细菌内毒素对A群C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌荚膜多糖蛋白质含量测定结果的影响

目的 探究Lowry法测定A群C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌(简称脑膜炎球菌)多糖原液蛋白质含量时,细菌内毒素对Lowry法的干扰情况。方法 根据《中华人民共和国药典》2015版(三部)规定的方法,测定含不同浓度的细菌内毒素的A群C群脑膜炎球菌多糖原液的蛋白质含量,对检测结果进行分析。以细菌内毒素为干扰物质,设计3种方法进行验证,对验证结果进行离散系数,即CV值分析,确定干扰限值。结果 当细菌内毒素含量较高时,A群C群脑膜炎球菌多糖原液的蛋白质含量明显增高,该结果可能为假阳性。验证试验结果显示,当溶液中细菌内毒素浓度达到0.313EU/mL时,会对检测结果产生干扰,浓度越高,干扰程度越高。结论 为获得准确的检测结果,当细菌内毒素浓度达到干扰限值时,应先消除干扰,再测定蛋白质含量。     

干烤法测定C群脑膜炎球菌多糖原液固体总量的不确定度评定

目的建立干烤法测定C群脑膜炎球菌多糖原液固体总量的不确定度分析方法。方法分析C群脑膜炎球菌多糖原液固体总量测定过程中引入的不确定度,并对各个不确定度的分量进行评估。结果由各分量不确定度计算合成不确定度,最终给出测定结果在95%置信区间的扩展不确定度。结论 C群脑膜炎球菌多糖原液固体总量测量不确定度主要由取样及干燥过程引入,在试验中须严格控制以减小不确定度。     

A＋C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗的制备及其接种人体后的血清学效果

在现行的A群脑膜料球菌多糖原液制造工艺的基础上,经部分改进后进行C群脑膜炎球菌多糖原液的生产。3批中试A＋C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗经全面检定后,各项指标均符合WHO《生物制品规程》的要求。该疫苗在接种人体后,5－13岁儿童组,抗A群及抗C群脑膜炎球菌的血清杀菌抗体4倍增长率为96．59％和92．15％;≤2岁儿童组,抗A群及抗C群脑膜炎球菌的血清杀菌抗体4倍增长率为68．60％和69．77％。2组儿童接种后1个月的抗A群及抗C群膜炎球菌血清杀菌抗体几何平均滴度（GMT）与接种前均有显著性差异（P＜0．001）。     

不同的甲醛杀菌浓度对A群、C群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖内毒素含量的影响

目的研究不同的甲醛杀菌浓度对A群、C群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖内毒素含量的影响。方法将A群脑膜炎球菌发酵液分成A、B两组,A组采用体积分数为2.5%甲醛杀菌,B组采用体积分数为2.0%甲醛杀菌。将C群脑膜炎球菌发酵液分成C、D两组,C组采用体积分数为2.5%甲醛杀菌,D组采用体积分数为2.0%甲醛杀菌。分别纯化获得荚膜多糖,用动态浊度法测定荚膜多糖中内毒素的含量。结果 A、C两组荚膜多糖中内毒素含量显著低于B、D两组荚膜多糖中的内毒素含量(P<0.05)。结论使用不同浓度的甲醛杀菌,对A群、C群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖内毒素的含量有显著影响。较高浓度的甲醛利于菌体细胞的固定,从而防止细菌自溶释放内毒素,因而高浓度的甲醛能够减少其内毒素的含量,提高了产品质量。     

EDTA络合滴定法测定脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗原液中的残留钙离子

目的建立EDTA络合滴定法,测定A群C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗中残留钙离子含量,为疫苗的质量控制提供依据。方法在p H12的条件下,用乙二胺四乙酸(ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid,EDTA)滴定液测定C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗原液中的残留钙离子,并对该方法的线性范围、准确性和重复性进行验证及初步应用。结果钙离子质量浓度在0.200 2~1.602 0 mg/m L范围内,钙离子含量与消耗滴定液的体积呈现良好的线性关系,r0.99;在对照实验碳酸钙和无水氯化钙中,钙离子的回收率分别为100.9%和100.3%,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为0.35%和0.21%;C群多糖原液加标回收实验中钙离子的回收率为99.7%~101.2%,RSD≤0.77%;测定6批C群脑膜炎球菌多糖原液中的钙离子浓度,RSD均≤5.6%。结论建立的EDTA络合滴定法简便、快速、准确,适用于A群C群多糖疫苗原液中钙离子含量的快速测定。     

脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗培养基的优化研究

目的探索A群、C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗培养基的适宜配方。方法通过筛选改良培养基(配方2)中酸水解酪蛋白替代培养基配方1中原50%盐酸酪蛋白水解液制备相应的培养基,培养A群、C群脑膜炎球菌一定时间后,以收获的细菌浓度和复合多糖量来确定培养基的配比,并比较该培养基在不同温度条件下培养细菌的结果。结果在A群、C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗不同培养基的细菌培养过程中,用酸水解酪蛋白制备的改良培养基(配方2)培养的细菌浓度和多糖收获量均高于其他培养基(配方1和配方3),用酸水解酪蛋白培养基能提高脑膜炎球菌的产量。结论以酸水解酪蛋白为主要原料(配方2)的改良培养基能作为流脑A群、C群细菌的最适培养基,且细菌在(37±0.2)℃培养情况良好。     

A群C群脑膜炎球菌结合疫苗稳定性

目的评价A群C群脑膜炎球菌结合疫苗原液和成品的稳定性。方法分别将A群、C群脑膜炎球菌结合疫苗原液及A群C群脑膜炎球菌结合疫苗各选取连续3批,分别放置于37℃、20~25℃和2~8℃3种温度下,在一定的时间取样进行主要项目测定,在关键时间点进行全面检测。结果 A群结合疫苗原液于2~8℃保存9个月,20~25℃保存4周,37℃保存4 d;C群结合疫苗原液于2~8℃保存9个月,20~25℃保存6个月,37℃保存4周;A群C群脑膜炎球菌结合疫苗于2~8℃保存2年3个月,20~25℃保存6个月,37℃可以保存9周;各项检测指标均符合质量标准的要求。结论在2~8℃条件下,A群、C群脑膜炎球菌结合疫苗原液存放6个月,A群C群脑膜炎球菌结合疫苗存放2年,其质量稳定。     

高效阴离子交换色谱-脉冲安培法检测A、C、Y和W135群脑膜炎球菌多糖含量

目的用高效阴离子交换色谱-脉冲安培检测法(HPAEC-PAD)测定A、C、Y和W135群脑膜炎球菌多糖含量,并对该方法进行验证及初步应用。方法采用Carbo Pac~?PA-1 4×250 mm分析柱与Aminotrap 4×50 mm保护柱;使用氢氧化钠/醋酸钠梯度洗脱,以多糖抗原标准溶液质量浓度为横坐标,其相应的峰面积为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线,并对建立的方法进行专属性、精密度和准确性验证;同时与传统方法的检测结果进行比较分析。结果 A、C、Y和W135群脑膜炎球菌多糖质量浓度在0.5～27.0μg/m L范围内与峰面积均具有良好线性关系,r=0.999。该方法专属性高,分析结果重复性良好,RSD均5%;回收率均在95%～105%范围内;与传统的火箭免疫电泳法相比,检测结果差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 HPAEC-PAD准确、可靠,重复性好,可用于检测脑膜炎球菌多糖原液及疫苗成品中的多糖含量。     

一种新的C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌荚膜染色方法

目的以C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Neisseria meningitidis,简称C群脑膜炎球菌)为研究对象,探索一种新的细菌荚膜染色方法。方法制备C群脑膜炎球菌悬液,分别以Anthony法和新的荚膜染色法进行染色,新的荚膜染色法首先使荚膜与相应的抗血清进行免疫反应,生成易被染色剂染色的物质,再进行染色制片。光学显微镜下观察,对荚膜染色效果进行评价。结果 Anthony法染色后,仅菌体着色,为深紫色;荚膜透明不着色,表现为一圈白色的光环;荚膜与背景呈一定色差,但不明显;荚膜附着于细菌表面,边界不清晰,无法准确判断荚膜厚度。新的荚膜染色法染色后,菌体被染成深紫色,荚膜呈蓝绿色,与背景的色差明显;荚膜形状完整,均匀地附着于菌体表面,边界清晰,能够准确判断荚膜厚度。结论新的荚膜染色法染色效果好、操作简单、易于掌握,可用于C群脑膜炎球菌荚膜的染色。     

发酵终点的选择对C群脑膜炎球菌精制多糖细菌内毒素含量的影响

目的研究不同发酵终点对C群脑膜炎球菌精制多糖细菌内毒素含量的影响。方法将250 L发酵罐中菌种同时均分接种于两个完全相同的1 200 L发酵罐并保持发酵参数完全一致,培养6～10 h,一罐参考A_(600 nm)值的峰值作为发酵终点,另一罐参考pH回升作为发酵终点,分别杀菌、离心、纯化获得精制多糖后,测定精制多糖中细菌内毒素含量、核酸含量、蛋白质含量、唾液酸含量、O-乙酰基含量、K_D值和K_D<0.5回收率等。结果以A_(600 nm)值达到峰值后0.5 h作为发酵终点,获得的精制多糖细菌内毒素含量较之于以pH回升至7.20作为发酵终点获得的精制多糖细菌内毒素含量低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),尽管前者精制多糖产量略低于后者(不超过10%),但其余质量指标(如K_D值和K_D<0.5回收率)几乎一致,前者核酸含量和蛋白质含量均更低,而唾液酸含量和O-乙酰基含量均更高。结论发酵后期参考A_(600 nm)值的峰值作为C群脑膜炎球菌发酵终点能够明显降低荚膜多糖细菌内毒素的含量,提高多糖产品质量。     

Measurements of lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) in meningococcal protein and polysaccharide preparations for vaccine usage

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, i.e. endotoxin) present in meningococcal outer-membrane protein and polysaccharide preparations made for vaccine use was quantitated by a silver-stain method following SDS-PAGE. The reactivities of LPS in the preparations were also measured by rabbit pyrogenicity and Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay. Although rabbit pyrogenicity and LAL assay are more sensitive than the silver stain method, the latter provided an actual amount of LPS present in the protein or in the polysaccharide. For a meningococcal protein preparation, rabbit pyrogenicity showed about one-tenth, and even less by LAL assay, of the actual amount of LPS. This is because protein-bound LPS in meningococcal protein preparations is about 10-fold less active in causing fever in rabbits, and 20- to 40-fold less active in the gelation of LAL than the same amount of a purified free LPS which is generally used as a reference in quantitating LPS in these two assays. As for the small amount of LPS present in a meningococcal polysaccharide preparation, similar LPS content was obtained when measured by the three methods suggesting that the LPS is not bound to the polysaccharide in contrast to that in the proteins mentioned above. The purified meningococcal LPS was pyrogenic in rabbits at 1 ng/kg.     

薄膜过滤法在A群C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗无菌检查中的应用

采用薄膜过滤法对A群C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗的无菌检查方法进行验证.结果表明,薄膜过滤法具有取样量大,操作简便,污染几率小,能确保检验结果的准确性、有效性和重现性,该方法适用于A群C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗的无菌检查方法.     

ELISA法和NIH法检测狂犬病疫苗抗原量的比较研究

建立优化了用于狂犬病疫苗抗原量检测的ＥＬＩＳＡ方法,并与目前所用的ＮＩＨ法进行了比较,两种方法测定的相对效力符合性良好。与ＮＩＨ法相比,ＥＬＩＳＡ方法具有操作简便、省时省工、降低成本、缩短周期、重复性好、结果可靠等优点,可取代疫苗原液、半成品检测所用的ＮＩＨ法。     

免疫沉淀法用于A群流脑多糖菌苗的鉴别试验

本文将免疫沉淀法——免疫双扩散及对流免疫电泳法用于Ａ群流脑多糖菌苗的鉴别试验。并对其检测Ａ群流脑多糖菌苗的特异性及敏感性与传统采用的间接血凝抑制试验法进行了比较。试验结果表明,免疫沉淀法准确、特异性好、操作简便、经济。完全符合ＷＨＯ规程及中国规程中对《Ａ群脑膜炎球菌多糖菌苗制造及检定规程》鉴别试验的要求。因此可望替代现行的间接血凝抑制试验,以作为今后Ａ群流脑多糖菌苗鉴别试验的常规测定法     

Immunoenzyme method in the diagnosis of meningococcal infections

The materials on the development and use of the test system, based on the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and intended for the detection of specific group A and C meningococcal polysaccharides and type b Haemophilus influenzae polysaccharide in the spinal fluid of patients, are presented. In this work commercial preparations manufactured in the USSR were used, and all parameters of the assay were developed on the basis of these preparations. The study was made on the samples of spinal fluid from 410 patients; of these, 203 had meningococcal infection, 57 had purulent bacterial meningitides and 150 had other diseases (acute respiratory diseases, influenza, etc.). As demonstrated by the results of this study, ELISA proved to be a highly specific and sensitive technique. In the investigation of the spinal fluid samples from the patients with meningococcal infection the use of ELISA with bacteriological techniques increased the number of positive results to 67%; with countercurrent electrophoresis, to 78%; and with bacterioscopy, to 83.8%. ELISA is recommended for practical use as an auxiliary laboratory technique and as a rapid method for the diagnosis of meningococcal infection.     

检测四价脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗中A群多糖含量ELISA法的建立

目的建立双抗体夹心ELISA法,对A群流脑多糖抗原进行特异性定量测定。方法制备抗A群多糖的特异性多克隆抗体,所得抗血清经辛酸-硫酸铵沉淀法纯化后,用过碘酸钠法制备辣根过氧化物酶标记多克隆抗体。分别以抗A群多糖多克隆抗体作为包被抗体及酶标二抗,建立双抗体夹心ELISA法,优化反应条件,对A群多糖抗原进行特异性定量测定。结果一系列验证试验表明,该法特异性较好,未检出与C、Y、W135群多糖的交叉反应;1.25～20 ng/mL多糖浓度范围的剂量反应曲线线性最佳,相关系数大于0.98,经实验内10次及不同试验间以16、84、ng/mL测定3次A群多糖中的含量,变异系数在6.3%～11.5%间,回收率在91.8%～105.9%之间,符合常规质控要求,检测限量为4 ng/mL。采用该法测定3批ACYW135群四价脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗中A群多糖含量、分子大小及回收率的结果均符合规程草案质量标准。结论建立的双抗体夹心ELISA法可尝试用于ACYW135群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗中A群多糖的关键质量指标的检测。     

Determination of lipid profile in meningococcal polysaccharide using reversed-phase liquid chromatography

A fast and sensitive HPLC method using fluorescence detection is developed to quantitate 1-pyrenyldiazomethane (PDAM) derivatized fatty acids derived from the lipid components of both the capsular meningococcal polysaccharide and other impurities such as endotoxin in various meningococcal vaccine samples. The HPLC method is capable of well resolving 13 relevant fatty acids within 40min by using a multi-stage acetonitrile/water gradient. Endotoxin values measured by HPLC well correlated with results from the standard Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay. Furthermore, the fatty acid profiles of various process intermediate samples as well as final purified polysaccharide products were determined to better understand and characterize the purification process.     

Detection of blood group A-like substance in bacterial and viral vaccines by countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis using Helix pomatia lectin

The technique of countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CI), using the N-acetyl glucosamine-binding lectin from Helix pomatia, provided a rapid, sensitive, inexpensive, specific and reliable method for assaying blood group A-like substances in both bacterial and viral vaccines. Blood group A-like substance was detected in the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine manufactured by Merck Sharp & Dohme up to 1981 and in a staphylococcus vaccine ( Staphage Lysate) manufactured by Delmont Laboratories. Other US licensed vaccines, including diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, pertussis, meningococcal polysaccharide and influenza vaccines, did not contain detectable amounts of this substance. Human anti-A globulins did not provide a satisfactory reagent for the CI assay because they contained precipitating activities to the vaccine components.     

A quantitative in vitro assay method for detecting biological activity of endotoxin using prostaglandin E2 induction in rabbit peripheral blood

The pyrogen test and the endotoxin test (the LAL test) have been playing crucial roles in detecting endotoxin in parenteral drugs. The current test methods, however, have disadvantages such as requiring a large number of animals or an inadequacy in evaluation of in vivo endotoxin activity. We attempted to establish a new assay method that can overcome the shortcomings of the current methods. We standardized the in vitro assay method by the use of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) induction from peripheral blood of rabbits for detecting endotoxin activity. A linear dose-response regression was attained from approximately 0.15 to 5 endotoxin units/ml of Japanese national reference standard endotoxin by the in vitro assay. The assay showed a fine correlation with the pyrogen test but not with the LAL test, when endotoxins from various bacterial sources were tested. The in vitro assay was also shown to have the capability of detecting a synergistic effect of endotoxin and parenteral drugs. The in vitro PGE2 induction test using rabbit blood was, therefore, suggested to be the appropriate test method for guaranteeing the same level of safety of parenteral drugs as the pyrogen test does.