邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)对三角鲂的急性毒性研究

为了研究邻苯二甲酸酯对水生态系统的危害,以三角鲂(Magalobrame Tarminalis)幼鱼为研究对象,探讨邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二-2-乙基己酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)4种PAEs化合物对其急性毒性效应。结果表明:以上4种化合物在暴露24 h、48 h和96 h的半致死质量浓度(LC50)分别为2.75、2.41和2.08 mg/L;5.29、4.12和3.29 mg/L;6.56、6.15和5.41 mg/L和6.98、6.84和6.60mg/L。其安全浓度(SC)分别为0.55、0.79、1.62和2.00 mg/L。三角鲂幼鱼对4种PAEs化合物的中毒症状相似,但4种物质的致死浓度区间存在差别,4种物质对三角鲂幼鱼的毒性大小顺序为DBP>DMP>DEHP>DEP,三角鲂幼鱼对4种PAEs化合物均表现出显著的时间效应和剂量效应,呈正相关。结果表明,4种物质在试验浓度下对三角鲂幼鱼产生了明显的毒性作用,对水生生物存在危害,应对其水生态风险加以关注。为制定4种PAEs水质标准及对其进行生态风险评价提供科学依据。     

池养刀鲚(Coilia nasus)鱼种的摄食与生长

采用生长测量、摄食节律评估的方法研究了人工养殖备件下刀鲚(Coilia nasus)的摄食和生长特性,旨在为刀鲚积累基础生物学资料,同时为大规模开展刀鲚的池塘养殖提供参考.结果表明:经过153 d的生长期,刀鲚的平均体长从最初的(12.41±2.21 )cm增加到(21.25±2.08)cm,体重从(5.83±0.91)g增加到(40.58±12.98)g;体长与日龄为线性相关(L=0.0558t+13.102,R2=0.97),体重与日龄为指数相关(W=6.5699e0.01231,R2 =0.98),体重与体长之间呈幂函数关系(W=0.0006L3.5924)幂指数b值接近3;刀鲚鱼种有明显的昼夜摄食节律,4:00-8:00是刀鲚鱼种的摄食高峰期,12:00左右摄食活动基本停止,16:00起摄食强度又明显回升,属晨昏摄食;此外还发现,枝角类、桡足类、日本沼虾和(鱼叚)虎鱼是培育刀鲚鱼种较为适宜的饵料生物,但其不同发育阶段适宜饵料生物有所不同,摄食量与饵料的种类和数量有直接关系.     

五种掩耳螽雌性发声刺的比较观察(直翅目:露螽科)

本文报道了露螽科Ｐｈａｎｅｒｏｐｔｅｒｉｄａｅ掩耳螽属ＥｌｉｍａｅａＳｔａｌ５种雌性发声刺,不同种发声刺的数目,形态和分布不同,露螽科雌性的发声刺,可以作为鉴定雌性为一个特征。     

池养条件下似刺鳊(鱼句)早期发育阶段的摄食与生长特性

对人工培育的似刺鳊(鱼句)(Paracanthobrama guichenoti)仔鱼、稚鱼和幼鱼的生长与摄食节律进行了研究.结果显示,在1~70日龄间,似刺鳊(鱼句)全长平均日增长率为3.55%,体重平均日增长率为11.26%,头长/全长值随着13龄的增长而变小.全长(L,mm)与体重(M,mg)的关系式为M=0.001 2 L2-0.056 4L+0.650 4;体重(M,mg)与日龄(D,d)的关系式为M=0.004 3 e0.0936D;全长(L,mm)和日龄(D,d)的关系式为L=0.015 4 D2-0.012 8 D+8.196 5.在饵料充足的条件下,20日龄晚期仔鱼全天均有很高的摄食发生率,小高峰出现在8:00时;40日龄稚鱼则表现出明显的昼夜摄食节律,属于典型的白天摄食类型,日摄食率2.337 6%.20 13龄仔鱼和40日龄稚鱼饱食后分别经6 h、5 h整个消化道排空.在水温25℃及饥饿空胃状态下,10日龄仔鱼只经3 d即开始出现死亡个体,经5 d全部死亡;20日龄仔鱼经6 d开始出现死亡个体,经9 d全部死亡;40 13龄稚鱼经7 d才开始出现死亡个体,10 d后全部个体均死亡.     

温度对真眼点藻生长、总脂及二十碳五烯酸(EPA)合成的影响

真眼点藻可以积累二十碳五烯酸(EPA)而受到广泛关注,温度是影响多不饱和脂肪酸合成的重要因素。本研究以真眼点藻(Eustigmatos sp.JHsu-01)为材料,设置高温组(30℃)和低温组(15℃)两种培养条件,通过测定生长、脂类积累、脂肪酸组成和甘油酯合成关键基因表达量的变化,探究温度对EPA合成规律的影响。结果表明,低温培养促进了真眼点藻JHsu-01膜脂和EPA的合成,EPA含量最高达到2.78% DW,糖脂是EPA的主要载体,但温度可以改变EPA在糖脂和中性脂之间的分配比例。转录组结果显示,低温条件下,脂肪酸从头合成、三酰甘油(GPAT、plsC、PLPP和DGAT)、糖脂(MGD和DGD)、硫脂(SQD1和SQD2)和ω-3合成途径(Δ5 Des、Δ6 Des和Δ15 Des)中多个关键酶基因表达上调。综上所述,低温可以促进真眼点藻EPA的合成,同时也是一种获得高含量糖脂型EPA的理想培养方式,研究结果为提高真眼点藻EPA产量提供理论和技术依据。     

人工环境下棘胸蛙(Paa spinosa)繁殖期的行为谱及活动节律

2007年4月,利用红外线摄像设备记录人工环境下的棘胸蛙行为活动,采用扫描取样法和目标动物取样法对录像资料进行分析,对人工环境下棘胸蛙的个体行为和活动节律进行了研究。结果表明：人工环境下的棘胸蛙行为主要包括静止行为（休息、对视）;社会行为（打斗、追逐）;运动行为（游泳、呜叫、跳跃）;捕食行为;繁殖行为（求偶呜唱、侵占、驱赶、撕咬,摔跤、抱对、错抱、拒绝行为、产卵）等。日变化规律变化表明：棘胸蛙的静止行为占了多数,其余多数行为集中在夜间,在凌晨03：00～05：00间出现一个最高峰,与此不同的是棘胸蛙的打斗行为在白天06：00～07：00、08：00～09：00、11：00～12：00多次出现高峰,而在夜间17：00～24：00打斗行为时间分配很少。呜叫行为在06：00—07：00,13：oo～14：00出现两个高峰,而在夜间17：00～01：00鸣叫行为时间分配很少。棘胸蛙的繁殖行为也主要发生在夜间,在凌晨02：30—04：30为高峰,其间抱对行为占到67％,其次为摔跤17％,撕咬15％,而其余所占很少。在行为描述的基础上,对棘胸蛙的有关行为机制进行了探讨。     

中国拟缺齿藓属Haplodontium Hampe(真藓科)的分类学研究

报道了中国新记录属--拟缺齿藓属（Haplodontium Hampe）分类学的研究进展。目前本属在中国分布有3种,其中包括1新种：臧氏拟缺齿藓（Haplodontium zangii X.R.Wang&J.C.Zhao）,2个新组合：喜马拉雅拟缺齿藓[H.himalayanum（Mitt.）X.R.Wang&J.C.Zhao]和中华拟缺齿藓[H.sinensis（Dix.）X.R.Wang&J.C.Zhao]。笔者对中国拟缺齿藓属3种植物的形态学特征绘制了墨线图,在光学显微镜和电子显微镜下拍摄显微形态照片,并对每种的主要识别特征、生境和地理分布以及与相似种的形态学比较进行了讨论。     

基于COI基因序列的九种真蝽属昆虫的分子系统学研究(半翅目:蝽科)

通过对真蝽属Pentatoma 9种昆虫线粒体COI基因约798bp的序列进行分子进化分析,并以同蝽科宽铗同蝽Acanthosoma labiduroides为外群,采用最大简约法、最大似然法和邻接法构建了分子系统树,来探讨真蝽属的系统发育关系.研究结果支持褐真蝽群P. semiannulata-group的划分,绿角真蝽Pentatoma viridicornuta应划归到褐真蝽群P. Semiannulata-group;红足真蝽群中的角肩真蝽P. angulata与红足真蝽P. rufipes遗传距离较小,它们是否为1个物种值得关注;真蝽属各群之间的系统发育关系以及是否可分为3个属值得进一步研究.     

拟纤枝真藓(Bryum petelotii)的地理新分布与分类地位探讨

报道了中国大陆新记录种——拟纤枝真藓(Bryum petelotii Thér.et Henr.)在贵州、云南的分布;描述了本种的形态特征和地理分布,并讨论了本种与相近种真藓(Bryum argenteum Hedw.)和纤枝短月藓［Brachymenium exile(Doz.et Molk.) Bosch et Lac.］的关系;基于文献和相关标本的研究,阐述并讨论了Ochi H.和B.C.Tan等关于该种分类地位的观点,并赞同将拟纤枝真藓置于真藓属(Bryum Hedw.)的观点。     

人白细胞介素2受体β(IL-2RB)基因真核表达及与JAK1的相互作用的检测北大核心

[目的]构建含人白介素2受体β(IL-2RB)基因的真核表达质粒p ENTER-IL-2RB-His,并在293T中进行真核表达,并用免疫共沉淀检测JAK1与IL-2RB在细胞内的相互作用。[方法]在Hela细胞中提取人总RNA,通过RT-PCR获得人IL-2RB的基因全长,并将其克隆至真核表达载体p ENTER-His中。经PCR克隆,双酶切、测序鉴定后,将重组质粒p ENTER-IL-2RB-His转染至293T细胞中。免疫印迹法检测不同时间点的IL2RΒ蛋白(24 h、36 h、48 h)在293T细胞中的表达,用免疫共沉淀检测JAK1和IL-2RB蛋白之间的相互作用。[结果]经PCR克隆、双酶切、测序鉴定质粒克隆正确。免疫印迹可见61 k Da的目的蛋白。共同转染JAK1和IL-2RB的质粒,免疫印迹可见分别为133 k Da和61 k Da的目的条带。[结论]成功获得IL-2RB基因全长,成功构建p ENTER-IL-2RB-His真核表达质粒,并在293T细胞中成功表达,随着时间的推移其表达量增高。免疫共沉淀可以检测到JAK1和IL-2RB两者的蛋白相互作用,这为下一步研究JAK1和IL-2RB这一对蛋白的相互作用的作用方式及作用机制奠定了基础。     

Diel and seasonal activity patterns of adult tautog, Tautoga onitis, in lower Chesapeake Bay, inferred from ultrasonic telemetry

Recent advances in ultrasonic telemetry have enabled researchers to simultaneously collect telemetry data on numerous tagged individuals without remaining in direct contact with them. We present a low cost, commercially available automated acoustic receiver system from which presence/absence data can be used to infer diel activity patterns. We monitored a large, temperate labrid, Tautoga onitis, but the methods and analyses presented here have direct application to other marine species. Data were analyzed using graphical analysis, harmonic analysis, and empirical eigenfunction analysis. Diel activity patterns were expressed in the context of photoperiod, water temperature, and tidal flow. Detection periodicity was strongly diel (24-h cycle), with detection predominantly during daylight hours only (diurnal). Diurnal detection persisted throughout the study. Daily detection was greatest in the morning or afternoon during slack tide. Daily detection varied seasonally with ambient water temperature and was greatest between 13–20°C, corresponding to the primary fishing seasons for Tautoga onitis in spring and fall. This study represented the first use of automated acoustic receivers to investigate seasonal changes in diel activity patterns of adult tautog and only the second application of ultrasonic telemetry to study this species. This study was also the first to address diel activity patterns of adult tautog in the southern range of this species' distribution.Senior author     

Diel cycle in Hoplosternum littorale (Teleostei): evidence for synchronization of locomotor, air breathing and feeding activity by circadian alternation of light and dark

Diel cycles of voluntary food intake, locomotor activity and air breathing were studied in Hoplosternum littorale (Hancock, 1828), a siluriform fish of the Callichtyidae family living in marshes in northern South America. The study was carried out with six groups of 30 fish each reared in 200-1 tanks equipped with demand-feeders and maintained under artificial light-dark conditions (13.5 L/10.5 D). Feed demand started at dusk and increased throughout the night with a peak between 02.00 and 05.00 hours, during which 3-h period the fish ate 40% of their total daily ration. There was a marked peak in air breathing and locomotion at dusk, followed by an increased feed intake. When the light-dark cycle was advanced by 9 h the observed phenomena were the same, so it is assumed that the light-dark alternation is the synchronizer. In starved fish, locomotor activity and air breathing were increased in the light phase.     

Diel patterns of feeding and vertical migration in daphnids and diaptomids during the clear water phase in Lake Geneva (France)

In lacustrine environments, little attention has been paid to small-scale interactions between zooplankton diel vertical migration (DVM) and feeding rhythms. Moreover, most of the information on in situ diel feeding and migratory rhythms is based on low sampling frequencies. The kinetics and the degree of coupling of these processes are thus only roughly known. Here, we present a study conducted on a diel cycle in Lake Geneva to establish the temporal and spatial relationships between DVM and grazing activity of the dominant planktonic crustaceans. Our methodological approach is based on reliable and frequent (every 30 minutes) sampling, and on gut fullness analysis. We test the hypothesis of temporal and spatial segregation in DVM and feeding activity of sympatric taxa to counteract resource competition. We also evaluate the variation in DVM and feeding activity between taxa, size and sexes. In Lake Geneva, the Daphnia complex of different species and size (D. hyalina × galeata) and the diaptomid (Eudiaptomus gracilis) have distinct DVM and diel feeding patterns which lead to temporal and spatial segregation. Differences arise from the amplitude and kinetics of DVM and diel feeding rhythms. A strong day/night contrast in depth distribution and feeding activity was observed for the large daphnids while the small daphnids and the diaptomids had lower amplitudes of DVM and weaker diel changes in feeding activity. Large Daphnia exhibited a bimodal feeding pattern coupled with dynamic interchange of individuals between the epi- and hypolimnetic layers at dusk and dawn. In contrast, little coupling between DVM and feeding patterns was found for the diaptomid. These distinct behaviours can be viewed as specific adaptive strategies developed by calanids and daphnids to limit interspecific competition and to compromise between avoidance of starvation in deep waters and avoidance of visual predators in surface layers. Our study supports the hypothesis of exogenous control of Daphnia DVM by the relative change in light intensity at dusk and dawn, but also suggests that small Daphnia (not large ones), are controlled by absolute light variations when this major stimulus is lacking. Our results also support the hypothesis that selective predation by fish is responsible for the observed differences in DVM and diel feeding patterns of sized-daphnids and diaptomids. Other factors explaining the coupling of DVM and feeding patterns are hunger, vertical temperature gradient and for daphnids, size. Thus, ecological plasticity in crustacean DVM and feeding patterns results from the interactive effect of multiple abiotic and biotic driving forces. Finally, our study also shows that large Daphnia have a marked contribution to the acceleration of downward nutrient fluxes in Lake Geneva, via their diurnal rhythm in feeding and vertical migration. Ecological implications of the study for lake management and sampling design of zooplankton grazing studies are also presented.

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Résumé Dans les écosystèmes lacustres, les interactions à fine échelle temporelle entre les patrons diurnes de migration verticale et de broutage du zooplancton sont peu étudiées. En outre, jusq'à présent, les études ont généralement été réalisées selon des chroniques temporelles assez lâches. La cinétique et le degré d'interaction entre les patrons journaliers de migration verticale et de broutage sont donc encore mal connus. La présente étude, conduite au Lac Léman (Lac de Genéve) au cours d'un cycle nycthéméral, tente de préciser les liaisons spatiales et temporelles existant entre les migrations journalières et la consommation de phytoplancton chez les taxons de Crustacés les mieux représentés. Notre approche méthodologique repose sur une maille temporelle d'échantillonnage fine et sur l'analyse de la fluorescence du contenu stomacal. Nous testons l'hypothèse d'une ségrégation spatio-temporelle visant à réduire la compétition entre les taxons sympatriques et reposant sur des différences entre les patrons journaliers respectifs de migration et d'alimentation. Nous évaluons pour ces rhythmes d'activité les différences entre les espèces, les classes de tailles et les sexes. Au lac Léman, le complexe de différentes espèces et tailles de daphnies (Daphnia hyalina × galeata) et le diaptomide (Eudiaptomus gracilis) présentent des patrons journaliers de migration et d'alimentation distincts, assurant une ségrégation spatio-temporelle. Les différences proviennent de variations dans la cinétique et l'amplitude des migrations et dans les niveaux d'alimentation. Les grandes daphnies affichent un fort contraste jour/nuit dans leur répartition verticale et leur état de réplétion, tandis que les petites daphnies et les diaptomides présentent une faible amplitude de migration et de variations circadiennes de réplétion. Les grandes daphnies ont un rythme alimentaire bimodal couplé avec un relais dynamique des organismes entre l'épilimnion et l'hypolimnion au crépuscule et à l'aube. Chez le diaptomide, les interactions sont au contraire faibles entre les patrons de migration verticale et de réplétion. Ces différents comportements peuvent être perçus comme des stratégies adaptives spécifiques développées par les daphnies et les diaptomides pour limiter la compétition interspécifique et aboutir à un compromis satisfaisant entre l'évitement de la famine en eaux profondes et de la prédation par les poissons dans les eaux superficielles. Notre étude conforte l'hypothèse d'un contrôle exogène de la migration verticale de Daphnia par les changements relatifs de la lumière au crépuscule et à l'aube. En l'absence de ce stimulus, la répartition verticale des petites daphnies semble par contre contrôlée par les variations absolues de lumière. Nos observations confortent également l'hypothèse que la prédation sélective par les poissons est responsable des différences observées dans les patrons de migration des grandes daphnies et ceux des petites daphnies et des diaptomides. Les autres facteurs pouvant influencer les patrons de migration et d'alimentation des crustacés du Lac Léman sont la famine, le gradient thermique vertical et, chez les daphnies, la taille. En définitive, la plasticité écologique des patrons journaliers de migration et d'alimentation résulte des effets interactifs de daphnies ont un rôle très important dans le transfert des nutriments dans les couches profondes durant l'été, via leurs migrations verticales et les variations circadiennes d'activité alimentaire. Les implications écologiques pour l'aménagement lacustre et la planification des études portant sur le broutage du zooplancton sont aussi présentées.

     

Influences of octopamine and juvenile hormone on locomotor behavior and <Emphasis Type="Italic">period</Emphasis> gene expression in the honeybee, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apis mellifera</Emphasis>

Octopamine (OA) and juvenile hormone (JH) are implicated in the regulation of age-based division of labor in the honeybee, Apis mellifera. We tested the hypothesis that these two neuroendocrine signals influence task-associated plasticity in circadian and diurnal rhythms, and in brain expression of the clock gene period (per). Treatment with OA, OA antagonist (epinastine), or both, did not affect the age at onset of circadian rhythmicity or the free running period in constant darkness (DD). Young bees orally treated with OA in light–dark (LD) illumination regime for 6 days followed by DD showed reduced alpha (the period between the daily onset and offset of activity) during the first 4 days in LD and the first 4 days in DD. Oral treatment with OA, epinastine, or both, but not manipulations of JH levels, caused increased average daily levels and aberrant patterns of brain per mRNA oscillation in young bees. These results suggest that OA and JH do not influence the development or function of the central pacemaker but rather that OA influences the brain expression of a clock gene and characteristics of locomotor behavior that are not thought to be under direct control of the circadian pacemaker. Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

Seasonal and inter-stream variations in the population dynamics, growth and secondary production of an algivorous fish (Pseudogastromyzon myersi: Balitoridae) in monsoonal Hong Kong

1. Balitorid loaches are widespread and highly diverse in Asian streams, yet their life history and ecology have received little attention. We investigated seasonal (wet versus dry season) and spatial variation in populations of algivorous Pseudogastromyzon myersi in Hong Kong, and estimated the magnitude of secondary production by this fish in pools in four streams (two shaded and two unshaded) over a 15‐month period. 2. Mean population densities of P. myersi ranged from 6.0 to 23.2 individuals m⁻², constituting more than half (and typically >70%) of benthic fishes censused. Abundance was c. 25% greater in the wet season, when recruitment occurred. Significant density differences among streams were not related to shading conditions and were evident despite small‐scale variations in P. myersi abundance among pools. Mean biomass varied among streams from 0.85 to 3.87 g ash‐free dry weight (AFDW) m⁻². Spatial and seasonal patterns in biomass and density were similar, apart from some minor disparities attributable to differences in mean body size among populations. 3. All four P. myersi populations bred once a year in June and July, and life spans varied from 24 to 26 months. Populations consisted of three cohorts immediately after recruitment but, for most of the study period, only two cohorts were evident. Cohort‐specific growth rates did not differ significantly among streams but, in all streams, younger cohorts had higher cohort‐specific growth rates. 4. Secondary production of P. myersi estimated by the size‐frequency (SF) method was 2.7–11.5 g AFDW m⁻² year⁻¹ and almost twice that calculated by the increment‐summation (IS) method (1.2–6.6 g AFDW m⁻² year⁻¹). Annual P/B ratios were 1.17 – 2.16 year⁻¹ (IS) and 2.73 – 3.22 year⁻¹ (SF). Highest production was recorded in an unshaded stream and the lowest in a shaded stream, but site rankings by production did not otherwise match shading conditions. Wet‐season production was six times greater than dry‐season production, and daily production fell to almost zero during January and February. Cool temperatures (<17 °C) may have limited fish activity and influenced detectability during some dry‐season censuses. Estimates of abundance and annual production by P. myersi are therefore conservative. 5. Comparisons with the literature indicate that the abundance and production of P. myersi in Hong Kong was high relative to other benthic fishes in tropical Asia, or their temperate counterparts in small streams. Manipulative experiments are needed to determine the influence of P. myersi, and algivorous balitorids in general, on periphyton dynamics and energy flow in Asian streams.     

Social interactions and cortisol treatment increase the production of aggressive electrocommunication signals in male electric fish,Apteronotus leptorhynchus

Brown ghost knife fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus, continually emit a weakly electric discharge that serves as a communication signal and is sensitive to sex steroids. Males modulate this signal during bouts of aggression by briefly (approximately 15 ms) increasing the discharge frequency in signals termed "chirps." The present study examined the effects of short-term (1-7 days) and long-term (6-35 days) male-male interaction on the continuous electric organ discharge (EOD), chirping behavior, and plasma levels of cortisol and two androgens, 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) and testosterone. Males housed in isolation or in pairs were tested for short-term and long-term changes in their EOD frequency and chirping rate to standardized sinusoidal electrical stimuli. Within 1 week, chirp rate was significantly higher in paired fish than in isolated fish, but EOD frequency was equivalent in these two groups of fish. Plasma cortisol levels were significantly higher in paired fish than in isolated fish, but there was no difference between groups in plasma 11KT levels. Among paired fish, cortisol levels correlated positively with chirp rate. To determine whether elevated cortisol can cause changes in chirping behavior, isolated fish were implanted with cortisol-filled or empty Silastic tubes and tested for short-term and long-term changes in electrocommunication signals and steroid levels. After 2 weeks, fish that received cortisol implants showed higher chirp rates than blank-implanted fish; there were no difference between groups in EOD frequency. Cortisol implants significantly elevated plasma cortisol levels compared to blank implants but had no effect on plasma 11KT levels. These results suggest that male-male interaction increases chirp rate by elevating levels of plasma cortisol, which, in turn, acts to modify neural activity though an 11KT-independent mechanism.