溪流二氧化碳排放研究进展

陆源碳经内陆水体生态系统输出是全球碳循环的关键一环,其中溪流碳排放超过内陆水体平均碳排放,影响区域乃至全球碳收支.本文通过对前人的研究结果进行总结,归纳了当前溪流二氧化碳分压(pCO2)、二氧化碳排放通量(FCO2)的动态变化特征,二者均表现出明显的昼夜变化和季节变化特征,且随溪流分级的增大而减小;梳理了影响溪流pCO...     

Inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm by dense phase carbon dioxide

Dense phase carbon dioxide (DPCD) is one of the most promising techniques available to control microorganisms as a non-thermal disinfection method. However, no study on the efficiency of biofilm disinfection using DPCD has been reported. The efficiency of DPCD in inactivating Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm, which is known to have high antimicrobial resistance, was thus investigated. P. aeruginosa biofilm, which was not immersed in water but was completely wet, was found to be more effectively inactivated by DPCD treatment, achieving a 6-log reduction within 7 min. The inactivation efficiency increased modestly with increasing pressure and temperature. This study also reports that the water-unimmersed condition is one of the most important operating parameters in achieving efficient biofilm control by DPCD treatment. In addition, observations by confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that DPCD treatment not only inactivated biofilm cells on the glass coupons but also caused detachment of the biofilm following weakening of its structure as a result of the DPCD treatment; this is an added benefit of DPCD treatment.     

CO2转化酶的固定化研究

CO2是导致温室效应的主要气体,固定和转化CO2的研究对于温室效应的减缓和环境保护方面具有重要意义。近年来CO2转化的研究取得了迅猛发展,其中生物法固定CO2由于其反应条件温和且绿色无污染的优点而备受关注。本文对转化CO2有关的乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）和草酰乙酸脱羧酶（OAADC）进行了初步的固定化分析。首先以碳纳米管、壳聚糖和海藻酸钠为原料,制备了包埋上述CO2转化酶的微胶囊固定化体系,然后分别比较了游离酶和固定化酶的操作稳定性和储存稳定性。研究结果表明,固定化的CO2转化酶的操作稳定性和储存稳定得到明显的提高。本研究对CO2的转化和应用方面具有重要参考价值。     

Effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the bioleaching of a pyrite-arsenopyrite ore concentrate

The effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the bacterial leaching of a pyrite-arsenopyrite ore concentrate was studied in continuous-flow reactors. Steady-state operation with two feed slurry densities, 6 wt% and 16 wt% solids, were tested for the effect of carbon dioxide concentration. Bacterial growth rates were estimated via the measurement of carbon dioxide consumption rates. Aqueous-phase carbon dioxide concentrations in excess of 10 mg/L were found to be inhibitory to bacterial growth. (c) 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Molecular dynamics simulation of replacement of methane hydrate with carbon dioxide

Molecular dynamics simulation was performed to analyse the phenomena of replacement of methane hydrate with carbon dioxide (CO₂) at 270 K and 5.0 MPa for 5300 ps. The methane hydrate phase was constructed with 16 unit cells of hydrate. Every cage in the hydrate was occupied by one methane molecule. The methane hydrate phase was sandwiched between two CO₂ phases. During the simulation the hydrate partially melted and liquid water phase appeared, and CO₂ dissolved in the liquid water phase. The replacements were observed three times at the hydrate–liquid water interface during the simulation. In the first case, the replacement occurred at a S-cage without changing the structure. In the second case, an M-cage of methane hydrate partially collapsed, and methane and CO₂ molecules exchanged. After the exchange, the cage occupied by CO₂ remained in the M-cage structure. In the third case, a S-cage of methane hydrate partially collapsed, and methane and CO₂ molecules exchanged. After the exchange, the cage occupied by CO₂ changed to an M-cage-like structure.     

Effects of daytime carbon dioxide concentration on dark respiration in rice

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO₂]) has generated considerable interest in the response of agricultural crops to [CO₂]. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of a wide range of daytime [CO₂] on dark respiration of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. IR-30). Rice plants were grown season-long in naturally sunlit plant growth chambers in subambient (160 and 250), ambient (330), or super-ambient (500, 660 and 900 μmol CO₂ mol^?1 air) [CO₂] treatments. Canopy dark respiration, expressed on a ground area basis (R_d) increased with increasing [CO₂] treatment from 160 to 500 μmol mol^?1 treatments and was very similar among the superambient treatments. The trends in R_d over time and in response to increasing daytime [CO₂] treatment were associated with and similar to trends previously described for photosynthesis. Specific respiration rate (R_dw) decreased with time during the growing season and was higher in the subambient than the ambient and superambient [CO₂] treatments. This greater R_dw in the subambient [CO₂] treatments was attributed to a higher specific maintenance respiration rate and was associated with higher plant tissue nitrogen concentration.     

Inactivation of Alternaria brassicicola spores by supercritical carbon dioxide with ethanol entrainer

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) was used to inactivate fungal spores of Alternaria brassicicola. The inactivation conditions were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). When the SC-CO₂-entrainer (ethanol) system was applied to fungal spores, the treatment time required for the complete inactivation of fungal spores was substantially reduced.     

土壤有机碳和外源添加碳对水稻土土体呼吸的影响

土体呼吸输出碳来源于土壤固有有机碳和外源添加碳,而以往关于不同施肥措施对水稻土碳排放的研究少有区分碳的来源。本试验利用一个长达30年的水稻土定位试验,在保证原有定位试验继续正常开展的前提下变更部分施肥处理,得到继续施用高量有机肥(HOM)、施用常量有机肥30年后改施高量有机肥(N-H)、继续施用常量有机肥(NOM)、施用化肥30年后改施常量有机肥(C-N)、施用高量有机肥30年后改施化肥(H-C)、施用常量有机肥30年后改施化肥(N-C)、继续施用化肥(CF)等7种施肥处理。通过观测早稻生长期间原有施肥和改施肥处理土体CO2排放通量(FCO2),研究不同后续施肥对水稻土FCO2的影响,以期探讨土壤原始有机碳和外源添加碳对土壤FCO2的影响。结果表明:7种不同施肥处理土体CO2平均排放通量(F珔CO2)分别为85.34、69.10、51.27、49.15、14.89、12.92和11.59 mg C.m-2.h-1;对施用无机肥料和常量有机肥料的土体而言,土壤本身有机碳含量对F珔CO2无显著影响,但对施用高量有机肥的土体而言,土壤本身的高有机碳含量会增强F珔CO2;CO2排放通量(Y)与添加外源碳量(x)之间符合指数方程:Y=13.33e1.719 x(R2=0.967,n=21),施入的外源有机碳对土体FCO2产生极显著影响;当季外源添加碳以CO2-C矿化分解释放的碳占其总碳量的14%左右,且该分解率受土壤有机碳含量和有机物料添加量的影响较小。     

超临界二氧化碳的四个应用方向

综述了超临界CO2的四个主要应用方向,即萃取、细胞破壁和微粒制造、反应溶剂以及SCCO2洗涤,着重总结了在烟草工业上的应用。对国内外的应用现状和应用前景给予了评述,并给出CO2温度、压力、密度的关系式。     

The effect of carbon dioxide on egg production inMyrmica rubra

Summary An earlier study suggested that anaesthetization with heavy doses of carbon dioxide can be harmful to ants. It is shown that a light dose of carbon dioxide can be a safe and convenient anaesthetic for laboratory studies of ants of the genusMyrmica.     

中国旅游业碳排放效率的空间格局及其影响因素

旅游业碳排放效率作为旅游业绿色全要素生产率指标,是衡量旅游业碳排放与旅游经济增长之间关系的重要工具。借助SBM模型测算了中国省际旅游业碳排放效率,并利用ESDA和GWR方法分析了旅游业碳排放效率的空间格局及其影响因素的时空异质性。结果表明:中国旅游业碳排放效率呈现缓慢提升态势,但总体水平仍较低。旅游业碳排放效率的空间集聚特征明显,形成了以上海为中心的高值集聚区和以西北省份为中心的低值集聚区。旅游业碳排放效率及其空间格局演化是多因素共同作用的结果,旅游经济规模对中西部地区旅游业碳排放效率的提升作用较强;城镇化的促进作用逐步减弱,且在多数省份开始产生抑制作用;技术效应的提升作用高值区从中东部转移至华北和东北地区;旅游业产权结构对南部地区的推动作用也逐步凸显;结构效应主要对西南地区起促进作用。这为优化和提升旅游业碳排放效率提供了理论依据。     

Extraction and fractionation of complex lipid mixtures with dense carbon dioxide on a micro scale

The effects of pressure, temperature and some organic solvents on the recovery of various lipid classes from plant and animal tissues can be assessed by fractional extraction with dense carbon dioxide and consecutive analysis by thin-layer chromatography.     

Root production and mortality under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide

An essential component of an understanding of carbon flux is the quantification of movement through the root carbon pool. Although estimates have been made using radiocarbon, the use of minirhizotrons provides a direct measurement of rates of root birth and death. We have measured root demographic parameters under a semi-natural grassland and for wheat. The grassland was studied along a natural altitudinal gradient in northern England, and similar turf from the site was grown in elevated CO₂ in solardomes. Root biomass was enhanced under elevated CO₂. Root birth and death rates were both increased to a similar extent in elevated CO₂, so that the throughput of carbon was greater than in ambient CO₂, but root half-lives were shorter under elevated CO₂ only under a Juncus/Nardus sward on a peaty gley soil, and not under a Festuca turf on a brown earth soil. In a separate experiment, wheat also responded to elevated CO₂ by increased root production, and there was a marked shift towards surface rooting: root development at a depth of 80–85 cm was both reduced and delayed. In conjunction with published results for trees, these data suggest that the impact of elevated CO₂ will be system-dependent, affecting the spatio-temporal pattern of root growth in some ecosystems and the rate of turnover in others. Turrnover is also sensitive to temperature, soil fertility and other environmental variables, all of which are likely to change in tandem with atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. Differences in turnover and time and location of rhizodeposition may have a large effect on rates of carbon cycling.     

Characterisation of a novel support for biocatalysis in supercritical carbon dioxide

The work presents a characterisation study of Accurel EP100 (polypropylene based hydrophobic granules) as support material for lipase (Lypozyme 10,000 l, from native Rhizomucor miehei) operating as biocatalyst in supercritical CO₂ as solvent. The study involved assay of biocatalytic activity and operational stability as functions of system pressure and temperature. Furthermore, the presence of diffusion limitations was tested, by varying the bed diameter and support particle size. In addition, SEM and Gas Absorption were employed to test the mechanical stability. Results were compared with the commercially available biocatalyst Lipozyme™ IM60.

Pressure did not have a significant effect on the activity or the stability, while temperature had a positive effect on the activity and negative effect on the stability. As expected, an ‘optimum’ value of system water content gave maximum catalytic activity for each biocatalyst. External- and internal-diffusion limitations were both found negligible. The mechanical stability analysis demonstrated little (if any) effect of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) on the structural integrity of Accurel EP100, although subtle increases in pore volume and surface area were observed.     

大气二氧化碳浓度升高对植物-昆虫相互关系的影响

综述了CO2浓度升高对植物与昆虫相互关系影响的研究结果。大量研究表明,高浓度CO2对植物生理生化活动有显著的影响,植物营养物质的变化对植食性昆虫亦产生不同程度的影响,高浓度CO2条件对咀嚼式口器昆虫的取食、生长发育和生殖有不同程度的不良影响,昆虫为了获得足够的氮素营养而增加取食强度和时间,从而更易于受到天敌的攻击,这些昆虫的生长率、繁殖和生存率有下降的趋势;而对刺吸韧皮部汁液的昆虫来说,多引起种群数量增加或无显著影响。并对研究中存在的问题进行了分析,提出了今后研究的方向。     

Calculation of diffusion coefficient for supercritical carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide+naphthalene system by molecular dynamics simulation using EPM2 model

NVT ensemble molecular dynamics (MD) simulation has been applied to calculate the self-diffusion coefficients of carbon dioxide and the tracer diffusion coefficients of naphthalene in supercritical carbon dioxide. The simulation was carried out in the pressure range from 8 to 40 MPa. The elementary physical model proposed by Harris and Yung was adopted for carbon dioxide and some approximation models were used for naphthalene. The systems of MD simulation for carbon dioxide consist of 256 particles. One naphthalene molecule was added for carbon dioxide+naphthalene system. The system can be assumed to be an infinite dilution condition for carbon dioxide+naphthalene system and the mutual diffusion coefficients are equal to the tracer diffusion coefficients of naphthalene. The self-diffusion coefficients of carbon dioxide and the tracer diffusion coefficients of naphthalene in supercritical carbon dioxide can be calculated by mean square displacement. The calculated results of diffusion coefficients showed good agreement with the experimental data without adjustable parameters.     

The effect of dissolved carbon dioxide on penicillin production: Mycelial morphology

The effect of carbon dioxide on the morphology of Penicillium chrysogenum was examined. The scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study indicated that the morphology of P. chrysogenum was subject to change when exposed to various dissolved CO₂ concentrations in the medium. At low influent carbon dioxide partial pressures between 0% and 8%, the predominant morphological form of P. chrysogenum was filamentous. At higher influent carbon dioxide partial pressures of 15% and 20%, the appearance of swollen and stunted hyphae predominated, and a significant quantity of spherical or yeast-like cells were observed. It was evident that for production subject to high dissolved CO₂ concentrations the inhibition of cell growth and penicillin production related strongly to the concomitant morphological changes of P. chrysogenum.     

超临界CO2提取茶籽油的工艺及其成分分析

对超临界CO2工艺提取茶籽油进行研究,选择萃取压力、温度、时间、分离釜Ⅰ压力为影响因素,茶籽油的提取率为试验指标,采用多因素多水平可视化分析方法对数据进行分析,得出最佳工艺范围：萃取压力2.5×107～3.0×107Pa、温度30～35℃、时间110～140 min、分离釜Ⅰ压力4.0×106～5.0×106Pa。并用气相色谱-质谱法测定茶籽油中的各个成分及含量,发现茶籽油中单不饱和脂肪酸主要为油酸,多不饱和脂肪酸主要为亚油酸,饱和脂肪酸主要为棕榈酸和硬脂酸。