大型海藻的营养盐代谢及其与近岸海域富营养化的关系

大型海藻是近岸海域重要的初级生产者,近年来人们愈来愈认识到大型海藻在近岸海域富营养化生物修复中的重要性,同时,富营养化也可能招致某些机会主义大型海藻种类的爆发生长,因此,进一步理解大型海藻与营养盐供应变化的关系就显得非常重要。本文从大型海藻营养盐代谢与海水中营养盐供应变化(主要是富营养化)的生理生态关系角度对相关问题进行评述,主要包括影响大型海藻营养盐吸收特性的重要因素、海水中营养盐的供应及大型海藻对营养盐的细胞贮存、大型海藻对营养盐的生态需求、大型海藻对近岸海域富营养化的生态响应等问题。文章还对今后的研究提出了展望。     

海藻的营养代谢及其对主要营养盐的吸收动力学1

简要介绍了海藻(尤其是大型海藻)的营养需求、利用和主要营养盐(氮、磷、铁)的吸收动力学及其研究方法.     

温度与盐度对刺松藻生长和营养盐吸收的影响

随着养殖业迅猛发展，海洋富营养化问题日益加剧。利用大型海藻所具有的超吸收氮磷营养盐的能力，可有效治理和修复富营养化海域。从福建省连江县罗源湾海域养殖筏架采取经济价值较高的刺松藻，为分析其在海水养殖区的生长条件，在实验室条件下，研究温度（18、25、32 ℃）和盐度（10、20、30）对刺松藻生长和营养盐吸收的影响。研究结果表明，刺松藻生长受温度影响极显著(P<0.01)，受盐度及二者相互作用影响显著(P<0.05)；在25 ℃和盐度20的条件下，刺松藻特定生长率（specific growth rate，SGR）最高，达89.45%；在32 ℃和盐度30的条件下，刺松藻对营养盐的吸收效果最好，其中对NH+4-N的吸收效果最佳。研究结果为生物修复种群的选择和刺松藻的人工养殖提供了一定的参考。     

海藻的营养代谢及其对主要营养盐的吸收动力学

简要介绍了海藻（尤其是大型海藻）的营养需求,利用和主要营养盐（氮,磷,铁）的吸收动力学及其研究方法。     

营养盐富集和全球温度升高对海草的影响

海草床具有稳定沉积物、净化水质和碳储存等重要的生态系统服务功能。近几十年来,世界范围内海草床衰退严重。在全球近岸水体富营养化和气温升高的背景下,本文对营养盐富集和全球温度升高对海草的影响进行了分析。硝态氮和铵态氮作为海草重要的营养来源,贫营养环境下,会促进海草的生长。由于硝态氮需要转化为亚硝态氮,再通过一系列新陈代谢过程转化为氨基酸,硝态氮富集会影响海草组织的碳平衡,从而对海草床造成负面影响。较高浓度的铵态氮会对海草产生毒性,引起海草床的衰退。有机氮作为海草可选择吸收的氮源,是对海草氮吸收的有效补充。温度是控制全球海草分布和生长的主要因素,春季一定程度的营养盐富集可以提高海草的生产力,而夏季高温和营养盐富集对海草的生长具有抑制作用。营养盐富集和夏季高温还可以通过促进大型海藻爆发性生长,导致光衰减,从而引起海草床向大型海藻生态系统的逆向演替。本文提出了未来海草主要研究方向,主要包括:长时间序列海草床野外观测;有机氮对海草的影响机制;营养盐富集和全球温度升高对海草的协同影响机制;热带海草呼吸作用对全球温度升高的响应。     

大型海藻龙须菜与东海原甲藻间的营养竞争

生物方法作为一种新兴的赤潮防治方法,因为其作用的专一性及较少的负效应,越来越受到人们的重视。研究了龙须菜(G racilaria lem aneif orm is)与东海原甲藻(P rorocentrum d ongha iense)之间营养盐NO3-、PO43-竞争的情况。结果显示,两者共培养时,龙须菜对营养盐的快速吸收利用,使得共培养体系中营养盐迅速降低,最终导致东海原甲藻消亡,而东海原甲藻对于龙须菜的生长不构成明显的影响。在营养盐充分的条件下,1g鲜重的龙须菜对NO3-的吸收能力相当于6.0×107个东海原甲藻细胞,对PO43-的吸收相当于2.4×107个东海原甲藻细胞。相对于东海原甲藻,龙须菜对营养盐的吸收利用更具有优势。龙须菜可作为有效吸收营养盐的大型海藻,用以降低近海水域富营养化程度及有害赤潮发生的几率。     

高CO2浓度对大型海藻光合作用及有关过程的影响

大气CO2浓度升高对陆生植物的影响引起广泛的关注,相对来讲,人们对大型海藻类与CO2浓度升高关系的研究则要薄弱得多,但近年来在这方面仍有很大进展。高CO2浓度下,许多大型海藻表现出光合能力下降,对海水中HCO3^-利用能力下降,并使得光合量子产额下降;而另一些大型海藻则没有上述光合作用的下调现象。另外,高CO2浓度下,大型海藻的其它许多生理过程（如生长、呼吸作用、营养盐代谢、生化组成以及钙化作用等）,均发生了相应的变化。文章分析了影响高CO2浓度对大型海藻效应的主要因素,并对今后的研究作了展望。     

深圳东部海域海藻场大型海藻生态服务价值评估

海藻场是海洋生态系统的重要类型,具有独特的生态系统服务价值。本研究对深圳东部海域海藻场大型海藻生态服务指标进行重要性评价,并依托现有的海藻场资源调查结果,以市场价值法、替代成本法、条件价值法等方法对深圳东部4片海域海藻场大型海藻的生态价值进行评估。结果表明：深圳东部4片海域海藻场大型海藻生态服务指标的重要性排序为固碳释氧>生物多样性维持>去除N、P营养盐>物质生产>吸收重金属>科研服务;深圳东部4片海域海藻场大型海藻年均生物量为10427.42 g·m^-2,海藻场面积为14.55 hm²,海藻场大型海藻资源年产出量为3983.90 t·a^-1;深圳东部4片海域海藻场大型海藻的生态服务总价值为24.91亿元·a^-1,单位面积生态服务价值为1.71亿元·hm^-2·a^-1;其中小梅沙海域海藻场大型海藻的生态服务价值为7.14亿元·a^-1,占年总生态价值的28.67%;七星湾海域海藻场大型海藻的生态价值5.87亿...     

烟台养马岛潮间带大型海藻分布特征及环境影响因素

2010年4月—2011年3月对烟台养马岛潮间带大型海藻进行了逐月调查.在养马岛潮间带共设置了A、B两个点,对大型海藻物种组成、生物量以及与环境变化的关系进行了研究.结果表明: 调查区域共有大型海藻35种,其中红藻24种,占总数的68.6%;绿藻6种,占总数的17.1%;褐藻5种,占总数的14.3%.夏季优势种以褐藻和绿藻为主,秋、冬、春季优势种以红藻和褐藻为主,鼠尾藻在各季节中均为优势种.大型海藻生物量呈现夏季高、冬季低的特点,生物量最高值出现在6月,A、B采样点大型海藻生物量最小值分别出现在1月和11月,具有温带海域藻类变化特点.温度、营养盐和pH对大型海藻生物量有显著影响.
     

基于大型底栖无脊椎动物确定河流营养盐浓度阈值——以西苕溪上游流域为例

水体富营养化是一个全球性的问题,中国也面临严重威胁.目前,中国的水体富营养化研究主要集中在湖泊和水库,对河流的研究极少.根据大型底栖无脊椎动物的群落结构对营养盐胁迫的响应,运用非参数转变点分析方法计算西苕溪上游营养盐浓度突变点.结果表明:总氮和总磷的突变点分别为1.409mg·mL-1和0.033～0.035mg·mL-1.参照点的总氮和总磷浓度基本都低于阈值,城市干扰点则全部高于阈值,而当总氮和总磷超过各自阈值时会导致大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构的严重退化.通过建立与水生生物群落结构有关的水体营养盐标准,可充分发挥生物监测在水环境管理中的作用,为计算水体中总氮和总磷的最大日负荷总量提供科学数据.     

Reliability of Analyses of Hg,Fe, Ca,K, P,pH, Alkalinity,Conductivity, Hardness and Colour from Lakes

The aim of this report has been to present results concerning analytical quality controls of Hg analysis of fish and sediment, analyses of Fe, Ca, total-P, K, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, colour and hardness (Ca + Mg) of lake water samples. Despite the fact that these are standard parameters in many regular water control programs, there are major differences in the reliability with which these parameters can be determined. The focus here is on an overall inter-laboratory comparison between the parameters. Six laboratories have been involved in the analysis. Selected results: pH gives the lowest (average) relative standard deviation (error), about 2 %; conductivity gives an error of about 5–7 %; alkalinity yields an average error of as much as 13–25 %, which is the largest among the parameters studied here; colour also gives a high error, 9–15 %; hardness gives a relative standard deviation of about 6–7 %. Of the other parameters (i. e., Hg, Fe, Ca and P), Hg gives the best reliability and Fe and P the lowest. To have knowledge of the reliability of the analytical data is of paramount importance in most control programs and research projects.     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.