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I discuss selected philosophies of science in terms of the roleof rationalism in science and the reality status of the productsof scientific reasoning. A model is then presented in whichI argue that creativity in science involves the mental manipulationof images which are later compared to the shared empirical experienceof the scientific community. The assimilation of a scientificconcept involves a re-creation of the concept through a similarmanipulation of images and empirical experience. The processof recreation can distort the original concept. The result ofthis process of creation and recreation is neither an objectivediscovery of truth nor a subjective invention of truth but aninteractive reality composed of the inquiring human mind andan objectively unknowable nature. Since the model or myth ofscience we accept influences many aspects of the science-societyinteraction, the model I present here as well as models presentedby others ought to be carefully evaluated through the studyof the history of science. 相似文献
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It is increasingly clear that the human gut microbiome has great medical importance, and researchers are beginning to investigate its basic biology and to appreciate the challenges that it presents to medical science. Several striking new empirical results in this area are perplexing within the standard conceptual framework of biomedicine, and this highlights the need for new perspectives from ecology and from dynamical systems theory. Here, we discuss recent results concerning sources of individual variation, temporal variation within individuals, long-term changes after transient perturbations and individualized responses to perturbation within the human gut microbiome. 相似文献
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I Fry 《Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences》2012,43(3):665-673
This paper challenges the claim that science is metaphysically neutral upheld by contenders of the separation of peacefully co-existent science and religion and by evolutionary theists. True, naturalistic metaphysical claims can neither be refuted nor proved and are thus distinct from empirical hypotheses. However, metaphysical assumptions not only regulate the theoretical and empirical study of nature, but are increasingly supported by the growing empirical body of science. This historically evolving interaction has contributed to the development of a naturalistic worldview that renounces the necessity of a transcendent god and of purposeful design. The thesis presented here differs not only from the claims of the "separatists" and of evolutionary theists. In pointing to the metaphysical aspects of science, I also criticize the failure of some evolutionary naturalists to distinguish between empirical and metaphysical contentions. Most important, based on the examination of science suggested here, creationists' false accusation that science is only a naturalistic dogma is refuted. Finally, the difficulties involved in the position endorsed here for the public support of evolution are acknowledged, taking into account the high religious profile of the American society and the social and political context in the US and in other countries. 相似文献
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《Ethology and sociobiology》1989,10(1-3):131-144
Darwinian anthropology holds that human behavior is adaptive in the sense of being designed to maximize reproductive success and that measurement of reproductive differentials typically illuminates adaptation. I argue to the contrary, that adaptive design is usually manifested at the psychological rather than at the behavioral level, that measuring reproductive differentials is at best an inefficient and ambiguous way to illuminate adaptation, and that Darwin's theory of natural selection sheds light on human affairs only insofar as it promotes understanding of the psychology that underpins these affairs. 相似文献
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Victor Rodriguez 《New genetics and society》2013,32(1):67-86
The aim of this article is to put into critical perspective the empirical findings on secrecy and withholding in research. In other words, by taking existing empirical literature into account, it is intended that a crucial question is answered: Is secrecy and withholding in research harmful or innocuous to science? To understand how secrecy and withholding in research have affected academic science, empirical studies have been placed in the wider context of Mertonian underpinnings of the anticommons threat. The turning point in testing the effects of secrecy and withholding of data and material on scientific research was marked by statistical studies based on surveys and bibliometric measures. These two types of empirical studies have given answers to the basic question since academia was threatened by different modes of practicing science. 相似文献
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Christopher I. Roos David M. J. S. Bowman Jennifer K. Balch Paulo Artaxo William J. Bond Mark Cochrane Carla M. D'Antonio Ruth DeFries Michelle Mack Fay H. Johnston Meg A. Krawchuk Christian A. Kull Max A. Moritz Stephen Pyne Andrew C. Scott Thomas W. Swetnam 《Journal of Biogeography》2014,41(4):833-836
In our 2011 synthesis (Bowman et al., Journal of Biogeography, 2011, 38 , 2223–2236), we argued for a holistic approach to human issues in fire science that we term ‘pyrogeography’. Coughlan & Petty (Journal of Biogeography, 2013, 40 , 1010–1012) critiqued our paper on the grounds that our ‘pyric phase’ model was built on outdated views of cultural development, claiming we developed it to be the unifying explanatory framework for all human–fire sciences. Rather, they suggest that ‘historical ecology’ could provide such a framework. We used the ‘pyric transition’ for multiple purposes but did not offer it as an exclusive explanatory framework for pyrogeography. Although ‘historical ecology’ is one of many useful approaches to studying human–fire relationships, scholars should also look to political and evolutionary ecology, ecosystems and complexity theories, as well as empirical generalizations to build an interdisciplinary fire science that incorporates human, ecological and biophysical dimensions of fire regimes. 相似文献
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The notion that developing countries must wait for the developed world to make advances in science and technology that they later import at great cost is being challenged. We have previously argued that developing countries can harness human genetic variation to benefit their populations and economies. Based on our empirical studies of large-scale population genotyping projects in Mexico, India and Thailand, we describe how these resources are being adopted to improve public health and create knowledge-based economies. A significant additional benefit is building the capacity for scientific research and internalizing advances in technology, whatever their source. 相似文献
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Judith B. Barnett 《Ocean Development & International Law》2013,44(3-4):357-377
Abstract A review of the most useful periodicals, periodical indexes, and computer data bases for the study of international marine affairs will be provided. The results of research in this multidisciplinary field are published in a vast array of social science, scientific, and technical journals. In a representative, rather than an exhaustive listing, these journals are described and organized by subject. Indexes and abstracts which provide bibliographical control of the marine affairs literature are annotated, followed by a discussion of on‐line information retrieval in this rapidly developing field of inquiry. 相似文献
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We explored the relationship between epistemological beliefs and nature of science in a college biology course. One hundred
thirty-three college students participated in the research. Exploratory factor analysis with 29 Nature of Science (NOS) items
yielded three aspects of NOS: empirical, tentative, and sociocultural nature of scientific knowledge. Pearson r correlations suggested that students who have immature epistemological beliefs are more likely to also have immature beliefs
of nature of science. In addition, students’ epistemological beliefs significantly correlate with their conceptual change
but their beliefs about nature of science did not. The research is significant in that it provides empirical evidence explaining
the relationship between students’ epistemological beliefs and nature of science as well as the relationships between epistemological
beliefs and conceptual change in evolution theory. 相似文献
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Charles W. Fowler 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2008,17(4):841-855
Numerous global changes—notably anthropogenic extinction—force reconsideration of our management practices and the ways we
regulate human influence in today’s world. Here, I define management to maximize biodiversity and illustrate the science that
provides information to set goals for such management. Maximizing biodiversity simultaneously achieves sustainability and
systemic health by avoiding the abnormal or pathological. The normal or sustainable are determined through the use of empirical
integrative patterns to objectively account for the complexity of systems within which we find ourselves as a species. The
science that reveals these integrative patterns provides measures of problems that can be solved by maximizing biodiversity—problems
heretofore recognized only qualitatively. I use the Shannon-Weiner information index to test, and, with no surprise, reject
the null hypothesis that there is no direct anthropogenic effect on biodiversity. The results of this science serve as examples
of the kind of information most useful for guiding management and illustrate maximized biodiversity as a standard for management.
Reference points based on maximized biodiversity are preferable to statistical parameters in meeting the objective of avoiding
the abnormal or pathological in our interactions with other species, ecosystems and the biosphere. Management to maximize
biodiversity is implemented by modifying human interactions with other biotic systems to achieve consistency in such interactions
by mimicking natural role models of sustainability. Human influence is a significant factor in today’s world and the magnitude
of such influence is illustrated by comparing humans with other species. 相似文献
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Tamra Lysaght John Miles Little Ian Harold Kerridge 《Journal of bioethical inquiry》2011,8(2):191-202
Over the past decade, stem cell science has generated considerable public and political debate. These debates tend to focus
on issues concerning the protection of nascent human life and the need to generate medical and therapeutic treatments for
the sick and vulnerable. The framing of the public debate around these issues not only dichotomises and oversimplifies the
issues at stake, but tends to marginalise certain types of voices, such as the women who donate their eggs and/or embryos
to stem cell research and the patients who might benefit from its potential clinical outcomes. This paper draws on empirical
research conducted on a recent stem cell policy episode in Australia. From the qualitative examination of 109 newspaper opinion
editorials and twenty-three in-depth interviews, it is argued that these voices are marginalised because they are based on
discourses that have less epistemological status in public debate. Our results suggest that the personal experiences of women
and patients are marginalised by the alliances that form between more powerful discourse communities that use science as a
source of authority and legitimation. It is argued that members of these communities establish legitimacy and assert authority
in public debate by discursively deploying science in claims that marginalise other epistemologies. Implications are discussed
along with suggestions for a more enriched and inclusive public debate. 相似文献
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《Evolution and human behavior》2020,41(5):445-453
The evolutionary social sciences (ESSs) are thriving, and seem to have entered a period of normal science. This is a good time to examine our own practices, theoretical and empirical, and to ask how we might improve. Here I review papers published in the past five years in EHB to explore major trends in the field. Theoretically, the popularity of certain topics (cooperation, mating, life history) has led to great progress, but might have narrowed our theoretical vision. Empirically, most research is still conducted in WEIRD populations, with a smaller mode of research in small-scale societies, and very little in the middle. I offer suggestions for broadening our theoretical and empirical scope, centered around the project of constructing a representative map of the human psychological and behavioral phenome. 相似文献
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Human uniqueness and theoretical content in paleoanthropology 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Matt Cartmill 《International journal of primatology》1990,11(3):173-192
One of the things that distinguishes science from nonscientific discourse is the incorporation of its hypotheses into theoretical structures. Like parapsychology, the study of human evolution lacks theoretical content and connections. This lack is due, in part, to the collapse of the classical primatological synthesis in the 1970s. It is due in larger measure to a persistent anthropological focus on human uniqueness as the phenomenon to be explained. Such supposedly unique human features as large brains, language, conceptual thinking, and upright bipedalism are uniquely human by definition rather than as a matter of empirical fact. Much scientific effort and ingenuity has gone into redefining such characteristics whenever discoveries about other animals have posed a threat to human uniqueness. But since by definition qualitatively unique phenomena do not conform to overarching laws that apply to similar cases, they must remain theoretically inexplicable. Paleoanthropology should aim at increasing its theoretical content by reducing the list of qualitative human uniquenesses-and eliminating it altogether if possible.If man wants to set up a contest in resembling himself and award himself the prize, no one will quarrel with him. 相似文献
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P. J. Magnarella 《International Journal of Anthropology》1994,9(1):3-7
Anthropologists have a special obligation to promote the human rights of the peoples they study. This paper discusses various
ways anthropologists can meet that obligation by working with various United Nations and regional intergovernmental human
rights convention committees, their own state government's human rights and humanitarian affairs commissions, and human rights
non-governmental organizations. 相似文献
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H. C. Plotkin 《Biology & philosophy》1987,2(3):295-313
What credentials does evolutionary epistemology have as science? A judgement based on past performance, both in terms of advancing an empirical programme and further ng theory construction, is not much. This paper briefly outlines some of the research areas, both theoretical and empirical, that can be developed and that might secure for evolutionary epistemology a future in evolutionary biology. 相似文献
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David N. Stamos 《Biology & philosophy》1996,11(2):161-191
First, a brief history is provided of Popper's views on the status of evolutionary biology as a science. The views of some prominent biologists are then canvassed on the matter of falsifiability and its relation to evolutionary biology. Following that, I argue that Popper's programme of falsifiability does indeed exclude evolutionary biology from within the circumference of genuine science, that Popper's programme is fundamentally incoherent, and that the correction of this incoherence results in a greatly expanded and much more realistic concept of what is empirical, resulting in the inclusion of evolutionary biology. Finally, this expanded concept of empirical is applied to two particular problems in evolutionary biology — viz., the species problem and the debate over the theory of punctuated equilibria — and it is argued that both of them are still mainly metaphysical. 相似文献
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