乳酸菌抗菌机理研究进展

乳酸菌的抗菌机理涉及其产生的各种代谢产物 ,包括酸性物质、乳酸菌素、二氧化碳和过氧化氢等。其中酸性物质可以消耗大量细胞能量并影响细胞膜的稳定性 ;乳酸菌素可作用于细胞膜 ,造成膜内物质和能量的泄漏。对于它们抗菌机理的认识有助于我们更好的将乳酸菌应用到食品的安全生产中。     

清香型白酒中乳酸菌和酵母菌的相互作用

【目的】探究清香型白酒中不同乳酸菌和酵母菌的相互作用,了解不同菌株的发酵性能,为更深入地认识白酒发酵机理、实现发酵过程优化提供理论基础。【方法】利用程序控温和固态发酵模拟清香型白酒酿造环境,测定纯培养和共培养中菌株的理化指标、活菌数以及主要代谢产物的变化。【结果】Saccharomyces cerevisiae YJ1糖消耗快产乙醇和酯类物质多,Lactobacillus plantarum JMRS4糖消耗快产酸较多。共培养中乳酸菌对Saccharomyces cerevisiae YJ1的生长和产乙醇抑制较大,对Candida aaseri MJ7产乙醇几乎无影响。乳酸菌对Pichia kudriavzevii MJ14的生物量和乙醇代谢抑制作用较小,还对其产己酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯和异戊醇等代谢产物有促进作用;而反过来Pichia kudriavzevii MJ14对3株乳酸菌产乳酸均有抑制作用,对产乙酸则有促进作用。【结论】建立了一种固态培养方法,结合清香型白酒发酵温度变化规律,有效模拟了实际发酵环境。Pichia kudriavzevii MJ14在与乳酸菌共培养中受到的抑制较小并能有效抑制乳酸菌产乳酸,Saccharomyces cerevisiae YJ1能代谢产生多种风味物质,对清香型白酒酿造有重要意义。     

新疆传统发酵乳品中乳酸菌与酵母菌的益生特性

目的 观察新疆传统发酵乳品中分离的14种菌株的生长特点及产酸能力,筛选出具有较强耐胆盐能力,并能在人工胃肠液中存活的菌株。方法 对10株乳酸菌和4株酵母菌进行生长曲线、pH、耐胆盐能力和耐人工胃肠液检测。结果 10株乳酸菌和4株酵母菌具有良好的生长曲线和产酸能力;马乳酒样乳杆菌具有较强的耐胆盐能力;希氏乳杆菌、马乳酒样乳杆菌、乙醇假丝酵母和东方伊萨酵母具有较强的耐人工胃液能力;乳酸乳球菌、哈尔滨乳杆菌、瑞士乳杆菌、马乳酒样乳杆菌、乙醇假丝酵母和东方伊萨酵母具有较强的耐人工肠液能力。结论 10株乳酸菌和4株酵母菌具有优良的益生特性,有望成为益生菌制剂的备用菌株。     

酵母菌絮凝机理研究进展及应用前景

酵母菌絮凝机理研究进展及应用前景张博润,任健,刘玉方（中国科学院微生物研究所,北京１０００８０）近十年来,酵母絮凝机理的研究日益受到重视,这主要是由于絮凝是发酵工业,如啤酒酿造、酒精发酵和单细胞蛋白生产中使用的酵母菌的一个重要特性。酵母的絮凝对产品的...     

高温处理后褐飞虱体内共生酵母菌和氨基酸需求的变化

对卵期高温（35℃,72 h）处理后褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens体内共生酵母菌及该虫氨基酸需求的变化进行了研究,结果表明：1）卵期高温处理后,若虫期体内的共生酵母菌数量明显低于正常对照试虫;2）将若虫饲养于缺少单种氨基酸的22种全纯饲料上,以若虫羽化率为指标,发现高温处理试虫对组氨酸、赖氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸、苯丙氨酸和色氨酸等8种必需氨基酸的需求明显增加。由此推论,褐飞虱对上述8种必需氨基酸的需求与共生酵母菌有关。     

昆虫体外共生菌研究进展

昆虫体外共生菌是指能在体外与宿主发生互利共生关系的微生物。体外共生菌虽然不如肠道微生物那样普遍存在于昆虫中,但也在宿主生长发育过程中扮演着重要的角色。昆虫体外共生菌一般寄生于昆虫体表或体内特异器官(如储菌器),在特定时期转移到植物组织中。体外共生菌产生的挥发物能作为宿主定位寄主植物的信号物质,能为宿主提供生长发育所需的营养物质,还参与了宿主体外免疫。对昆虫体外共生菌的研究,不仅能进一步揭示昆虫与微生物之间的互作关系,丰富昆虫共生菌的研究,还能从共生菌的角度探索害虫引诱剂和昆虫免疫豁免机制。本文对昆虫体外共生菌寄生方式、传播途径、对宿主的影响等研究成果进行了综述,旨在为害虫综合防控提供新思路。     

乳酸菌阴道胶囊联合克霉唑治疗复发性外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病的疗效与安全性分析

目的 探讨乳酸菌阴道胶囊联合克霉唑治疗复发性外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病的效果及安全性。 方法 随机选择我院妇科于2017年7月-2018年12月收治的102例复发性外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病患者作为研究对象,共分为两组:单一克霉唑组和乳酸菌阴道胶囊与克霉唑联合组,每组各有51例患者,单一克霉唑组仅予以克霉唑阴道片治疗,而乳酸菌阴道胶囊与克霉唑联合组同时予以克霉唑及乳酸菌阴道胶囊治疗。比较两组患者症状好转率、临床治愈率、复发率和不良反应发生率。 结果 乳酸菌阴道胶囊与克霉唑联合组的症状好转率、临床治愈率高于单一克霉唑组,其疾病复发率低于单一克霉唑组(均P0.05)。 结论 乳酸菌阴道胶囊联合克霉唑治疗外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病的效果优于单一克霉唑组,并且两组患者不良反应发生率相当,即用药安全性相当,值得推广。     

共生珊瑚异养营养研究进展

共生珊瑚的异养营养指有虫黄藻共生的珊瑚在同化作用过程中,除通过虫黄藻光合作用获取营养之外,还可以从外界环境中直接摄取现成的有机物,经消化吸收后转变为自身的组成物质或储存为能量.国内外异地养殖或繁育虫黄藻共生珊瑚的研究多集中在光照、水流、水质等条件对珊瑚生长的影响,对共生珊瑚异养营养需求与供应方面的关注较少.本文从共生珊瑚异养营养来源、影响共生珊瑚异养营养供应的因素以及研究手段等方面,对国内外研究进展进行了综述,探讨异养营养供应对共生珊瑚的意义.总的来说,目前共生珊瑚异养营养的研究尚处于起步阶段,不论是研究方法或者珊瑚选择摄食的内在机制,都需要深入探究.     

酵母菌生活周期调节的分子遗传学

出芽的酵母菌— 酿酒酵母虽然是一种简单的真核生物,却具有丰富的发育过程的全部内容。弄清其发育的全过程,有助于推进细胞分化的研究。借助于经典遗传学和分子遗传学的理论和技术,迄今,对这个过程的一些主要事件,尤其对于转录的调节特性,以及在酵母菌生活周期的关键时期,即从成熟分裂产生单倍体抱子到二倍体细胞形成期间的调节特性,已经在分子水平上有了些了解^[8]。本文主要就酵母菌转录调节的分子遗传学问题做些综合性介绍。     

降胆固醇乳酸菌的应用及其机理研究进展

乳酸菌除了能够改善肠道微生态环境促进人体健康外,有些乳酸菌还具有能降低人体血清胆固醇的特性。近年来许多研究都已证明某些乳杆菌、双歧杆菌及肠球菌等具有调节血脂代谢、降低人体血清胆固醇的能力。本文综述了降胆固醇乳酸菌的体外筛选模型及其降胆固醇的作用机理,以期为进一步开发相关产品提供技术依据。     

Progress and potential in the biotechnology of lactic acid bacteria

Abstract: Current activities and future prospects for the biotechnology of lactic acid bacteria are reviewed. Genetic engineering technology, including advances and limitations of plasmid vectors and chromosomal integration strategies are discussed together with the status of gene expression and the importance of in vivo gene transfer systems and transposition. Areas of biotechnological application considered include proteolysis and flavour generation, bacteriophage resistance, antimicrobials, metabolic engineering and the possible uses of lactic acid bacteria in relation to health.     

乳酸菌代谢组学研究进展

代谢组学作为系统生物学的重要分支,近年来在微生物研究领域受到广泛关注,并取得了重要进展。目前乳酸菌代谢组学正日益成为研究的热点,就乳酸菌代谢组学研究中有关样品的制备、分析鉴定和数据分析等涉及的主要方法进行概述,并介绍一些乳酸菌代谢组学应用的典型实例,对乳酸菌代谢组学研究中潜在的问题和未来发展趋势进行讨论。     

Heteropolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria

Microbial exopolysaccharides are biothickeners that can be added to a wide variety of food products, where they serve as viscosifying, stabilizing, emulsifying or gelling agents. Numerous exopolysaccharides with different composition, size and structure are synthesized by lactic acid bacteria. The heteropolysaccharides from both mesophilic and thermophilic lactic acid bacteria have received renewed interest recently. Structural analysis combined with rheological studies revealed that there is considerable variation among the different exopolysaccharides; some of them exhibit remarkable thickening and shear-thinning properties and display high intrinsic viscosities. Hence, several slime-producing lactic acid bacterium strains and their biopolymers have interesting functional and technological properties, which may be exploited towards different products, in particular, natural fermented milks. However, information on the biosynthesis, molecular organization and fermentation conditions is rather scarce, and the kinetics of exopolysaccharide formation are poorly described. Moreover, the production of exopolysaccharides is low and often unstable, and their downstream processing is difficult. This review particularly deals with microbiological, biochemical and technological aspects of heteropolysaccharides from, and their production by, lactic acid bacteria. The chemical composition and structure, the biosynthesis, genetics and molecular organization, the nutritional and physiological aspects, the process technology, and both food additive and in situ applications (in particular in yogurt) of heterotype exopolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria are described. Where appropriate, suggestions are made for strain improvement, enhanced productivities and advanced modification and production processes (involving enzyme and/or fermentation technology) that may contribute to the economic soundness of applications with this promising group of biomolecules.     

Responses of lactic acid bacteria to oxygen

Abstract A small number of flavoprotein oxidase enzymes are responsible for the direct interaction of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with oxygen; hydrogen peroxide or water are produced in these reactions. In some cultures exposed to oxygen, hydrogen peroxide accumulates to inhibitory levels.
Through these oxidase enzymes and NADH peroxidase, O₂ and H₂O₂ can accept electrons from sugar metabolism, and thus have a sparing effect on the use of metabolic intermediates, such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde, as electron acceptors. Consequently, sugar metabolism in aerated cultures of LAB can be substantially different from that in unaerated cultures. Energy and biomass yields, end-products of sugar metabolism and the range of substrates which can be metabolised are affected.
Lactic acid bacteria exhibit an inducible oxidative stress response when exposed to sublethal levels of H₂O₂. This response protects them if they are subsequently exposed to lethal concentrations of H₂O₂. The effect appears to be related to other stress responses such as heat-shock and is similar, in some but not all respects, to that previously reported for enteric bacteria.     

产生物胺乳酸菌的筛查与检测

目的对上海市场上食品和药品中分离出的20株乳杆菌,13株链球菌,3株乳球菌和3株肠球菌的产生物胺能力进行检测,以揭示其潜在的安全性问题。方法检测的生物胺共包括6种：分别为酪胺、精胺、尸胺、组胺、腐胺和色胺。利用添加了前体氨基酸的氨基酸脱羧酶筛选培养基对各菌株的产胺能力进行初筛,通过培养基中指示剂的颜色变化判定产胺能力。结果在检测的39株菌中,8株菌具有产酪胺的能力,7株菌具有产精胺的能力,1株菌具有产组胺的能力,1株菌具有产腐胺的能力。尤其是精胺和酪胺的产量较为引人关注。结论生物胺的危害水平取决于个体解毒的能力,但在筛选食品药品用菌株时应运用规范的方法来检测其产生物胺的能力,以保障相应食品药品的安全问题。     

Temperate bacteriophages and lysogeny in lactic acid bacteria

Abstract Lysogeny is widespread in the lactic acid bacteria. The majority of lysogens can be induced by UV irradiation or treatment with mitomycin C, but indicator strains which allow lytic growth of the induced phage are often not easy to identify. A few temperate phages have been shown to transduce chromosomal and/or plasmid markers. Information about the molecular biology of the temperate phages from lactic acid bacteria is sparse and needs significant supplementation in order that these potentially valuable phages might be utilized more efficiently as tools for improving existing starter strains in dairy fermentations.     

Interaction between lactic acid bacteria and yeasts in sour-dough using a rheofermentometer

Rheofermentometer assays were used to characterize the leavening of sour-doughs produced using species of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts, alone or in combination. Saccharomyces cerevisiae 141 produced the most CO₂ and ethanol whereas S. exiguus M14 and Lactobacillus brevis subsp. lindneri CB1 contributed poorly to leavening and gave sour-doughs without porosity. In comparison with that seen in sour-dough produced with yeast alone, yeast fermentation with heterofermentative LAB present was faster whereas that with homofermentative LAB (L. plantarum DC400, L. farciminis CF3) present was slower and produced more CO₂. Combining L. brevis subsp. lindneri CB1 with S. cerevisiae 141 decreased bacterial cell numbers and souring activity. However, addition of fructose to the sour-dough overcame these problems as well as activating S. cerevisiae 141.The authors are with the Institute of Dairy Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Perugia, S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy     

Energy transduction in lactic acid bacteria

Abstract: In the discovery of some general principles of energy transduction, lactic acid bacteria have played an important role. In this review, the energy transducing processes of lactic acid bacteria are discussed with the emphasis on the major developments of the past 5 years. This work not only includes the biochemistry of the enzymes and the bioenergetics of the processes, but also the genetics of the genes encoding the energy transducing proteins. The progress in the area of carbohydrate transport and metabolism is presented first. Sugar translocation involving ATP-driven transport, ion-linked cotransport, heterologous exchange and group translocation are discussed. The coupling of precursor uptake to product product excretion and the linkage of antiport mechanisms to the deiminase pathways of lactic acid bacteria is dealt with in the second section. The third topic relates to metabolic energy conservation by chemiosmotic processes. There is increasing evidence that precursor/product exchange in combination with precursor decarboxylation allows bacteria to generate additional metabolic energy. In the final section transport of nutrients and ions as well as mechanisms to excrete undesirable (toxic) compounds from the cells are discussed.     

高产信号分子AI-2乳酸菌的筛选及其Pfs基因的克隆和表达

【目的】从锡盟地区酸马奶酒分离的乳酸菌中筛选出高产信号分子自体诱导物2(Autoinducer-2,AI-2)的乳酸菌,通过优化其重组蛋白Pfs的诱导条件体外合成信号分子AI-2。【方法】利用生物学发光法对不同乳酸菌产信号分子AI-2的产量进行比较,以高产信号分子AI-2乳酸菌基因组DNA为模板,扩增其S-腺苷高半胱氨酸核苷酶(S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase,Pfs)基因,构建原核表达载体。利用异丙基-β-D-硫代吡喃半乳糖苷(IPTG)进行重组蛋白的诱导表达,通过优化培养基、诱导温度、诱导前菌体密度、IPTG浓度以及诱导时间得到高表达的Pfs蛋白,使其与底物作用最终体外合成信号分子AI-2。【结果】10株乳酸菌均可产信号分子AI-2,其中屎肠球菌8-3分泌信号分子AI-2的产量明显高于其他菌株;重组蛋白的最佳诱导条件为:选取SOC(Super optimal broth with catabolite repression)作为诱导表达培养基,菌液OD600为0.5–0.7时加入终浓度为0.1 mmol/L的IPTG,37°C诱导12 h;利用最优诱导条件获得了浓度为4.08 g/L的纯化Pfs蛋白,体外合成了信号分子AI-2。【结论】酸马奶酒中分离出的10株乳酸菌均可产生信号分子AI-2,且屎肠球菌8-3可通过Pfs基因的作用生成信号分子AI-2。