage, yet no one has considered the universality of oil expression or its ecological associations and implications for biodiversity. Published literature on the oils of 66 eucalypts was combined with geographic distribution information contained in the Australian National Herbarium (ANHSIR) database to investigate continent‐scale changes in oil yield and composition. The exposure to fire and rainfall of each eucalypt was considered in reference to Walker's data on fire frequency and Australian Bureau of Meteorology 97‐year records of rainfall variability. Host collection records for 69 species of chrysomelid leaf‐beetle were collated from entomologists to consider patterns of association with a subset of 16 eucalypts. Eucalypts endemic to the seasonally arid, sub‐tropical to tropical climates of northern Australia have less oleaginous and aromatic leaves than species endemic to the mesic, temperate climates of the southern parts of the continent. Maximum oil yield and the concentrations of cineole and pinene were positively correlated with minimum fire interval but not with rainfall variability. Low oil contents in more northerly distributed species may facilitate persistence in highly fire‐prone habitats. There were no patterns in the diversity of chrysomelid leaf‐beetles with either the oil yield or the concentrations of 1,8‐cineole or α‐pinene in their hosts. When taken in consideration with the apparent strategy of eucalypts to tolerate insect herbivory, current evidence augurs against high concentrations of cineole or pinene acting alone as antibiotic plant secondary metabolites.     

Comparing iDNA from mosquitoes and flies to survey mammals in a semi-controlled Neotropical area

Ingested-derived DNA (iDNA) from insects represents a powerful tool for assessing vertebrate diversity because insects are easy to sample, have a diverse diet and are widely distributed. Because of these advantages, the use of iDNA for detecting mammals has gained increasing attention. Here we aimed to compare the effectiveness of mosquitoes and flies to detect mammals with a small sampling effort in a semi-controlled area, a zoo that houses native and non-native species. We compared mosquitoes and flies regarding the number of mammal species detected, the amount of mammal sequence reads recovered, and the flight distance range for detecting mammals. We also verified if the combination of two mini-barcodes (12SrRNA and 16SrRNA) would perform better than either mini-barcode alone to inform local mammal biodiversity from iDNA. To capture mosquitoes and flies, we distributed insect traps in eight sampling points during 5 days. We identified 43 Operational Taxonomic Units from 10 orders, from the iDNA of 17 mosquitoes and 46 flies. There was no difference in the number of species recovered per individual insect between mosquitoes and flies, but the number of flies captured was higher, resulting in more mammal species recovered by flies. Eight species were recorded exclusively by mosquitoes and 20 by flies, suggesting that using both samplers would allow a more comprehensive screening of the biodiversity. The maximum distance recorded was 337 m for flies and 289 m for mosquitoes, but the average range distance did not differ between insect groups. Our assay proved to be efficient for mammal detection, considering the high number of species detected with a reduced sampling effort.     

Insects and their Laboulbeniales (Ascomycota,Fungi) of Lake Eustis and Emeralda Marsh Conservation Area: A case study on urbanization and diversity

A rapid biodiversity assessment of insects and associated Laboulbeniales fungi was conducted over the course of five nights in August, 2018, at two central Florida lakes: Lake Eustis and the nearby protected and restored National Natural Landmark, Emeralda Marsh Conservation Area (EMCA), which encompasses a portion of Lake Griffin. Lake Eustis was surveyed for Laboulbeniales in 1897 by mycologist Dr. Roland Thaxter but has not since been investigated. Because Lake Eustis has been urbanized, with the lake perimeter almost entirely altered by human development, the site offers a look into Laboulbeniales diversity across a 121‐year timeline, before and after human development. By surveying Lake Eustis and EMCA, a modern case study comparison of Laboulbeniales and insect diversity between a developed and a protected and restored system is made. A total of 4022 insects were collected during the rapid assessment. Overall, insect abundance was greater at EMCA, with 3001 insects collected, than 1021 insects collected from Eustis. Although family‐level insect richness was comparable between sites, with 55 families present at EMCA and 56 at Eustis, 529 out of 3001 (17.6%) of the insects collected at EMCA were hosts to parasitic Laboulbeniales fungi, whereas only 2 out of 1021 (0.19%) collected from Eustis were infected. A total of 16 species of Laboulbeniales found at EMCA compared with only one at Eustis. The current number of Laboulbeniales species documented at Eustis was incredibly depauperate compared with the 26 species and two varieties recorded by Thaxter in 1897. These findings suggest the possibility of utilizing Laboulbeniales as indicators of ecosystem health, and future research should investigate this question further. A figure displaying host–parasite records and a species list of Laboulbeniales are presented. Finally, updated occurrence records for species of Ceratomyces and Hydrophilomyces are provided.     

Host-plants shape insect diversity: Phylogeny, origin, and species diversity of native Hawaiian leafhoppers (Cicadellidae: Nesophrosyne)

Herbivorous insects and the plants on which they specialize, represent the most abundant terrestrial life on earth, yet their inter-specific interactions in promoting species diversification remains unclear. This study utilizes the discreet geologic attributes of Hawai'i and one of the most diverse endemic herbivore radiations, the leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Nesophrosyne), as a model system to understand the role of host-plant use in insect diversification. A comprehensive phylogeny is reconstructed to examine the origins, species diversification, and host-plant use of the native Hawaiian leafhoppers. Results support a monophyletic Nesophrosyne, originating from the Western Pacific basin, with a sister-group relationship to the genus Orosius. Nesophrosyne is characterized by high levels of endemicity according to individual islands, volcanoes, and geologic features. Clades demonstrate extensive morphologically cryptic diversity among allopatric species, utilizing widespread host-plant lineages. Nesophrosyne species are host-plant specific, demonstrating four dominant patterns of specialization that shape species diversification: (1) diversification through host switching; (2) specialization on widespread hosts with allopatric speciation; (3) repeated, independent shifts to the same hosts; and, (4) absence or low abundance on some host. Finally, evidence suggests competing herbivore radiations limit ecological opportunity for diversifying insect herbivores. Results provide evolutionary insights into the mechanisms that drive and shape this biodiversity.     

Molecular evolution and radiation of dung beetles in Madagascar

Madagascar is the world's fourth largest island and has a wide range of climates and ecosystems. Environmental diversity combined with long history of isolation (160 Myr) has generated a high level of endemism at different taxonomic levels, making Madagascar one of the hotspots of global biodiversity. Dung beetles, represented by the two tribes of Canthonini and Helictopleurini, exemplify a large insect taxon. Helictopleurini are completely endemic to Madagascar while Canthonini are endemic at generic level. Using data from mitochondrial and nuclear genes, phylogenetic relationships were investigated in a sample of 44 species. The phylogeny for Canthonini consists of several distinct clades, possibly reflecting multiple colonization of Madagascar. The phylogeny does not support the current taxonomy for all genera. The phylogeny for Helictopleurini lacks statistical support at supra‐specific level, and genetic divergence among the Helictopleurini species is comparable with that among species within genera in Canthonini. These results suggest that Helictopleurini has undergone rapid speciation and most likely more recently than Canthonini, consistent with the estimated radiation time based on mtDNA mutation rates in insects and with knowledge about the systematics and geographic distribution of dung beetles worldwide. A detailed analysis of sequence composition identified common patterns in Malagasy dung beetles and other insects. © The Willi Hennig Society 2007.     

Trypanosomatidae: Phytomonas detection in plants and phytophagous insects by PCR amplification of a genus-specific sequence of the spliced leader gene

In this paper we describe a method for the detection of Phytomonas spp. from plants and phytophagous insects using the PCR technique by targeting a genus-specific sequence of the spliced leader (SL) gene. PCR amplification of DNA from 48 plant and insect isolates previously classified as Phytomonas by morphological, biochemical, and molecular criteria resulted in all cases in a 100-bp fragment that hybridized with the Phytomonas-specific spliced leader-derived probe SL3'. Moreover, this Phytomonas-specific PCR could also detect Phytomonas spp. in crude preparations of naturally infected plants and insects. This method shows no reaction with any other trypanosomatid genera or with plant and insect host DNA, revealing it to be able to detect Phytomonas spp. from fruit, latex, or phloem of various host plants as well as from salivary glands and digestive tubes of several species of insect hosts. Results demonstrated that SLPCR is a simple, fast, specific, and sensitive method that can be applied to the diagnosis of Phytomonas among cultured trypanosomatids and directly in plants and putative vector insects. Therefore, the method was shown to be a very specific and sensitive tool for diagnosis of Phytomonas without the need for isolation, culture, and DNA extraction of flagellates, a feature that is very convenient for practical and epidemiological purposes.     

Protease and phospholipase inhibition protect Veneza zonata (Hemiptera Coreidae) against septicemia caused by parasite trypanosomatid 563DT

Veneza zonata (Hemiptera Coreidae) is an insect which causes losses in several crops, and it is also an important vector of lower trypanosomatids. V. zonata specimens were collected on rural properties in Londrina, state of Paraná, Southern Brazil. Inoculation of Leptomonas 563DT into V. zonata hemocoel caused insect death within approximately 24 h, with large bacterial proliferation into their hemocoels. Some bacteria which were found in the digestive tract of those insects, such as Escherichia coli, Providencia rettgeri, and Kluyveria ascorbata, were also found in their hemolymph, which suggests that trypanosomatid crossing into hemocoel caused mechanical lesions in the digestive tract that allowed intestinal bacteria to infect the hemolymph, thereby leading to lethal septicemia. In this study we analysed proteolytic activities from the 563DT Leptomonas strain, which is pathogenic for V. zonata, aiming at evaluating the potential use of this Leptomonas strain for the biocontrol of the insect. The proteolytic action was evaluated on cells and on culture supernatants of trypanosomatids. We also evaluated the gelatinolytic activities, the action over natural and synthetic substrates for aminopeptidases, and the action of protease inhibitors during all trypanosomatid growth stages. A significant reduction in the number of insect deaths was observed when Leptomonas 563DT were incubated with inhibitors of proteases and phospholipases before being inoculated into the insects, which suggests that those enzymes are involved in the pathogenic mechanism.     

Infection rates and pathogenicity of trypanosomatid gut parasites in the water strider Gerris odontogaster (Zett.) (Heteroptera: Gerridae)

Summary Trypanosomatid flagellates are common protozoan gut parasites of a wide range of insect species. Water striders (Gerridae) harbour the trypanosomatid Blastocrithidia gerridis. Three different populations of the water strider Gerris odontogaster in northern Sweden were sampled to assess the infection rate dynamics of trypanosomatids. The initially very low infection rates (0%–15%) early in the season were followed by a rapid increase during the reproductive period of the water striders, reaching very high levels (80%–90%). The pathogenic effects of trypanosomatids on G. odontogaster adults were studied in laboratory experiments. The parasites caused a general reduction of host vigour. Male skating endurance was negatively correlated with the intensity of the trypanosomatid infection. However, infection of trypanosomatids increased the mortality among adults only when the water striders were subjected to food stress. The trypanosomatids did not reduce the fecundity of females provided with food. We suggest that trypanosomatid gut parasites may be an important mortality factor in water strider populations. Since the pathogenicity of the parasites is enhanced by stress, parasitism by trypanosomatids may contribute to the regulation of host populations.     

Classification of trypanosomatids from fruits and seeds using morphological, biochemical and molecular markers revealed several genera among fruit isolates

Trypanosomatids are widespread in several plant families and although most isolates have been classified as Phytomonas, other trypanosomatid genera can also infect plants. In order to assess the natural occurrence of non-Phytomonas trypanosomatids in plants we characterized 21 new trypanosomatid cultures, 18 from fruits and three from seeds of 17 plant species. The trypanosomatids from fruit and seeds were compared in terms of morphological, growth, biochemical and molecular features. The high diversity among the isolates permitted the classification of the new flagellates into the genera Crithidia and Leptomonas as well as Phytomonas. The data showed that natural fruit infection with non-Phytomonas trypanosomatids is more common than usually thought, being detected in 43% of the fruit isolates.     

Current patterns of plant diversity and phylogenetic structure on the Kunlun Mountains

Large-scale patterns of biodiversity and the underlying mechanisms that regulate these patterns are central topics in biogeography and macroecology. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau serves as a natural laboratory for studying these issues. However, most previous studies have focused on the entire Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, leaving independent physical geographic subunits in the region less well understood. We studied the current plant diversity of the Kunlun Mountains, an independent physical geographic subunit located in northwestern China on the northern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. We integrated measures of species distribution, geological history, and phylogeography, and analyzed the taxonomic richness, phylogenetic diversity, and community phylogenetic structure of the current plant diversity in the area. The distribution patterns of 1911 seed plants showed that species were distributed mainly in the eastern regions of the Kunlun Mountains. The taxonomic richness, phylogenetic diversity, and genera richness showed that the eastern regions of the Kunlun Mountains should be the priority area of biodiversity conservation, particularly the southeastern regions. The proportion of Chinese endemic species inhabiting the Kunlun Mountains and their floristic similarity may indicate that the current patterns of species diversity were favored via species colonization. The Hengduan Mountains, a biodiversity hotspot, is likely the largest source of species colonization of the Kunlun Mountains after the Quaternary. The net relatedness index indicated that 20 of the 28 communities examined were phylogenetically dispersed, while the remaining communities were phylogenetically clustered. The nearest taxon index indicated that 27 of the 28 communities were phylogenetically clustered. These results suggest that species colonization and habitat filtering may have contributed to the current plant diversity of the Kunlun Mountains via ecological and evolutionary processes, and habitat filtering may play an important role in this ecological process.     

Diversity and distribution of aquatic insects in Southern Brazil wetlands: implications for biodiversity conservation in a Neotropical region

The selection of priority areas is an enormous challenge for biodiversity conservation. Some biogeographic methods have been used to identify the priority areas to conservation, and panbiogeography is one of them. This study aimed at the utilization of panbiogeographic tools, to identify the distribution patterns of aquatic insect genera, in wetland systems of an extensive area in the Neotropical region (approximately 280 000km2), and to compare the distribution of the biogeographic units identified by the aquatic insects, with the conservation units of Southern Brazil. We analyzed the distribution pattern of 82 genera distributed in four orders of aquatic insects (Diptera, Odonata, Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera) in Southern Brazil wetlands. Therefore, 32 biogeographic nodes corresponded to the priority areas for conservation of the aquatic insect diversity. Among this total, 13 were located in the Atlantic Rainforest, 16 in the Pampa and three amongst both biomes. The distribution of nodes showed that only 15% of the dispersion centers of insects were inserted in conservation units. The four priority areas pointed by node cluster criterion must be considered in further inclusions of areas for biodiversity conservation in Southern Brazil wetlands, since such areas present species from different ancestral biota. The inclusion of such areas into the conservation units would be a strong way to conserve the aquatic biodiversity in this region.     

云南被子植物菊类分支的系统发育多样性及其分布格局

全球气候变化与人为活动等因素导致的生物多样性丧失,引起了全球各界对生物多样性保护的高度关注。传统生物多样性保护主要对物种、特有种、受威胁物种的种类组成及其分布模式开展研究,忽视了进化历史在生物多样性保护中的作用。云南是全球生物多样性热点地区的交汇区,生物多样性的保护历来受到广泛关注,为了更好地探讨云南生物多样性的保护措施,该研究以云南被子植物菊类分支物种为研究对象,基于物种间的演化关系,结合其地理分布,从进化历史的角度探讨物种、特有种、受威胁物种的种类组成及系统发育组成的分布格局,并整合自然保护地的空间分布,识别生物多样性的重点保护区域。结果表明：云南被子植物菊类分支的物种、特有种及受威胁物种的物种密度与系统发育多样性均显著正相关;通过零模型分析发现,由南向北标准化系统发育多样性逐渐降低;云南南部、东南部、西北部是云南被子植物菊类分支的重点保护区域,加强这些区域的保护,将最大化地保护生物多样性的进化历史和进化潜能。由此可见,融合进化历史信息的植物多样性格局分析不仅有助于更加深入地理解植物多样性的形成与演变,也为生物多样性保护策略的制定提供更多的思路。     

广东省农林重要外来有害昆虫的入侵现状及地理分布格局

【背景】广东省是中国外来物种入侵最严重的地区之一,入侵昆虫引发的生物灾害日趋严重。【方法】根据广东省各地区的野外调查结果及国内外的相关文献,汇总分析了广东省外来入侵昆虫的种类、原产地、入侵地、地理分布格局。【结果】据统计,在广东省造成一定程度危害的外来入侵昆虫种类共计30种,以蚧类最多,占30.00%;在广东省的外来入侵昆虫中,原产于亚洲的种类最多,为12种,占40.00%,其中东盟8种,北美洲、南美洲各占20.00%、16.67%,从非洲、欧洲和大洋洲传入的分别占10.00%、3.33%和3.33%;外来入侵昆虫的首次发现地位于广东省的有17种,占56.67%,且全部位于珠三角地区,海南省的占20.00%,云南省的占10.00%,出现在广西壮族自治区、北京市、上海市的均为3.33%;广东省外来入侵昆虫的地理分布存在较大的空间差异,珠三角地区外来入侵昆虫物种数量较多,粤西地区相对次之,粤北和粤东地区相对较少。【结论与意义】明确广东省外来有害昆虫的入侵现状及地理分布格局,可为广东省外来入侵昆虫的监测和防控提供科学依据。     

Diversity of some insect fauna in industrial and non-industrial areas of West Bengal, India

The present work is designed to study diversity of five insect orders (viz., Hemiptera, Orthoptera, aculeate Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera) in the industrial region of Haldia (India) and in non-industrial area of the same district and to evaluate the impact of industrialization on the biodiversity of those insect orders. The objective also extended to find out the possibility of existence of bioindicator, if any. Eight study sites were selected from the East part of Midnapur district covering 40 km aerial distance. Out of eight different study sites, five were distributed in and around Haldia industrial complex and three in industry-free area. During this study, a total of 120 species under 98 genera in 37 families of insects were collected. Binary data of 5 orders revealed that the species richness of Hemiptera, Orthoptera and Lepidoptera is higher in non-industrial zone in comparison to that of industrial zone. Aculeate Hymenoptera shows no particular trend whereas Coleoptera shows higher species richness in industrial areas. Results of multivariate analyses are compared with the species richness data for all the eight study sites. It is concluded that even in an apparently homogeneous ecological condition species richness may drastically change with the influence of industries. Total insect fauna decline by at least 23.33% is noticed in industrial areas. It is found that some species of lepidopteran, hemipteran and orthopteran insects are susceptible to industrial pollution and some of the members of these orders may be considered as a bioindicator group.