植物多酚氧化酶的研究进展

多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)是一类普遍存在于植物、真菌和昆虫质体中,由核基因编码,能与铜相结合的金属蛋白酶.它能分别催化单酚羟基和二羟基酚氧化为O-二酚和O-醌.植物多酚氧化酶是许多果蔬等农产品酶促褐变的主要原因,同时它在植物的光合作用、抗病虫害、生长发育以及花色的形成中起一定作用.本文综述了植物多酚氧化酶在细胞学、分子遗传学及其生产应用等方面的研究进展.     

酚氧化酶及其酶原的生化特性与分子生物学研究进展

酚氧化酶(简称PO),又称为酪氨酸酶(tyrosinase,EC1.14.18.1),是一种含铜的酶.它能够分别催化单酚羟基和二羟基酚氧化成二酚(如多巴)和醌,醌在非酶促条件下形成最终的反应产物黑色素.PO在脊椎动物和无脊椎动物中都广泛存在,被认为是一种参与免疫的重要因子.本文就酚氧化酶及其酶原的生化特性和分子生物学特性研究的进展情况予以综述.     

荔枝(Litchi chinensis)果皮多酚氧化酶的部分纯化及性质

催化荔枝果皮褐变反应的多酚氧化酶,自新鲜果皮提取后,经丙酮沉淀和硫酸铵分级,酶活性增高8.2倍。该酶催化氧化邻位二元酚和三元酚的化合物,但不氧化一元酚。在40℃以下,该酶在1小时内活性保持不变,55℃以上,活性迅速下降。酶活性的最适温度为35℃。 以焦棓酚、D,L-3,4-二羟基苯丙氨酸或邻苯二酚作底物时,其Km值分别为1.85、2.5和5.0mM;Vmax值分别为41.62×10~3、0.85×10~3和0.24×10~3酶单位/分钟/毫克蛋白。 该酶强烈地受亚硫酸氢钠和二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠所抑制。二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠是荔枝果皮多酚氧化酶的非竞争性抑制剂,其Ki值为0.05mM。     

外源酚对凤眼莲体内酚含量和与酚代谢有关酶的影响

凤眼莲能够吸收和在体内聚集外源苯酚,体内的酸含量随着环境中酚浓度的上升而上升。从生长于合酚培养液中的凤眼莲体内能够检测到酚糖苷,说明凤眼莲体内有酚精苷转移酶的存在。浓度小于５０ｍｇ／Ｌ的外源酚能提高凤眼莲体内的多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性。多酚氯化酶与过氧化物酶在线粒体和微粒体中均有不同程度的分布,而酚糖苷转移酶则不存在于这些细胞器中。     

还原剂和抑制剂对荔枝果皮多酚氧化酶活性的影响

我们曾报道在荔枝果皮中有多酚氧化酶存在,发现硫脲和二乙胺基二硫代甲酸钠在一定浓度下均对此酶的活性呈促进作用(李明启等1963)。为要了解此促进作用是否和这二种抑制剂的还原性有关,以及寻找能抑制荔枝果皮多酚氧化酶的化合物,我们进一步试验几种还原剂和其他抑制剂对荔枝果皮多酚氧化酶活性的影响,本文报道所获得的结果。     

荔枝果皮多酚氧化酶的研究

本文报告在荔枝果皮中有多酚氧化酶存在,但荔枝果皮提取液在经煮沸后仍有部分的氧化对苯二酚的活性。在 pH4.0—6.8范围内,酶活性以在 pH6.8中为最强。此酶对邻苯二酚及对苯二酚均起氧化作用,但不能氧化间苯二酚及一元酚(对-甲酚和酪氨酸)。故从基质特异性来看,荔枝果皮的多酚氧化酶与漆酶相类似。抑制剂如硫脲及二乙胺基二硫代甲酸钠对荔枝果皮多酚氧化酶具有特殊的作用。硫脲对白蜡子荔枝果皮多酚氧化酶只呈暂时的抑制作用,以后抑制作用逐渐消失并转为促进作用,抑制时间及促进程度随浓度而异。硫脲对淮枝荔枝果皮多酚氧化酶则不呈抑制而只呈促进作用。低浓度(0.2mu)的二乙胺基二硫代甲酸钠对荔枝果皮多酚氧化酶呈抑制作用,但高浓度(2,4mM)则有强烈的促进作用。     

铜在植物生长发育中的作用

铜是植物正常生命活动所必需的 7种微量元素之一 ,参与植物生长发育过程中的多种代谢反应。铜是多酚氧化酶、抗坏血酸氧化酶、细胞色素氧化酶等的组成成分 ,参与植物体内的氧化还原过程。它也存在于叶绿体的质体蓝素中 ,参与光合作用的电子传递。1　植物对铜的吸收及其代谢植物通过根部从土壤中以离子形式吸收铜 ,也可通过叶面吸收。根部除了吸收溶解在土壤溶液中的铜以外 ,还能通过分泌出柠檬酸、苹果酸等有机酸以及呼吸作用形成的碳酸溶解难溶性物质以获取铜。影响根部吸收铜的因素除温度、通气状况、溶液浓度和离子间相互作用外 ,很重要…     

凤眼莲与其根际细菌相互作用的研究

凤眼莲及其根际细菌的相互关系明显地受营养条件的影响,生长在含糖培养基中的凤眼莲根分泌物不改变其根际细菌的生长动态,但在含酚和无机营养条件下生长的凤眼莲根分泌物分别使其根际细菌出现２次和３次增长;而且在含酚环境中,根际细菌对凤眼莲表现出更为强烈的根际效应．细菌的代谢产物能提高凤眼莲体内的多酚氧化酶的活性,却抑制过氧化物酶的活性和减少其体内酚的富集量;然而接菌后的凤眼莲,其体内多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶同时得到激活,且酚富集量增加．     

虎杖不同部位白藜芦醇含量的分析

白藜芦醇(反-3,4,5-三羟基二苯乙烯,resveratrol)是一种活性多酚物质,也称芪三酚,1940年从毛叶藜芦(Veratrum puberulum Loes. f.)的根中最先得到.有研究认为,白藜芦醇及其苷是植物体在恶劣环境下或遇到病原侵害时自身分泌的一种抗毒素,因此有“植物杀菌素”之称[1].     

多酚氧化酶作用机制的研究 Ⅰ.有机溶剂对于多酚氧化酶接触邻位双酚氧化的影响

(一)乙醇能够使多酚氧化酶接触儿茶酚及焦性没食子酸氧化的活力提高,在50%乙醇溶液中,以儿茶酚为底料时,多酚氧化酶的活力比没有乙醇存在时的活力高出一倍以上。(二)50%的乙醇不能使多酚氧化酶接触其他双酚衍生物氧化的活力提高,相反地却有抑制作用。(三)无论有无抗坏血酸的存在,50%乙醇对多酚氧化酶活力的提高程度是一样的,在有一定量的抗坏血酸的存在下,多酚氧化酶对儿茶酚的 Michaelis 常数(25℃)在水溶液及50%乙醇溶液中各为0.072×10~(-3)M 及0.49×10~(-3)M。(四)乙醇的存在,并不影响多酚氧化酶氧化儿茶酚作用时氧气被完全还原为水的作用。无论乙醇存在与否,每一分子底料的氧化,都消耗一个氧原子。(五)其他水溶性有机溶剂对多酚氧化酶氧化儿茶酚活力的影响不同,如甲醇、异丙醇、叔丁醇、丙酮等能使酶活力提高;但1,4-二氧己圜、乙二醇、甘油等则有抑制作用。50%丙酮能使酶活力提高约3倍。     

The Alternative Oxidase: in vivo Regulation and Function

Abstract: This review focuses on the biochemical regulation and function of the alternative oxidase in vivo. About 10 years ago, two activation mechanisms were discovered in isolated mitochondria, namely activation by reducing sulfur bonds in the protein and activation by an allosteric effect of pyruvate. It was proposed that plants would have a regulatory mechanism to modify alternative oxidase activity in vivo. However, more recent studies have shown that these two activation mechanisms may not play such an important role in regulation of alternative oxidase activity in vivo after all. Pyruvate and reduction of the sulfide bonds in the protein are definitely required for alternative oxidase activity, but they do not appear to be regulating the activity in vivo.
Despite the energy wasting nature of the alternative oxidase, there was no obvious physiological function for the pathway for many years. It is now more clear that the alternative oxidase can prevent the production of excess reactive oxygen species radicals by stabilizing the redox state of the mitochondrial ubiquinone pool, while allowing continued activity of the citric acid cycle. This may be important under conditions when the NADH supply is relatively high (reductant overflow), or when the cytochrome pathway is restrained. The cytochrome pathway might be inhibited by naturally occurring cyanide, nitric oxide, sulfide, high concentrations of CO₂, low temperatures, or by limited phosphate supply.     

Spectroscopic and genetic evidence for two heme-Cu-containing oxidases in Rhodobacter sphaeroides.

It has recently become evident that many bacterial respiratory oxidases are members of a superfamily that is related to the eukaryotic cytochrome c oxidase. These oxidases catalyze the reduction of oxygen to water at a heme-copper binuclear center. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has been used to examine the heme-copper-containing respiratory oxidases of Rhodobacter sphaeroides Ga. This technique monitors the stretching frequency of CO bound at the oxygen binding site and can be used to characterize the oxidases in situ with membrane preparations. Oxidases that have a heme-copper binuclear center are recognizable by FTIR spectroscopy because the bound CO moves from the heme iron to the nearby copper upon photolysis at low temperature, where it exhibits a diagnostic spectrum. The FTIR spectra indicate that the binuclear center of the R. sphaeroides aa3-type cytochrome c oxidase is remarkably similar to that of the bovine mitochondrial oxidase. Upon deletion of the ctaD gene, encoding subunit I of the aa3-type oxidase, substantial cytochrome c oxidase remains in the membranes of aerobically grown R. sphaeroides. This correlates with a second wild-type R. sphaeroides is grown photosynthetically, the chromatophore membranes lack the aa3-type oxidase but have this second heme-copper oxidase. Subunit I of the heme-copper oxidase superfamily contains the binuclear center. Amino acid sequence alignments show that this subunit is structurally very highly conserved among both eukaryotic and prokaryotic species. The polymerase chain reaction was used to show that the chromosome of R. sphaeroides contains at least one other gene that is a homolog of ctaD, the gene encoding subunit I of the aa3-type cytochrome c oxidase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The therapeutic potential of monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors were among the first antidepressants to be discovered and have long been used as such. It now seems that many of these agents might have therapeutic value in several common neurodegenerative conditions, independently of their inhibition of monoamine oxidase activity. However, many claims and some counter-claims have been made about the physiological importance of these enzymes and the potential of their inhibitors. We evaluate these arguments in the light of what we know, and still have to learn, of the structure, function and genetics of the monoamine oxidases and the disparate actions of their inhibitors.     

Gene response upon illumination in forming mRNA encoding peroxisomal glycollate oxidase

Glycollate oxidase is a constituent of leaf peroxisomes. Its biosynthesis is, like the biosynthesis of many chloroplastic proteins, controlled by light, via phytochrome. The level of mRNA coding for glycollate oxidase was determined at different stages of greening of etiolated plant cells. The appearance of glycollate oxidase mRNA in the cytoplasm was measured by hybridization with cDNA containing part of the coding sequence for glycollate oxidase. cDNA was prepared from enriched mRNA, inserted into the Pst I site of pBR 322, and cloned in Escherichia coli DH-1. By differential colony hybridization and hybrid selection, a clone containing a 670 bp sequence complementary to mRNA encoding glycollate oxidase was selected and identified. Northern blot hybridization was used to investigate mRNA levels induced by light. It was found that continuous light affected the formation of glycollate oxidase mRNA. When a large population of microbodies was present in the cells being induced, the immediate mRNA increase was very pronounced, and was detectable as little as 20 min after the beginning of the light treatment. In contrast, a lag period in the mRNA increase was observed when the induction was performed with etiolated leaves which are characterized by the occurrence of a rather small population of microbodies. For comparison, we measured the time-course of formation of mRNA coding for a light-induced chloroplastic protein, i.e., a protein of the light-harvesting complex. The time-courses of levels of the two mRNAs indicate that the program of gene expression differs between the two particular proteins destined either for chloroplasts or for peroxisomes. The formation of glycollate oxidase mRNA could also be stimulated by a short pulse of light, a treatment of 15 s being a sufficient trigger.     

The photoreactivity of the copper-NO complexes in cytochrome c oxidase and in other copper-containing proteins

The complexes of NO with CuB of cytochrome c oxidase in which cytochrome a3 may or may not be ligated to cyanide or fluoride are photodissociable. NO does not appear to react with CuB in complexes of cytochrome c oxidase in which sulphide or mercaptans are ligated to the haem iron of cytochrome a3. A comparison is made between the photoreactivity of the complexes of NO with cytochrome c oxidase and those with ceruloplasmin, ascorbate oxidase, and haemocyanin. It is shown that the photoreactivity of CuB 2+.NO in cytochrome c oxidase is not unique for this enzyme, but may also be observed in the complexes of NO with type-1 copper-containing enzymes. This would suggest that the ligation of CuB in cytochrome c oxidase shows some similarity to type-1 copper in blue oxidases.     

The enzymic conversion of protoporphyrinogen IX to protoporphyrin IX in mammalian mitochondria.

Protoporphyrinogen oxidase, an enzyme which catalyzes the oxidation of protoporphyrinogen IX to protoporphyrin IX in yeast cells, has been found in several mammalian tissues. It has been extracted from rat liver mitochondria by sonication in the presence of salt and detergent and partially purified. The enzyme is similar in many respects to yeast protoporphyrinogen oxidase. Based on its behavior on Sephadex G-200 the molecular weight of the enzyme is approximately 35,000. Catalysis by protoporphyrinogen oxidase was specific for proteoporphyrinogen IX (apparent Km of 11 muM) and proceeded maximally at pH 8.6 to 8.7. The effect of temperature on enzyme activity plotted according to Arrhenius gave a value of E of 9,100 calories per mol. Enzyme activity was inhibited in the presence of high salt concentrations and temperatures above 45 degrees. Oxygen was essential for protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity and an alternative elevtron acceptor has not yet been found. No requirement for a metal or other cofactor could be demonstrated. The presence of monothiol groups was indicated; however, it is not known whether the thiol groups are involved directly in the binding of substrate to the enzyme.     

Quantitation and Characterization of CytochromecOxidase in Complex Systems

Quantitation of cytochromecoxidase in complex systems such as tissue homogenates is often hampered by the presence of other hemoproteins. Cyanide can bind to reduced cytochromecoxidase from diverse sources with a dissociation constant in the range of 0.1–0.5 mM and induces a characteristic optical change. This contrasts with the very weak binding of cyanide to reduced forms of many other hemoproteins, including hemoglobin and myoglobin. Hence, difference spectra of cyanide binding to reduced samples can provide an improved method to resolve and quantitate cytochromecoxidase. In addition, the cyanide compound of cytochromecoxidase is photolabile. This property can be exploited to further enhance the sensitivity of detection and analysis of cytochromecoxidase.     

Nox和氧化应激与糖尿病

Nox(phagocyte-like NADPH oxidase)是吞噬细胞NADPH氧化酶催化亚基 gp91phox的一系列同源物,广泛分布于体内多种非吞噬细胞.与NADPH氧化酶类似, Nox激活后可产生ROS,Nox产生的ROS是线粒体外ROS的主要来源.Nox产生的ROS,在控制新陈代谢,调节葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素分泌(glucose-stimulated insulin secretion,GSIS),促使胰岛β细胞凋亡、胰岛功能障碍和糖尿病及其并发症的发 生、发展中,发挥着重要作用.调节Nox的活性,改善机体内氧化应激水平,有望成为治疗糖尿病及其并发症的有效新途径.     

Molecular and biochemical characterization of a cytokinin oxidase from maize

It is generally accepted that cytokinin oxidases, which oxidatively remove cytokinin side chains to produce adenine and the corresponding isopentenyl aldehyde, play a major role in regulating cytokinin levels in planta. Partially purified fractions of cytokinin oxidase from various species have been studied for many years, but have yet to clearly reveal the properties of the enzyme or to define its biological significance. Details of the genomic organization of the recently isolated maize (Zea mays) cytokinin oxidase gene (ckx1) and some of its Arabidopsis homologs are now presented. Expression of an intronless ckx1 in Pichia pastoris allowed production of large amounts of recombinant cytokinin oxidase and facilitated detailed kinetic and cofactor analysis and comparison with the native enzyme. The enzyme is a flavoprotein containing covalently bound flavin adenine dinucleotide, but no detectable heavy metals. Expression of the oxidase in maize tissues is described.