微生物嗜盐酶盐适应性的分子结构基础研究

由高盐环境中生长的微生物里分离出的嗜盐酶在高盐度下仍然具有催化活性,工业上具有良好的应用前景。一些嗜盐酶已被克隆纯化出来,它们的分子结构特点也已经被广泛研究。该文从嗜盐酶的蛋白质序列和结构特征等方面综述了嗜盐酶嗜盐的分子结构基础研究进展,分析了存在的问题并对未来工作提出了展望。研究嗜盐酶盐适应性的分子基础,可以为新的功能蛋白的发展和鉴定提供依据。     

嗜盐菌耐盐机制相关基因的研究进展

嗜盐微生物能够在高盐环境中生存,其耐盐机制一直是微生物学家研究的热点。目前嗜盐微生物耐盐机制的研究主要集中在细胞吸K+排Na+作用、胞内积累小分子相容性溶质及嗜盐酶的氨基酸组成特性三个方面。文章从基因水平综述了嗜盐菌的耐盐机制,并对其在高盐废水处理上的应用进行讨论与展望。     

嗜盐微生物在环境修复中的研究进展

人类活动产生的污染物,使一些天然盐环境遭受不同程度的污染,或者使环境受到污染物与高盐的双重污染。在高盐条件下,非嗜盐微生物的代谢会受到抑制,其生物修复效率明显降低,甚至丧失修复能力。嗜盐微生物则能够在高盐环境中栖息繁殖,凸显其修复被污染高盐环境的生物学效率和广阔的应用前景。就嗜盐微生物降解石油烃、芳香烃衍生物和有机磷等污染物的研究进展进行了综述和讨论。     

嗜盐菌的嗜盐机制

嗜盐菌是生活在高盐环境中的细菌。它们的细胞结构和生理机能特殊,要求有高盐浓度维持其生存;同时,它们的细胞膜结构和细胞内的溶质,都能适应高盐环境。     

嗜盐微生物的工业应用研究及进展

嗜盐微生物是一类生长于高盐环境的微生物,在新型生物化工产业及生物修复领域具有突出的应用潜力。本文简要介绍了嗜盐微生物的种类、生理特性,着重阐述了嗜盐微生物产生的活性物质在工业生产上的应用价值和开发前景,总结了近年来国内外在嗜盐微生物工业应用上的研究进展,对嗜盐微生物的应用研究做了概括。     

中度嗜盐菌的研究进展

地球上存在着多种多样的盐域环境,这类环境中有自然形成的,如死海,美国的大盐湖等水环境,还有盐土环境;人工形成的如盐场、盐池等;另外,还有很多盐腌制的食品。自然界的高盐环境由于形成过程和所处地质情况的不同其离子组成和盐浓度有很大差异。生活在这些高盐环境中的动、植物物种较为有限,而以处于不同类群的微生物,如绿藻、嗜盐古菌及嗜盐和耐盐的细菌等为主要生命形式。根据微生物对盐浓度的反应可分为不同的种(如表1[1])。     

嗜盐微生物

高盐环境通常是指那些盐浓度高于海水的环境．在这些环境中能够生存的微生物可划分为三类：一“类是能耐受一定浓度的盐溶液,但在无盐存在条件下生长最好的菌称为耐盐菌．第二类是一定浓度的盐为菌体生长所必需,且在一定浓度的盐溶液中生长最好,称为嗜盐菌．在盐浓度从零至饱和的盐溶液中均能生长,在一定浓度的盐溶液中生长最好的特殊类群称为多能盐生苗。依据嗜盐浓度的不同,嗜盐菌又可分为轻度嗜盐菌（最适盐浓度0．2—0．smol／L）、中度嗜盐菌（最适盐浓度0．5—2．omol／L）和极端嗜盐菌（最适盐浓度＞3mol／U,其中部分极端嗜…     

嗜盐古菌几种常见胞外酶研究进展

嗜盐古菌是一类生活于极端高盐环境的化能异养型原核微生物,其所分泌的胞外酶(外泌酶)具有在高盐条件下仍能保持活性的特点,在制革工业、高盐有机废水处理和泡菜加工等腌制食品方面发挥重要用途。本文对嗜盐古菌的胞外蛋白酶、淀粉酶、酯酶等几种常见胞外酶的来源和基本酶学性质的最新研究进展进行综述,为更好地开发利用嗜盐古菌胞外酶资源提供参考。     

微生物高盐渗透适应策略及其耐盐强化研究进展

高盐废水因具有硬度高、可生化性差、水质成分复杂等特点,是较难处理的工业废水之一。现有物化处理技术存在运行成本高、处理效率低、二次污染重等诸多瓶颈。耐盐/嗜盐微生物可在高盐环境下进行正常生理代谢,因此,开发经济、高效、可靠的高盐废水生物处理技术有望成为高盐废水处理的主流方向之一。本文系统综述了耐盐/嗜盐微生物盐溶、胞内小分子相容溶质积累、蛋白质稳定和细胞表面稳定等高渗透压适应策略。由于嗜盐微生物存在生长条件苛刻、功能微生物种类稀缺等问题,因此,耐盐微生物在高盐废水处理的未来应用空间更大。最新研究发现强化调控技术(电、光、磁)可提升微生物的高渗透压适应能力,其中电调控技术或是未来高盐废水生物处理的重点研究方向。     

中度嗜盐菌在生物技术中的应用

生存于盐环境下的中度嗜盐菌在生物技术方面具有很多潜在的应用价值。其中,中度嗜盐菌在盐发酵食品加工业和食品添加剂中已经被广泛应用;由中度嗜盐菌分泌的胞外酶如淀粉酶、脂肪酶等能够在高盐环境下继续保持较高的活力;中度嗜盐菌细胞内积累的多种类相容性溶质也可以作为生物大分子稳定剂以及抗冻剂等;其它如其产生的生物表面活性剂、多聚糖类物质能够在石油回收和生物修复中进行应用等。     

中度嗜盐菌相容性溶质机制的研究进展

生活在高盐环境中的中度嗜盐菌不仅能抗衡外界的高渗透压胁迫,而且还能迅速适应短时间内的渗透冲击。为适应该环境,中度嗜盐菌依赖于一种被称为相容性溶质的物质,以执行渗透保护功能。这类物质属于极性的、易溶的和低分子量的有机化合物,其中包括糖类、氨基酸类、甜菜碱类和四氢嘧啶类等。中度嗜盐菌主要采用相容性溶质机制来适应盐环境。在此,就中度嗜盐菌的盐适应机理、相容性溶质的种类和特点,以及其作用的分子机制进行了阐述和讨论。     

极端嗜盐古生菌(Natrinema sp.)R6-5胞外嗜盐蛋白酶的纯化和性质研究

采用bacitracin-Sepharose 4B亲和层析的方法得到凝胶电泳均一的来自极端嗜盐古生菌(Natrinema sp.)R6-5的胞外嗜盐蛋白酶。经SDS-PAGE分析该酶亚基分子量为62kDa。PMSF对它的活性完全抑制,表明它是一种丝氨酸蛋白酶,该酶反应的最适NaCl浓度为3mol/L,最适温度为45℃,最适pH值为8.0。在高盐条件下能维持高活性并十分稳定,具有重要的潜在应用价值。     

Unusual salt and solvent dependence of a protease from an extreme halophile

An extracellular protease has been purified from the extreme halophile, Halobacterium halobium. The irreversible inactivation kinetics of this halophilic protease in salt concentrations below 4M consists of autolytic and nonautolytic (steady-state denaturation) components. Addition of organic solvents has a dramatic effect on enzyme stability in low salt media. For example, in 0.36M NaCl, the inactivation rate constant for the nonautolytic component in 20% (v/v) ethylene glycol is ca. 3 orders of magnitude lower than in 20% (v/v) tetrahydrofuran. Enzyme stability in different aqueous/organic solvent mixtures correlates strongly to the salting-out capacity of the solvent. Solvents that act to increase the apparent hydrophobicity of the enzyme's core stabilize the enzyme in much the same way as salting-out salts. This mechanism is not important for the nonhalophilic protease, subtilisin Carlsberg, and demonstrates that halophilic enzymes have evolved highly specialized reaction medium requirements. Moreover, through the use of organic solvents, it is shown that high concentrations of salts are not absolutely necessary for high enzyme stability, and this may have important process considerations. (c) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 471-479, 1997.     

Resurrection of Ancestral Malate Dehydrogenases Reveals the Evolutionary History of Halobacterial Proteins: Deciphering Gene Trajectories and Changes in Biochemical Properties

Extreme halophilic Archaea thrive in high salt, where, through proteomic adaptation, they cope with the strong osmolarity and extreme ionic conditions of their environment. In spite of wide fundamental interest, however, studies providing insights into this adaptation are scarce, because of practical difficulties inherent to the purification and characterization of halophilic enzymes. In this work, we describe the evolutionary history of malate dehydrogenases (MalDH) within Halobacteria (a class of the Euryarchaeota phylum). We resurrected nine ancestors along the inferred halobacterial MalDH phylogeny, including the Last Common Ancestral MalDH of Halobacteria (LCAHa) and compared their biochemical properties with those of five modern halobacterial MalDHs. We monitored the stability of these various MalDHs, their oligomeric states and enzymatic properties, as a function of concentration for different salts in the solvent. We found that a variety of evolutionary processes, such as amino acid replacement, gene duplication, loss of MalDH gene and replacement owing to horizontal transfer resulted in significant differences in solubility, stability and catalytic properties between these enzymes in the three Halobacteriales, Haloferacales, and Natrialbales orders since the LCAHa MalDH. We also showed how a stability trade-off might favor the emergence of new properties during adaptation to diverse environmental conditions. Altogether, our results suggest a new view of halophilic protein adaptation in Archaea.     

Overexpression and purification of halophilic proteins in Haloferax volcanii

Halophilic enzymes function optimally at high salt concentrations and are active at low water availability. Such conditions are encountered at elevated concentrations of solutes such as salts and sugars, and at high concentrations of organic solvents. However, expression in heterologous hosts such as Escherichia coli can cause problems, since halophilic proteins typically misfold and aggregate in conditions of low ionic strength. We have harnessed the sophisticated genetic tools available for the haloarchaeon Haloferax volcanii, to develop a system for the overexpression and purification of halophilic proteins under native conditions.     

Structural Changes in Halophilic and Non-halophilic Proteases in Response to Chaotropic Reagents

Halophilic enzymes have been established for their stability and catalytic abilities under harsh operational conditions. These have been documented to withstand denaturation at high temperature, pH, organic solvents, and chaotropic agents. However, this stability is modulated by salt. The present study targets an important aspect in understanding protein–urea/GdmCl interactions using proteases from halophilic Bacillus sp. EMB9 and non-halophilic subtilisin (Carlsberg) from Bacillus licheniformis as model systems. While, halophilic protease containing 1 % (w/v) NaCl (0.17 M) retained full activity towards urea (8 M), non-halophilic protease lost about 90 % activity under similar conditions. The secondary and tertiary structure were lost in non-halophilic but preserved for halophilic protein. This effect could be due to the possible charge screening and shielding of the protein surface by Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ ions rendering it stable against denaturation. The dialyzed halophilic protease almost behaved like the non-halophilic counterpart. Incorporation of NaCl (up to 5 %, w/v or 0.85 M) in dialyzed EMB9 protease containing urea/GdmCl, not only helped regain of proteolytic activity but also evaded denaturing action. Deciphering the basis of this salt modulated stability amidst a denaturing milieu will provide guidelines and templates for engineering stable proteins/enzymes for biotechnological applications.     

Cloning,expression, and efficient purification in Escherichia coli of a halophilic nucleoside diphosphate kinase from the moderate halophile Halomonas sp. #593

Most typical halophilic enzymes from extremely halophilic archaea require high concentrations of salt for their activity and stability. These enzymes are inactive in Escherichia coli unless refolded in the presence of salts in vitro. In this report, we describe cloning of the ndk gene of nucleoside diphosphate kinase from a moderately halophilic eubacterium and overexpression of the protein in E. coli as an N-terminal hexa-His fusion to facilitate its purification on Ni-NTA affinity resin. We demonstrate evidence that the protein is properly folded and exhibits the same specific activity and stability as the native protein from Halomonas cells.     

Overexpression in a non-native halophilic host and biotechnological potential of NAD<Superscript>+</Superscript>-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Halobacterium salinarum</Emphasis> strain NRC-36014

Enzymes produced by halophilic archaea are generally heat resistant and organic solvent tolerant, and accordingly important for biocatalytic applications in ‘green chemistry’, frequently requiring a low-water environment. NAD⁺-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase from an extremely halophilic archaeon Halobacterium salinarum strain NRC-36014 was selected to explore the biotechnological potential of this enzyme and genetically engineered derivatives. Over-expression in a halophilic host Haloferax volcanii provided a soluble, active recombinant enzyme, not achievable in mesophilic Escherichia coli, and an efficient purification procedure was developed. pH and salt dependence, thermostability, organic solvent stability and kinetic parameters were explored. The enzyme is active up to 90 °C and fully stable up to 70 °C. It shows good tolerance of various miscible organic solvents. High concentrations of salt may be substituted with 30 % DMSO or betaine with good stability and activity. The robustness of this enzyme under a wide range of conditions offers a promising scaffold for protein engineering.