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1.
    
This paper describes liver lobe torsion in a white‐lipped tamarin (Saguinus labiatus) and an Alaotran gentle lemur (Hapalemur alaotrensis). Both animals had a history of acute collapse, and diagnosis was made post‐mortem. To the authors’ knowledge, these are the first reported cases of this pathology in non‐human primates.  相似文献   

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Non‐human primates are susceptible to many bacteria, some of which bear zoonotic potential. We report the pathologic features of spontaneous fulminating meningoencephalitis by Staphylococcus aureus in a captive infant golden‐headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) from Brazil.  相似文献   

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Several features that appear to differentiate the walking gaits of most primates from those of most other mammals (the prevalence of diagonal-sequence footfalls, high degrees of humeral protraction, and low forelimb vs. hindlimb peak vertical forces) are believed to have evolved in response to requirements of locomotion on thin arboreal supports by early primates that had developed clawless grasping hands and feet. This putative relationship between anatomy, behavior, and ecology is tested here by examining gait mechanics in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a primate that has sharp claws and reduced pedal grasping, and that spends much of its time clinging on large trunks. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected on three male Callithrix jacchus as they walked across a force platform attached to the ground or to raised horizontal poles. The vast majority of all walking gaits were lateral-sequence. For all steps, the humerus was retracted (<90 degrees relative to a horizontal axis) or held in a neutral (90 degrees ) position at forelimb touchdown. Peak vertical forces on the forelimb were always higher than those on the hindlimb. These three features of the walking gaits of C. jacchus separate it from any other primate studied (including other callitrichids). The walking gaits of C. jacchus are mechanically more similar to those of small, nonprimate mammals. The results of this study support previous models that suggest that the unusual suite of features that typify the walking gaits of most primates are adaptations to the requirements of locomotion on thin arboreal supports. These data, along with data from other primates and marsupials, suggest that primate postcranial and locomotor characteristics are part of a basal adaptation for walking on thin branches.  相似文献   

4.
BACKGROUND: Gynecological and obstetrical ultrasonography has become an indispensable tool in the routine management, health evaluation and research on captive non-human primates. METHODS: Ultrasound was used to evaluate the uterus and estimate the gestation of owl monkeys. Twelve couples were selected, where five were primiparous and seven multiparous females from the National Primate Center reproductive colony, Ananindeua-PA, Brazil. The procedures were carried out using the GE Logiq 100 MP, equipped with a 7.5 MHz linear probe. RESULTS: The females showed a simple uterus, of elongated shape, regular outline and homogeneous echogenic texture. In the uterine measurements craniocaudal diameter, dorsoventral diameter and uterine volume (UV), significant differences were identified (P < 0.05) between ultrasound examinations of primiparous and multiparous females. The UV showed a positive correlation with the number of births. The gestational sac and the embryonic echo were visible between 28 and 38 days after mating. Between 48 and 68 days after mating, embryonic death was identified in all the gestations. CONCLUSIONS: The chemical (use of tranquilizers) and husbandry factors (capture stress) may be related to the prenatal death. The establishing methods of conditioning the female to the ultrasonographic exam may offer a solution to this problem.  相似文献   

5.
    
Capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) is a new world primate that in recent years has become important in biomedical research. The purpose of this study was to establish and correlate normal fetal growth parameters with gestational age in capuchin monkeys. In seven pregnant animals serial ultrasonic assessment of gestational sac (GS), embryo/fetal greatest length (GL), biparietal diameter (BPD), thorax height (TH), and femur length (FL) were performed. Identification of the GS was possible on day 23+/-2.8 (X +/- SE). The embryo and its heartbeat was detected on day 32.7+/-2.8, the GL being measurable thereafter. By day 45.4+/-1.4 BPD and TH were measurable. FL could only be measured from day 70.6+/-2.1. Predictive regression equations of gestational age (GA) were modeled with data obtained. In addition, preliminary data of fetal heart rate showed a decrease in frequency with advancing gestation.  相似文献   

6.
    
Hand preference is well observed in humans and some primates. Unlike many other primates, however, humans show a consistent hand preference across a variety of tasks, and a distinct right-handed skew at the population level. Although there are a moderate number of published studies, primate hand preference literature is unbalanced by the large number of studies on only a few species. No previous studies have addressed hand preference in white-faced sakis (WFS; Pithecia pithecia). We followed three habituated groups of wild WFS in Suriname and recorded individual hand preference for six different manual behaviors. There was no consistent hand preference across a range of uni-manual behaviors for any individual. Likewise, there were significantly more ambidextrous individuals in the population than expected (χ(2) (df = 2) = 11.2, P = 0.004) and thus, no population level hand preference. Our findings contribute baseline data to the debate of primate hand lateralization, and support the notion that lateralization of hand function does not characterize all species.  相似文献   

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Published data on milk composition for nonhuman primates, especially great apes, are lacking. Milk composition data are important for understanding the physiology and evolution of mammalian milk production, as well as the nutritional requirements of infants. For many primate species these data have added relevance because of the need to hand raise infants orphaned by poaching or separated from their mothers in captivity. The proximate composition (dry matter (DM), protein, fat, sugar) of free-ranging mountain gorilla (MG) (Gorilla beringei beringei) milk was characterized from samples (N = 10) collected opportunistically during field procedures. The mean values for mid-lactation (1-50 months) milk samples from healthy MGs (N = 7) were: 10.7% DM, 1.9% fat, 1.4% crude protein, 6.8% sugar, and 0.53 kcal/g. These results are lower in fat and total energy than most other Hominidae, including humans. One early-lactation sample was high in protein content while the composition of two samples from gorillas with poor health and suspected poor milk quality both deviated from the normal, mid-lactation pattern. This survey adds to the data available for primate milk composition and suggests that wild MG infants normally consume milk that is lower in fat and total energy than human milk.  相似文献   

10.
Little information has been published on the reproductive biology and behavior of the emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator). We analyzed twelve years of data on emperor tamarins at the Los Angeles Zoo and made comparisons with data on cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus o. oedipus) and golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) from the same collection. Secondary sex ratios did not differ significantly from 50:50. Births were not strictly seasonal for any species. The number of infants reared had a significant effect on interbirth interval for all species, with shorter intervals when only one or no infants were reared, but females did sometimes conceive early in lactation. In emperor tamarin families, all fathers and most older siblings carried new infants, usually beginning within a few days after a birth. Previous exposure to younger siblings did not appear to be critical to the development of competent parental behavior by zooborn emperor tamarin females.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract: Fifty common marmoset pregnancies were monitored using ultrasound. The objective was to ascertain if fetal mortality was related to litter size. Prior to analysis we determined abortion rate and litter size were not influenced by repeated ultrasound. Mortality was unrelated to litter size and occurred fairly late in gestation. All singletons born in this study began gestation as twins. It is hypothesized that marmosets may be able to adjust litter size late in pregnancy in response to proximate environmental factors.  相似文献   

12.
    
Wild common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) feed on fruits, insects, and gums, all of which provide different digestive challenges. Much of the ingested mass of fruits consists of seeds. In general, seeds represent indigestible bulk to marmosets and could inhibit feeding if they are not eliminated rapidly. In contrast, gums are β‐linked polysaccharides that require microbial fermentation. Their digestion would benefit from an extended residence time within the gut. Earlier research found that mean retention time (MRT) for a liquid digestive marker (cobalt EDTA) was significantly longer than MRT for a particulate marker (chromium‐mordanted fiber), suggesting that common marmosets preferentially retain liquid digesta. We conducted two four‐day‐long digestion trials on 13 individually housed adult common marmosets fed a single‐item, purified diet in order to examine the relations among MRT of cobalt EDTA and chromium‐mordanted fiber, food dry matter intake (DMI), and apparent digestibility of dry matter (ADDM). We compared the MRT values with the data from the previous study mentioned above and a study using polystyrene beads. There were no significant correlations among MRT, ADDM, or DMI, although increases in DMI between trials were associated with decreases in MRT. ADDM was consistent within individuals between trials; but the mean values ranged from 75.0 to 83.4% among individuals. We found no difference in MRT between the liquid (17.5±1.6 hr) and particulate (17.9±1.4 hr) markers. Although these values were not significantly different than found previously, the MRT for chromium‐mordanted fiber tended to be longer. This probably reflects the relatively small size of the chromium‐mordanted fiber particles used in this study. An inverse relationship between particle size and MRT was evident; the mean MRT of polysterene beads, the largest marker, was only 8.3±1.5 hr. Marmosets appear to retain liquids and small particles within the gut longer than large particles. Am. J. Primatol. 71:957–963, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.  相似文献   

13.
Mosimann and colleagues formulated a technique that distinguishes between size and shape, based on the concept of geometric similarity and the distinction between log size-and-shape and log shape variables. We extend these formulations in an examination of the forelimb of three callitrichid species (adultSaguinus oedipus, Saguinus fuscicollis, andCallithrix jacchus). We employ principal components analysis to explore the relationship between variance explained by size-and-shape versus shape alone. Independence of shape vectors is examined via correlation analysis. Then we use log shape data to construct intersample (species means) and total sample (between all paris of individuals) matrices of average taxonomic distances. These distance matrices are subjected to cluster analysis and principal coordinate ordinations. Results of principal components analysis suggest that after isometric size is removed, there remains sufficient shape information to discriminate among the three taxa. Careful examination and quantification of the relationships between shape and size suggest that size information (e.g., geometric mean) is fundamental for understanding shape differences within and among callitrichid species; in other words, most aspects of forelimb shape are significantly correlated with size. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we also demonstrate that such correlations are not spurious. Ordinations and clustering of log shape distance matrices (based on means and individuals) support the notion that, despite differences in size, the two tamarins are more similar in shape than either is toC. jacchus (despite size similarity betweenS. fuscicollis andC. jacchus). Although shape variation in the forelimb of calliirichids may have a functional component, the phylogenetic signal remains strong and serves to group individuals accordingly.  相似文献   

14.
    
Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data were used to classify forested areas within the historic distribution of the endangered cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) in Colombia. This species continues to be threatened by habitat destruction, and we observed a 31% decrease of the forested habitat within the tamarins' historic distribution in 1990-2000. It is estimated that since the establishment of some protected areas for cotton-top tamarins and other native Colombian wildlife (Parque Nacional Natural Paramillo, Santuario de Fauna y Flora Los Colorados, and Reserva Forestal de Montes de Maria), almost 43% of the original forested area has been lost. Given that the human population of Colombia increases annually by 1.6% [Patel, 2002], it is important to target specific areas for tamarin protection while creating mitigation strategies to compensate for economic growth. The results of this study provide valuable information to assist in the long-term development of effective conservation strategies for this endangered primate.  相似文献   

15.
Hydrolysis, extraction, and radioimmunoassay techniques for the estimation of excreted testosterone metabolites in the urine of saddle-back tamarins have been validated and are described. The steroids measured with the testosterone antiserum used are mostly present as glucuronides and sulfates. Immunoreactivity in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractions of urinary extracts and in a standard mixture of cortisol, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were compared. The fractions with the same retention data as testosterone accounted for the major part of the immunoreactivity. Several other immunoreactive compounds of unknown identity were present in low concentrations. These results suggest that testosterone conjugates are the major steroid metabolites measured with this method in Saguinus fuscicollis. Urinary testosterone levels of castrated males were much lower than those of intact males. Testosterone treatment of castrated males resulted in a temporary superphysiological increase in the levels of urinary testosterone and in an individually variable increase in the levels of the minor immunoreactive compounds. These results suggest that estimation of testosterone metabolite levels in urine is a valid method for the assessment of testicular activity in Saguinus fuscicollis.  相似文献   

16.
Captive social groups of red-bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus) were observed in the presence of threatening, inanimate objects. The tamarins monitored the stimuli over the course of the 20-minute trials by conducting brief, periodic visual checks of the objects. The average number of checks per subject per trial was stable both across trials and between groups, and individual differences in rates varied relatively little around the group means. These data generate the hypothesis that there is a species-typical execution of vigilance in the presence of mildly threatening objects. This execution takes the form of brief visual inspections of the stimulus, usually by one tamarin at a time, at a fairly consistent rate. The discussion of the data takes place in the context of the behavioral ecology of callitrichid species.  相似文献   

17.
In a colony of captive marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus), the survival rate of infants up to the age of 90 days after birth was analyzed with special reference to the number of members in the group. The number of group members (newborns excluded) varied between two (parents only) and 18 (parents plus non-reproductive helpers); the number of adult group members varied between two and 15. Five hundred ninety-two live-born, parent-reared infants of 263 litters from 56 breeding females were included in the analysis. The greatest reproductive success was observed in groups of ten to 11 members or four to five adults, including the parents. However, the survival rate was fairly constant over group size at approximately 80% of an expected maximum value and no significant correlation was observed between the total number of group members and infant survival rate, or between the number of adult members and infant survival. While helpers may be necessary to increase the survival rate of infants in wild groups, help of non-reproductive animals is not required in captivity, where energetic demands are comparatively low and ecological constraints absent. Under laboratory conditions the parents' skill in infant handling and the mother's physical condition, i.e., the ability to provide enough milk for the infants, is likely to be the most important factor for infant survival. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.  相似文献   

18.
    
Huber HF  Lewis KP 《Zoo biology》2011,30(1):71-78
In the wild, many primates consume gums exuded from trees, and many species are gum specialists. In spite of this, few data exist concerning gum feeding in captivity. Using a web-based survey of 46 zoos in 12 countries, we evaluated the extent to which zoos feed gum to primates. We found that although callitrichids and galagos receive gum-based enrichment, cercopithecines generally do not. Environmental enrichment is important for stimulating naturalistic behavior to promote the psychological wellbeing of animals. Thus, gum-based enrichment is important for captive gummivores. Our study highlights the need to improve environmental enrichment for captive gummivores, in particular that of cercopithecines. This is most striking for the patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas), an obligate gummivore. The exchange of ecological data between field research and captive settings is crucial, and is just one way primate caretakers can contribute to the conservation and welfare of some of our closest living relatives.  相似文献   

19.
    
Reproduction is highly demanding in terms of energy expenditure, and the costs and benefits associated with postponing or investing in a reproductive effort are crucial determinants of an individual's fitness. Understanding the reproductive potential of a species under varying ecological conditions offers important insights into the dynamics of its social system. This study provides the first detailed analysis of the reproductive potential of wild- and captive-born golden-headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) under captive conditions, based on studbook data compiled during 1984-2000. Litters produced by wild-born females breeding in captivity are similar in size to litters observed in the wild, but smaller than litters of captive-born females. The more stringent ecological conditions experienced by wild-born females during maturation may result in a lifelong effect on litter size. However, interbirth intervals are shorter for wild-born than captive-born females. The relatively smaller burden of infant care that results from having smaller litters may allow wild-born females to sustain the next pregnancy sooner. Reproduction in the Brazilian captive population is highly seasonal for both wild-born females and females born in captivity in Brazil. Changes in photoperiod over a year provide a proximate explanation for changes in the proportion of conceptions and births per month. Outside Brazil, breeding occurs year-round, and no clear birth peak is apparent. Information from field reports that could be used to relate this finding to ecological factors, such as resource availability, is unavailable.  相似文献   

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