广西滨海过渡区红鳞蒲桃群落的空间结构特征

空间结构在很大程度上反映了植物个体在群落中的生态位,亦决定其拥有环境资源的额度,对维持群落的稳定性、分析种间竞争及个体存活十分重要。为探究红鳞蒲桃(Syzygium hancei Merr.et Perry)天然群落的空间结构特征,在广西防城港滨海过渡区建立了面积为65 m×40 m的每木定位试验样地,采用结构参数二元分布分析其群落整体及不同大小树木的空间结构特征。结果表明:在受轻微干扰过的红鳞蒲桃群落中,红鳞蒲桃种群的数量和生物量均占绝对优势;无论是群落总体还是其中的大树、小树,多数个体均同时处于随机分布和低度混交状态,而属于高混交或非常规则或聚集分布的树木较少;群落中不同优势的树木拥有相似的混交状况和分布格局;多数大树同时处于优势和低度混交状态,仅有少量属于中庸或劣势木;小树几乎都属于低度混交的劣势个体,它们亦几乎同时处于随机分布和劣势状态。这些特征表明,红鳞蒲桃群落结构复杂,可能处于稳定水平。研究结果可为红鳞蒲桃群落的保护和恢复提供科学依据,也为滨海区防护林结构体系的构建提供参考。     

黄土高原油松天然纯林结构特征的研究

结构是森林群落的基本特征,决定着群落的功能和发展方向。该研究采用结构参数角尺度(W)、混交度(M)、大小比数(U)以及样地纵剖面图分析了两块长宽均为60 m×60 m的油松天然林的空间结构特征,同时采用胸径(DBH)、树高(TH)和冠幅面积(CA)分布的直方图以及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分析了它的非空间结构特征。结果表明:油松天然林种间隔离程度很低(=0.019),几乎为油松纯林,个体大小分化均匀(=0.478),整体呈随机分布(=0.485)。小树(TH≤5 m)个体相对较少,而大树(TH10 m)占多数且其树高分布集中。平均树高多样性THD=2.35,胸径集中分布在14~34 cm,58.4%~62.8%的树冠面积分布在20~40 m~2。林下油松幼苗更新丰富,但分布不均。这些特征表明成熟的油松天然林群落结构不稳定,可能趋向衰退并将逐渐被其他阔叶树种代替。     

云南新平铁坚油杉森林群落结构特征

摸清珍稀濒危抗旱植物铁坚油杉(Keteleeria davidiana)的种群数量及其分布情况, 能够为珍稀濒危物种保护工作提供基础数据。该文对云南省新平县6个乡镇铁坚油杉群落进行样方调查分析, 每个乡镇设置3个样方, 样方面积为20 m × 20 m, 记录样方生境信息、统计群落物种组成及其数量特征, 对群落类型及其结构特征进行了统计和分析。主要结果: (1)在调查样地内, 共有维管束植物163种, 隶属于58科131属; (2)植物群落区系分布类型有12种, 以热带成分和中国特有种为主, 热带成分占优势; (3)群落内乔木和灌木植物最多, 占62.58%, 其次是多年生草本植物; (4)按照建群种和生活型, 可将18组植被样方数据划分为3个群系17个群落类型; (5)年龄结构不合理, 铁坚油杉种群结构呈衰退趋势, 自然居群已成为小种群。如果铁坚油杉群落没有足够的幼苗进行更新和补充, 铁坚油杉将退出当前的群落。     

北京九龙山侧柏人工林空间结构多样性

以北京九龙山面积为0.32 hm2样地调查数据为基础,采用传统方法及结构参数角尺度(W)、大小比数(U)和混交度(M)的二元分布法,分析了侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)人工林的空间结构多样性。结果表明:群落结构较为简单,侧柏占绝对优势,并处于低度混交、大小分化不明显且均匀分布状态,而其他伴生树种则处于高度混交与相对劣势状态;林分径级与树高结构呈单峰分布;侧柏林中平均59%的林木个体周围最近4株树均和它同种,22%林木个体周围最近4株树仅有一株其他树种,总体处于低度混交状态;侧柏样地有52%的林木呈随机分布,且处于随机分布状态的林木其周围57%都是本种,同时处于高度混交状态(M=0.75,1.00)的林木有50%呈随机分布;不同优势度的林木有相近的概率,但优势木略多于劣势木,且大多处于低度混交和随机分布状态。侧柏人工林的空间多样性是由混交度及直径分化共同决定的,这种结果不仅与群落的发展阶段密切相关,还与群落的起源、人为干扰以及物种组成有关。     

南盘江流域细叶云南松次生林群落主要木本种群的种间联结

该研究运用方差比率法、χ~2检验、Pearson相关检验和Spearman轶相关检验,对广西雅长兰科植物国家级自然保护区南盘江流域的细叶云南松(Pinus yunnanensis Franch.var.tenuifolia Cheng et Law)次生林14个大树树种(DBH≥10cm)、15个小树树种(5cm≤DBH10cm)和19个幼树树种(1cm≤DBH5cm)进行定量分析,以揭示南盘江流域细叶云南松次生林群落中木本种群的关联性及其更新演替规律,为桂西北细叶云南松林管理保护、干热河谷地区植被恢复和生态重建提供参考依据。结果表明:(1)研究区内细叶云南松林大树和小树的总体关联性表现为不显著负关联,幼树及群落总体表现为不显著正关联;χ~2检验显示,大树和小树负关联种对占多数(分别为48.35%和46.67%),幼树的正关联或负关联种对占比基本持平(分别为40.35%和39.18%),群落整体无关联种对占比较大(41.13%)。(2)Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验显示,细叶云南松林的大树、小树、幼树和群落总体均表现为负关联种对较多,正关联次之。(3)群落大树和小树物种在资源竞争上较激烈,结构不稳定;群落幼树物种适应了林下荫蔽环境,对光照要求较低,种间关系已具有较低的稳定性,个别物种表现出独立性。研究认为,南盘江流域细叶云南松次生林群落物种间存在一定的关联性,但未能形成稳定的配置关系,群落结构尚不稳定,仍处于演替早期阶段。     

中亚热带喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶林空间结构特征

喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶林是中国西南喀斯特地区非地带性顶极森林群落,该研究基于相邻木关系的角尺度、混交度和大小比数3个结构参数,对木论国家级自然保护区常绿落叶阔叶林25 hm^(2)大型固定监测样地整体、上木层、下木层及其优势物种的空间结构特征进行了分析,以期揭示其森林空间结构现状,为喀斯特植被恢复重建提供依据。结果表明:(1)样地群落整体为轻度聚集分布格局,接近随机分布,物种高度混交且个体间大小分化程度相近,上木层呈现随机分布、强度混交和中庸偏亚优势状态,下木层呈现聚集分布、强度混交和中庸偏劣势状态。(2)样地内优势物种大多处于轻度聚集分布、强度混交且中庸偏劣势的状态。(3)林木大小比数与胸径、树高均呈显著负相关关系,混交度与胸径、树高均呈显著正相关关系,随林木的生长发育,树种优势度逐渐增大,物种多样性逐渐增强。研究认为,木论常绿落叶阔叶林空间结构尚未完全稳定,正处于演替中后期,具有发育成顶极群落的潜力。     

广西极小种群单性木兰群落空间结构量化

在木论自然保护区极小种群单性木兰(Kmeria septentrionalis)群落木本植物每木调查的基础上,采用混交度、角尺度和大小比数3个林分空间结构参数,分析单性木兰生存群落木本植物物种组成及其空间结构特征。结果表明,样地内共有木本植物树种95种,隶属于55科82属,为典型的阔叶混交异龄林。群落林木以小径级占绝对优势,林木个体随着径级的增大急剧减少,整体呈倒J型分布。群落中大部分树种处于强度混交,树种间混交程度较高,林分平均混交度达0.742;群落林分大小比数为0.508,不同等级的林木在空间结构单元内分布较均匀;大部分林木介于随机分布和不均匀分布,均匀分布比例较少,林分平均角尺度为0.549,群落空间分布格局为轻度聚集分布。单性木兰种群径级结构呈倒J型,种群从幼苗向幼树生长过程中林木个体急剧减少。单性木兰种群混交度为0.796,处于高度混交状态;平均大小比数为0.400,处于亚优势偏向中庸状态;角尺度为0.528,呈轻度聚集分布状态。单性木兰群落不仅亟须有效保护,同时需采取适当的人为干扰措施促进种群的延续与发展。     

鄂西南天然林主要乔木树种物种组成及林分空间结构动态变化研究

该研究以鄂西南木林子国家级自然保护区内天然林为研究对象,以森林内胸径≥5 cm的乔木个体为具体分析对象,通过乔木树种重要值及其角尺度、大小比、混交度等林分空间结构参数的一元分布,阐述林分空间分布格局、大小分化程度、林木混交程度及变化,并通过分析林分空间结构参数的二元分布,探究各参数之间的联系,揭示5年间其林分空间结构特征及动态变化,为该林分类型的森林可持续经营提供准确的数据,以促进林分结构理想化,维持该区域物种多样性。结果显示:(1)2014年与2019年林分中主要建群种均为青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca),该种在群落中处于优势地位,鹅耳枥(Carpinus turczaninowii)重要值提高0.63%,其在林分中的相对重要性超过杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)位居第二,说明在该群落中鹅耳枥具有稳定的种群结构。(2)林分整体依然处于轻微团状分布状态,且各树种强度混交,平均混交度增长0.02,大小比均值降低0.01,林分生长依然处于中庸状态,5年来林分整体空间结构变化较小,但处于由当前林分结构向理想结构的过渡阶段。(3)结构参数两两组合的各组林分空间结构二元分布中,各参数不同取值等级的变化趋势基本不变,但大小比和混交度的二元分布结果显示林分中处于绝对劣势、劣势且零度混交、弱度混交的林木个体减少,林分稳定性得到提高。研究表明,研究区内天然林分空间结构动态变化虽不明显,但处于向更好、更稳定的结构发展中。     

秦岭南坡锐齿栎次生林空间结构特征分析

该研究采用坐标定位方法对秦岭南坡不同坡向锐齿栎次生林样地内胸径DBH≥5cm的乔木进行调查,记录树种名称、坐标、胸径、高度、冠幅、生长状况等因子,运用角尺度、大小比数和混交度3个指数分析不同坡向锐齿栎次生林的空间结构,探寻不同坡向锐齿栎林空间结构的形成和差异。结果显示:(1)调查样地内物种多样性丰富,锐齿栎重要值最大,长势良好,占据主要生态空间。(2)两种坡向中,角尺度取值为0.5的个体数均过半,表明随机分布是锐齿栎次生林的主要分布方式。(3)优势木、亚优势木、中庸木、劣态木和绝对劣态木所占比重均为20%左右,表明林木大小差异不明显,在空间结构单元中,林木较稳定,阳坡优势木个体数高于阴坡。(4)两种坡向中,混交度取值大于0.5林木个体分别为84%和73%,表明多数林木个体处于中度、强度和极强度混交状态。研究表明,秦岭南坡锐齿栎次生林聚集度不高、混交良好、分化程度较高,锐齿栎种群优势度明显,林分整体暂时处于相对稳定状态。     

南盘江流域松栎混交林的分层多样性特征

亚热带天然林通常呈混交、复层和异龄的特征，也有少数林分在垂直方向上呈分层现象，但有关分层林分各层次上的多样性特征研究很少。分析垂直层次上的物种和结构多样性特征，有助于认知分层形成的原因及其在维系物种共存中的作用。本文采用11个传统的物种多样性指标和3个结构多样性指标分析中国西南地区南盘江流域松栎混交林的分层多样性。结果表明：(1)下木层的物种丰富度(R)、Shannon指数(H)、Simpson(D)、Brillouin指数(HB)和Fisher’s alpha多样性指数(α)均明显高于上木层(P<0.01)。整体上，下木层的多度(N)和4个均匀度指数[Heip (E_h)、Pielou (E_H)、Alatalo (E_a)、Sheldon (E_s)]亦大于上木层。层间物种Jaccard相似性为0.29～0.52;(2)在下木层和上木层中，各有56.4%～60.1%、56.7%～58.9%的树木个体处于随机分布状态(W=0.50),19.1%～23.9%、17.3%～21%处于聚集分布状态(W=0...     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.